基于手机健身数据的城市街道健康服务功能研究
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摘要
城市街道是城市空间的基本单元,承载着多元的城市生活。本研究基于手机APP共享的健身数据,以街道线性体育活动为研究对象,从健康视角认知街道空间属性和特征。运用VGI-GIS的方法,在信息矢量化和可视化的基础上,从时间和空间2个维度,对城市街道的健康服务功能进行描述。基于运动热点空间的分布格局,研究在空间集聚、建成环境和人群收入3个层面上进行分析。结果表明,街道的空间连续性对健身活动有促进作用,大型公园和高校对健身活动有巨大的吸引力,公交站点对健身活动有多方面的影响,不同收入阶层健身活动差异明显。多元化的热点空间模式为提升街道的健康性提供了因地制宜的可能性。以健康为导向的城市设计探索采用临时封闭街道,在商业和办公区域周边增设户外体育设施等措施,提升街道的健康服务功能。
Urban streets are the basic units of urban space, which carry a diversity of city life. The study is based on fitness data shared by mobile phone applications, taking street linear sports activities as the research object, as well as recognizing street space attributes and features from the perspective of health. Under the VGIGIS method and on the basis of information vectorization and visualization, the health service functions of urban streets are described in two dimensions: time and space. Based on the distribution pattern of popular sports space, the research is conducted on the three levels of spatial, which include agglomeration, built environment and crowd income. The results show that the spatial continuity of the street has a positive effect on fitness activities. Large parks and universities have great attraction for fitness activities. Bus stops have many influences on fitness activities. The diversified popular space models provide the possibility of improving the health of the street in accordance with local conditions. In health-oriented urban design, measures should be taken to temporarily block streets, adding outdoor sports facilities around commercial and office areas to enhance health services of the streets.
Urban streets are the basic units of urban space, which carry a diversity of city life. The study is based on fitness data shared by mobile phone applications, taking street linear sports activities as the research object, as well as recognizing street space attributes and features from the perspective of health. Under the VGIGIS method and on the basis of information vectorization and visualization, the health service functions of urban streets are described in two dimensions: time and space. Based on the distribution pattern of popular sports space, the research is conducted on the three levels of spatial, which include agglomeration, built environment and crowd income. The results show that the spatial continuity of the street has a positive effect on fitness activities. Large parks and universities have great attraction for fitness activities. Bus stops have many influences on fitness activities. The diversified popular space models provide the possibility of improving the health of the street in accordance with local conditions. In health-oriented urban design, measures should be taken to temporarily block streets, adding outdoor sports facilities around commercial and office areas to enhance health services of the streets.
引文
[1]徐磊青,孟若希,陈筝.迷人的街道:建筑界面与绿视率的影响[J].风景园林,2017(10):27-33.XU Leiqing,MENG Ruoxi,CHEN Zheng.Fascinating Streets:The Impact of The Building Facedes and Green View[J].Landscape Architecture,2017(10):27-33.
[2]MONTGOMERY J.Making a City:Urbanity,Vitality and Urban Design[J].Journal of Urban Design,1998,3(1):93-116.
[3]陈喆,马水静.关于城市街道活力的思考[J].建筑学报,2009(S2):121-126.CHEN Zhe,MA Shuijing.Research on The Vitality of Urban Streets[J].Architectural Journal,2009(S2):121-126.
[4]KUN Liu,KIN Wai,Michael Siub,et al.Where Do NetworksReally Work?The Effects of the Shenzhen Greenway Network on Supporting Physical Activities[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2016(152):49-58.
[5]余洋,唐晓婷,陆诗亮.大学校园的健康服务功能及要素构成[J].风景园林,2018(3):38-45.YU Yang,TANG Xiaoting,LU Shiliang.Healthy Service Functions and Elements of Universities:Taking Beijing as an Example[J].Landscape Architecture,2018(3):38-45.
[6]孟昭晶.北京中心城街道线性体育活动时空间行为特征研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2017.MENG Zhaojing.Research on the Spatial Behavior of Linear Sports Activities in Beijing Central City Street[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2017.
[7]KARIMI K.A Configurational Approach to Analytical Urban Design:"Space Syntax"Methodology[J].Urban Design International,2012,17(4):297-318.
[8]叶宇,庄宇.新区空间形态与活力的演化假说:基于街道可达性、建筑密度和形态以及功能混合度的整合分析[J].国际城市规划,2017,32(2):43-49.YE Yu,ZHUANG Yu.A Hypothesis of Urban Morphogenesis and Urban Vitality in Newly Built-up Areas:Analyses Based on Street Accessibility,Building Density and Functional Mixture[J].Urban Planning International,2017,32(2):43-49.
[9]龙瀛,周垠.街道活力的量化评价及影响因素分析:以成都为例[J].新建筑,2016(1):52-57.LONG Ying,ZHOU Yin.Quantitative Evaluation on Street Vibrancy and Its Impact Factors:A Case Study of Chengdu[J].New Architecture,2016(1):52-57.
[10]Michael R.Gallagher.追求精细化的街道设计:《伦敦街道设计导则》解读[J].王紫瑜,编译.城市交通,2015(4):56-64.GALLAGHER M R.Topursue Delicate Street Design:Discussion on Streetscape Guidance:a Guide to Better London Streets[J].WANG Ziyu,translation.Urban Transport of China,2015(4):56-64.
[11]张久帅,尹晓婷.基于设计工具箱的《纽约街道设计手册》[J].城市交通,2014,12(2):26-35.ZHANG Jiushuai,YIN Xiaoting.Toolbox Based New York Street Design Manual[J].Urban Transport of China,2014,12(2):26-35.
[12]《上海市街道设计导则》[R].上海市规划和国土资源管理局,2016.Shanghai Street Design Guidelines[R].Shanghai Municipal Administration of Planning and Land and Resources,2016.
[13]韩冬青,方榕.西方城市街道微观形态研究评述[J].国际城市规划,2013,28(1):44-49.HAN Dongqing,FANG Rong.An Overview of Researcheson Street Form in the West with Micro Measure[J].Urban Planning International,2013,28(1):44-49.
[14]KACZYNSKI A T,KOOHSARI M J,STANIS S A,et al.Association of Street Connectivity and Road Traffic Speed with Park Usage and Park-based Physical Activity[J].American Journal of Health Promotion,2013,28(3):197.
[15]LEE K K.Developing and Implementing the Active Design Guidelines in New York City[J].Health&Place,2012,18(1):5-7.
[16]WOLF S A,GRIMSHAW V E,SACKS R,et al.The Impact of a Temporary Recurrent Street Closure on Physical Activity in New York City[J].Journal of Urban Health:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine,2015,92(2):230.
[17]王兰,赵晓菁,蒋希冀,等.颗粒物分布视角下的健康城市规划研究:理论框架与实证方法[J].城市规划,2016,40(9):39-48.WANG Lan,ZHAO Xiaojing,JIANG Xiji,et al.Study on Healthy City Planning From The Perspective of Particulate Matter Distribution:Theoretic Framework and Empirical Methodology[J].City Planning Review,2016,40(9):39-48.
[18]郝新华,龙瀛.街道绿化:一个新的可步行性评价指标[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):32-36,49.HAO Xinhua,LONG Ying.Street Greenery:A New Indicator for Evaluating Walkability[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2017(1):32-36,49.
[19]BAUMAN A E,REIS R S,SALLIS J F,et al.Correlates of Physical Activity:Why are Some People Physically Active and Others Not?[J].The Lancet,2012,380(9838):258-271.
(1)线性体育活动是健走、跑步和骑行等活动的总称,它们的运动轨迹为线形,具有运动起始点、运动速度、运动时间、运动距离等运动属性。
(2)咕咚软件(Codoon App)在线注册人数超过8 000万,用户总量占运动类App首位,使用活跃度高。咕咚运动的GPS功能支持多种运动数据的运动者轨迹记录,基础数据真实可靠,可以提供大量而丰富的VGI数据。
(3)由于大部分的活动路径呈闭环,因此,线密度分析搜索距离除骑行数据取6km外,其余均取2.5km。
(4)空间句法线段模型以500m为间隔计算500~10 000m和全局的穿行度(NACH)指标,以任意相邻路口之间的路段为统计单元。
(5)分别取80%~100%和20%~100%识别活动热点,以缓冲区2.5km作为研究范围,对全部统计数据采用Min-Max标准化进行处理。
(6)北京市2013年住房价格数据来自于北京城市实验室(BCL),原始数据源为赶集网。将闭合路径的起讫点位置与住房价格数据之间按邻近关系进行属性链接,共得到572条有效数据。采用自然间断点方式将其分为3类,依次为超高收入阶层(家庭年收入约为38~60万元)、高收入阶层(家庭年收入约为27~37万元)和中等收入阶层(家庭年收入约为11~26万元)。
(7)文中图片均由作者团队绘制。
[2]MONTGOMERY J.Making a City:Urbanity,Vitality and Urban Design[J].Journal of Urban Design,1998,3(1):93-116.
[3]陈喆,马水静.关于城市街道活力的思考[J].建筑学报,2009(S2):121-126.CHEN Zhe,MA Shuijing.Research on The Vitality of Urban Streets[J].Architectural Journal,2009(S2):121-126.
[4]KUN Liu,KIN Wai,Michael Siub,et al.Where Do NetworksReally Work?The Effects of the Shenzhen Greenway Network on Supporting Physical Activities[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2016(152):49-58.
[5]余洋,唐晓婷,陆诗亮.大学校园的健康服务功能及要素构成[J].风景园林,2018(3):38-45.YU Yang,TANG Xiaoting,LU Shiliang.Healthy Service Functions and Elements of Universities:Taking Beijing as an Example[J].Landscape Architecture,2018(3):38-45.
[6]孟昭晶.北京中心城街道线性体育活动时空间行为特征研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2017.MENG Zhaojing.Research on the Spatial Behavior of Linear Sports Activities in Beijing Central City Street[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2017.
[7]KARIMI K.A Configurational Approach to Analytical Urban Design:"Space Syntax"Methodology[J].Urban Design International,2012,17(4):297-318.
[8]叶宇,庄宇.新区空间形态与活力的演化假说:基于街道可达性、建筑密度和形态以及功能混合度的整合分析[J].国际城市规划,2017,32(2):43-49.YE Yu,ZHUANG Yu.A Hypothesis of Urban Morphogenesis and Urban Vitality in Newly Built-up Areas:Analyses Based on Street Accessibility,Building Density and Functional Mixture[J].Urban Planning International,2017,32(2):43-49.
[9]龙瀛,周垠.街道活力的量化评价及影响因素分析:以成都为例[J].新建筑,2016(1):52-57.LONG Ying,ZHOU Yin.Quantitative Evaluation on Street Vibrancy and Its Impact Factors:A Case Study of Chengdu[J].New Architecture,2016(1):52-57.
[10]Michael R.Gallagher.追求精细化的街道设计:《伦敦街道设计导则》解读[J].王紫瑜,编译.城市交通,2015(4):56-64.GALLAGHER M R.Topursue Delicate Street Design:Discussion on Streetscape Guidance:a Guide to Better London Streets[J].WANG Ziyu,translation.Urban Transport of China,2015(4):56-64.
[11]张久帅,尹晓婷.基于设计工具箱的《纽约街道设计手册》[J].城市交通,2014,12(2):26-35.ZHANG Jiushuai,YIN Xiaoting.Toolbox Based New York Street Design Manual[J].Urban Transport of China,2014,12(2):26-35.
[12]《上海市街道设计导则》[R].上海市规划和国土资源管理局,2016.Shanghai Street Design Guidelines[R].Shanghai Municipal Administration of Planning and Land and Resources,2016.
[13]韩冬青,方榕.西方城市街道微观形态研究评述[J].国际城市规划,2013,28(1):44-49.HAN Dongqing,FANG Rong.An Overview of Researcheson Street Form in the West with Micro Measure[J].Urban Planning International,2013,28(1):44-49.
[14]KACZYNSKI A T,KOOHSARI M J,STANIS S A,et al.Association of Street Connectivity and Road Traffic Speed with Park Usage and Park-based Physical Activity[J].American Journal of Health Promotion,2013,28(3):197.
[15]LEE K K.Developing and Implementing the Active Design Guidelines in New York City[J].Health&Place,2012,18(1):5-7.
[16]WOLF S A,GRIMSHAW V E,SACKS R,et al.The Impact of a Temporary Recurrent Street Closure on Physical Activity in New York City[J].Journal of Urban Health:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine,2015,92(2):230.
[17]王兰,赵晓菁,蒋希冀,等.颗粒物分布视角下的健康城市规划研究:理论框架与实证方法[J].城市规划,2016,40(9):39-48.WANG Lan,ZHAO Xiaojing,JIANG Xiji,et al.Study on Healthy City Planning From The Perspective of Particulate Matter Distribution:Theoretic Framework and Empirical Methodology[J].City Planning Review,2016,40(9):39-48.
[18]郝新华,龙瀛.街道绿化:一个新的可步行性评价指标[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):32-36,49.HAO Xinhua,LONG Ying.Street Greenery:A New Indicator for Evaluating Walkability[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2017(1):32-36,49.
[19]BAUMAN A E,REIS R S,SALLIS J F,et al.Correlates of Physical Activity:Why are Some People Physically Active and Others Not?[J].The Lancet,2012,380(9838):258-271.
(1)线性体育活动是健走、跑步和骑行等活动的总称,它们的运动轨迹为线形,具有运动起始点、运动速度、运动时间、运动距离等运动属性。
(2)咕咚软件(Codoon App)在线注册人数超过8 000万,用户总量占运动类App首位,使用活跃度高。咕咚运动的GPS功能支持多种运动数据的运动者轨迹记录,基础数据真实可靠,可以提供大量而丰富的VGI数据。
(3)由于大部分的活动路径呈闭环,因此,线密度分析搜索距离除骑行数据取6km外,其余均取2.5km。
(4)空间句法线段模型以500m为间隔计算500~10 000m和全局的穿行度(NACH)指标,以任意相邻路口之间的路段为统计单元。
(5)分别取80%~100%和20%~100%识别活动热点,以缓冲区2.5km作为研究范围,对全部统计数据采用Min-Max标准化进行处理。
(6)北京市2013年住房价格数据来自于北京城市实验室(BCL),原始数据源为赶集网。将闭合路径的起讫点位置与住房价格数据之间按邻近关系进行属性链接,共得到572条有效数据。采用自然间断点方式将其分为3类,依次为超高收入阶层(家庭年收入约为38~60万元)、高收入阶层(家庭年收入约为27~37万元)和中等收入阶层(家庭年收入约为11~26万元)。
(7)文中图片均由作者团队绘制。