协作与包容——新加坡锦簇社区计划解析
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摘要
社区花园是公众共建、共享城市绿化的重要实践。当前中国社区花园建设正迅速开展,责权明晰的管理日益重要。选取新加坡锦簇社区计划为案例,基于文献分析与实地调研,探析新加坡社区花园建设的管理机制。研究发现位于公共组屋的社区花园采用"政府—社区"协作式管理机制,国家公园局、市镇理事会、居民委员会与居民等多元主体协作承担在园艺计划审批、花园选址、花园规划和建设过程中的系列职责,遵循机会平等、参与治理、共享成果的基本原则,促进了包容性社区的建设。其经验主要包括:政府积极引导,中间层级有效衔接;建立弹性的管理规则;以民为主,公平共享。
Community garden is an important practice for the public to participate in urban greening and share the outcomes of urban greening. Currently, more and more community gardens are under construction in China. It is necessary to establish a management system with clear responsibilities and rights. Through literature analysis and field survey, the paper takes Singapore's Community in Bloom programme as a case, and analyzes its management mechanism of community garden construction in Singapore. This study finds that the community gardens located in Public Housing Estates in Singapore have adopted the "government & community" collaborative management.National Parks Board, Town Councils, Residents' Committees and residents cooperate to undertake a series of responsibilities during the process of approving the garden plans, selecting garden sites, planning and constructing the gardens. Based on the primary principles, such as opportunity equality, participation in governance and sharing outcomes, this programme has promoted the formation of inclusive communities. In view of Singapore's experience,the construction of community gardens in China can develop the positive role of government and middle actor,establish flexible management rules and take the public interest as the core and fairly share the outcomes of development.
Community garden is an important practice for the public to participate in urban greening and share the outcomes of urban greening. Currently, more and more community gardens are under construction in China. It is necessary to establish a management system with clear responsibilities and rights. Through literature analysis and field survey, the paper takes Singapore's Community in Bloom programme as a case, and analyzes its management mechanism of community garden construction in Singapore. This study finds that the community gardens located in Public Housing Estates in Singapore have adopted the "government & community" collaborative management.National Parks Board, Town Councils, Residents' Committees and residents cooperate to undertake a series of responsibilities during the process of approving the garden plans, selecting garden sites, planning and constructing the gardens. Based on the primary principles, such as opportunity equality, participation in governance and sharing outcomes, this programme has promoted the formation of inclusive communities. In view of Singapore's experience,the construction of community gardens in China can develop the positive role of government and middle actor,establish flexible management rules and take the public interest as the core and fairly share the outcomes of development.
引文
[1]全国绿化委员会国家林业和草原局.关于积极推进大规模国土绿化行动的意见(全绿字〔2018〕5号)[EB/OL](2018-11-13)[2019-04-09]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-11/20/content_5341910.htm.
[2]GUITART D, PICKERING C, BYRNE J. Past results and future directions in urban community gardens research[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening, 2012, 11(4):364-373.
[3]NEOH,CHUACY.Beyondinclusionandexclusion:community gardens as spaces of responsibility[J]. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 2017, 107(3):666-681.
[4]OKVATHA,ZAUTRAAJ.Communitygardening:aparsimoniouspathtoindividual,community,and environmental resilience[J]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2011, 47(3-4):374-387.
[5]GITTLEMANM,FARMERCJQ,KREMERP,etal.Estimatingstormwaterrunoffforcommunitygardensin NewYorkCity[J].UrbanEcosystems,2017,20(1):129-139.
[6]SALDIVAR-TANAKAL,KRASNYME.Culturing community development, neighborhood open space, and civicagriculture:ThecaseofLatinocommunitygardens in New York City[J]. Agriculture and Human Values, 2004,21(4):399-412.
[7] GLOVER T D. Association, sociability, and civic culture:thedemocraticeffectofcommunitygardening[J].Leisure Sciences, 2005, 27(1):75–92.
[8]WAKEFIELDS,YEUDALLF,TARONC,etal.Growing urban health:community gardening in South-East Toronto[J].Health Promotion International, 2007, 22(2):92-101.
[9] SHINEW K J, GLOVER T D, PARRY D P. Leisure spaces aspotentialsitesforinterracialinteraction:community gardensinurbanareas[J].JournalofLeisureResearch,2004, 36(3):336-355.
[10]SHIMPON,WESENERA,MCWILLIAMW.How community gardens may contribute to community resilience followinganearthquake[J].UrbanForestry&Urban Greening, 2019, 38:124-132.
[11]CLARKELW,JENERETTEGD,BAINDJ.Urban legaciesandsoilmanagementaffecttheconcentration and speciation of trace metals in Los Angeles community garden soils[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015, 197:1-12.
[12]ROUILLONM,HARVEYPJ,KRISTENSENLJ,etal.VegeSafe:acommunityscienceprogrammeasuringsoilmetal contamination, evaluating risk and providing advice for safe gardening[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 222:557-566.
[13]BAKERLE.Tendingculturallandscapesand foodcitizenshipinToronto’scommunitygardens[J].Geographical Review, 2010, 94(3):305-325.
[14]AMATO-LOURENCOLF,LOBODJA,GUIMAR?ES E T, et al. Biomonitoring of genotoxic effects and elemental accumulation derived from air pollution in community urban gardens[J].ScienceofThe TotalEnvironment,2017, 575:1438-1444.
[15]HALEJ,KNAPPC,BARDWELLL,etal.Connecting food environments and health through the relational nature ofaesthetics:gaininginsightthroughthecommunity gardening experience[J]. Social Science&Medicine, 2011,72(11):1853-1863.
[16] FOX-K?MPER R, WESENER A, MüNDERLEIN D, et al.Urbancommunitygardens:Anevaluationofgovernance approachesandrelatedenablersandbarriersatdifferent developmentstages[J].Landscape&UrbanPlanning,2018, 170:59-68.
[17]ALAIMOK,REISCHLTM,ALLENJO.Community gardening,neighborhoodmeetings,andsocialcapital[J].Journal of Community Psychology, 2010, 38(4):497-514.
[18]CHRISTENSENS,DYGPM,ALLENBERGK.Urban communitygardening,socialcapital,and “integration”:a mixed method exploration of urban “integration-gardening”inCopenhagen,Denmark[J].LocalEnvironment,2019,24(3):231-248.
[19]ROSOLM.PublicparticipationinPost-Fordisturban green space governance:the case of community gardens inBerlin[J].InternationalJournalofUrban&Regional Research, 2010, 34(3):548-563.
[20]钱静.西欧份地花园与美国社区花园的体系比较[J].现代城市研究,2011,26(1):86-92.
[21]蔡君.社区花园作为城市持续发展和环境教育的途径以纽约市为例[J].风景园林,2016(5):114-120.
[22]方田红,李培,杨嘉妍,等.以色列社区花园发展及其对中国的启示[J].北方园艺,2019(1):190-194.
[23]刘悦来,尹科娈,魏闽,等.高密度中心城区社区花园实践探索:以上海创智农园和百草园为例[J].风景园林,2017(9):16-22.
[24]刘悦来,尹科娈,魏闽,等.高密度城市社区花园实施机制探索:以上海创智农园为例[J].上海城市规划,2017(2):29-33.
[25]TANLHH,NEOH.“CommunityinBloom”:local participation of community gardens in urban Singapore[J].Local Environment, 2009, 14(6):529-539.
[26]张天洁,李泽.从人工美化走向景观协同:解析新加坡社区公园的发展历程[J].建筑学报,2012(10):26-31.
[27] YING C C. Growing “community”, planning responsibility,sowing governmentality-Singapore’s community gardens as spaces of inclusions and exclusions[D]. Singapore:National University of Singapore, 2015.
[28] Singapore National Parks Board. Community in Bloom Initiatives[EB/OL].(2019-04-02)[2019-05-07].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-in-bloom-initiative.
[29] Singapore National Parks Board. What is a Community Garden?[EB/OL].(2015-01-27)[2018-04-23].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-gardens/what-is-acommunity-garden.
[30]沙永杰.新加坡公共住宅的发展历程和设计理念[J].时代建筑,2011(4):42-49.
[31]王珺,李木子.公共住宅景观的新自由化全球新自由主义浪潮下的新加坡策略[J].时代建筑,2011(4):37-41.
[32] Housing&Development Board. Key Statistics Annual Report2017/2018[EB/OL].(2018)[2019-04-15].http://www10.hdb.gov.sg/ebook/AR2018/key-statistics.html.
[33] Singapore National Parks Board. Community Garden Trails[EB/OL].(2017-10-24)[2018-04-23].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-gardens/garden-trails.
[34] Singapore National Parks Board. 5 easy steps to starting a Community in Bloom Project in your Public Housing Estate[EB/OL].(2016-01-15)[2018-04-23].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-gardens/start-a-communitygarden/5-steps-public-housing.
[35] Singapore National Parks Board. Community in Bloom Awards2018[EB/OL].(2018-06-16)[2019-04-09].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/-/media/nparks-real-content/gardening/community-in-bloom/cib-awards/cib-awards-2018/cibawards-2018-results-dossier-(16-june).pdf.
[36]希利.协作式规划:在碎片化社会中塑造场所[M].2版.张磊,陈晶,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2018.
[37]李迎成,赵虎.理性包容:新型城镇化背景下中国城市规划价值取向的再探讨:基于经济学“次优理论”的视角[J].城市发展研究,2013,21(8):29-33+53.
[38] National Parks Board, National Library Board. Community in Bloom:my community, our gardens[M]. Singapore:National Library Board, Singapore, 2014.
[39]单飞跃,王泽群.包容性发展:政治理念及其行动机制[J].理论探讨,2014(1):68-71.
(1)由于位于公共组屋的社区花园数量最多,管理机构占据全部数量的57.5%(管理不同位置的基层组织机构数量:位于公共组屋361个;位于私人住宅25个;位于组织机构81个;位于学校161个。数据由新加坡国家公园局官网提供)。因此,本文作者主要以位于公共组屋的社区花园的管理机制为例进行分析。
(2)雪莉·阿恩斯坦(Sherry Arnstein)在《市民的参与阶梯》(A Ladder of Citizen Participation)一文中将公众参与分为3个阶梯:“操控、筛选和通知”属于“非参与的参与”;“通知、咨询和安抚”属于“象征性参与”;“伙伴关系、授予权力和公民主导”属于“实质性参与”(详见参考文献[36])。据此理论,新加坡的CIB计划虽然是政府主导,但是居民被赋予权力建设和维护,承担起城市绿化的“伙伴”的角色,因而处于“实质性参与”阶段。
[2]GUITART D, PICKERING C, BYRNE J. Past results and future directions in urban community gardens research[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening, 2012, 11(4):364-373.
[3]NEOH,CHUACY.Beyondinclusionandexclusion:community gardens as spaces of responsibility[J]. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 2017, 107(3):666-681.
[4]OKVATHA,ZAUTRAAJ.Communitygardening:aparsimoniouspathtoindividual,community,and environmental resilience[J]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2011, 47(3-4):374-387.
[5]GITTLEMANM,FARMERCJQ,KREMERP,etal.Estimatingstormwaterrunoffforcommunitygardensin NewYorkCity[J].UrbanEcosystems,2017,20(1):129-139.
[6]SALDIVAR-TANAKAL,KRASNYME.Culturing community development, neighborhood open space, and civicagriculture:ThecaseofLatinocommunitygardens in New York City[J]. Agriculture and Human Values, 2004,21(4):399-412.
[7] GLOVER T D. Association, sociability, and civic culture:thedemocraticeffectofcommunitygardening[J].Leisure Sciences, 2005, 27(1):75–92.
[8]WAKEFIELDS,YEUDALLF,TARONC,etal.Growing urban health:community gardening in South-East Toronto[J].Health Promotion International, 2007, 22(2):92-101.
[9] SHINEW K J, GLOVER T D, PARRY D P. Leisure spaces aspotentialsitesforinterracialinteraction:community gardensinurbanareas[J].JournalofLeisureResearch,2004, 36(3):336-355.
[10]SHIMPON,WESENERA,MCWILLIAMW.How community gardens may contribute to community resilience followinganearthquake[J].UrbanForestry&Urban Greening, 2019, 38:124-132.
[11]CLARKELW,JENERETTEGD,BAINDJ.Urban legaciesandsoilmanagementaffecttheconcentration and speciation of trace metals in Los Angeles community garden soils[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015, 197:1-12.
[12]ROUILLONM,HARVEYPJ,KRISTENSENLJ,etal.VegeSafe:acommunityscienceprogrammeasuringsoilmetal contamination, evaluating risk and providing advice for safe gardening[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 222:557-566.
[13]BAKERLE.Tendingculturallandscapesand foodcitizenshipinToronto’scommunitygardens[J].Geographical Review, 2010, 94(3):305-325.
[14]AMATO-LOURENCOLF,LOBODJA,GUIMAR?ES E T, et al. Biomonitoring of genotoxic effects and elemental accumulation derived from air pollution in community urban gardens[J].ScienceofThe TotalEnvironment,2017, 575:1438-1444.
[15]HALEJ,KNAPPC,BARDWELLL,etal.Connecting food environments and health through the relational nature ofaesthetics:gaininginsightthroughthecommunity gardening experience[J]. Social Science&Medicine, 2011,72(11):1853-1863.
[16] FOX-K?MPER R, WESENER A, MüNDERLEIN D, et al.Urbancommunitygardens:Anevaluationofgovernance approachesandrelatedenablersandbarriersatdifferent developmentstages[J].Landscape&UrbanPlanning,2018, 170:59-68.
[17]ALAIMOK,REISCHLTM,ALLENJO.Community gardening,neighborhoodmeetings,andsocialcapital[J].Journal of Community Psychology, 2010, 38(4):497-514.
[18]CHRISTENSENS,DYGPM,ALLENBERGK.Urban communitygardening,socialcapital,and “integration”:a mixed method exploration of urban “integration-gardening”inCopenhagen,Denmark[J].LocalEnvironment,2019,24(3):231-248.
[19]ROSOLM.PublicparticipationinPost-Fordisturban green space governance:the case of community gardens inBerlin[J].InternationalJournalofUrban&Regional Research, 2010, 34(3):548-563.
[20]钱静.西欧份地花园与美国社区花园的体系比较[J].现代城市研究,2011,26(1):86-92.
[21]蔡君.社区花园作为城市持续发展和环境教育的途径以纽约市为例[J].风景园林,2016(5):114-120.
[22]方田红,李培,杨嘉妍,等.以色列社区花园发展及其对中国的启示[J].北方园艺,2019(1):190-194.
[23]刘悦来,尹科娈,魏闽,等.高密度中心城区社区花园实践探索:以上海创智农园和百草园为例[J].风景园林,2017(9):16-22.
[24]刘悦来,尹科娈,魏闽,等.高密度城市社区花园实施机制探索:以上海创智农园为例[J].上海城市规划,2017(2):29-33.
[25]TANLHH,NEOH.“CommunityinBloom”:local participation of community gardens in urban Singapore[J].Local Environment, 2009, 14(6):529-539.
[26]张天洁,李泽.从人工美化走向景观协同:解析新加坡社区公园的发展历程[J].建筑学报,2012(10):26-31.
[27] YING C C. Growing “community”, planning responsibility,sowing governmentality-Singapore’s community gardens as spaces of inclusions and exclusions[D]. Singapore:National University of Singapore, 2015.
[28] Singapore National Parks Board. Community in Bloom Initiatives[EB/OL].(2019-04-02)[2019-05-07].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-in-bloom-initiative.
[29] Singapore National Parks Board. What is a Community Garden?[EB/OL].(2015-01-27)[2018-04-23].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-gardens/what-is-acommunity-garden.
[30]沙永杰.新加坡公共住宅的发展历程和设计理念[J].时代建筑,2011(4):42-49.
[31]王珺,李木子.公共住宅景观的新自由化全球新自由主义浪潮下的新加坡策略[J].时代建筑,2011(4):37-41.
[32] Housing&Development Board. Key Statistics Annual Report2017/2018[EB/OL].(2018)[2019-04-15].http://www10.hdb.gov.sg/ebook/AR2018/key-statistics.html.
[33] Singapore National Parks Board. Community Garden Trails[EB/OL].(2017-10-24)[2018-04-23].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-gardens/garden-trails.
[34] Singapore National Parks Board. 5 easy steps to starting a Community in Bloom Project in your Public Housing Estate[EB/OL].(2016-01-15)[2018-04-23].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-gardens/start-a-communitygarden/5-steps-public-housing.
[35] Singapore National Parks Board. Community in Bloom Awards2018[EB/OL].(2018-06-16)[2019-04-09].https://www.nparks.gov.sg/-/media/nparks-real-content/gardening/community-in-bloom/cib-awards/cib-awards-2018/cibawards-2018-results-dossier-(16-june).pdf.
[36]希利.协作式规划:在碎片化社会中塑造场所[M].2版.张磊,陈晶,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2018.
[37]李迎成,赵虎.理性包容:新型城镇化背景下中国城市规划价值取向的再探讨:基于经济学“次优理论”的视角[J].城市发展研究,2013,21(8):29-33+53.
[38] National Parks Board, National Library Board. Community in Bloom:my community, our gardens[M]. Singapore:National Library Board, Singapore, 2014.
[39]单飞跃,王泽群.包容性发展:政治理念及其行动机制[J].理论探讨,2014(1):68-71.
(1)由于位于公共组屋的社区花园数量最多,管理机构占据全部数量的57.5%(管理不同位置的基层组织机构数量:位于公共组屋361个;位于私人住宅25个;位于组织机构81个;位于学校161个。数据由新加坡国家公园局官网提供)。因此,本文作者主要以位于公共组屋的社区花园的管理机制为例进行分析。
(2)雪莉·阿恩斯坦(Sherry Arnstein)在《市民的参与阶梯》(A Ladder of Citizen Participation)一文中将公众参与分为3个阶梯:“操控、筛选和通知”属于“非参与的参与”;“通知、咨询和安抚”属于“象征性参与”;“伙伴关系、授予权力和公民主导”属于“实质性参与”(详见参考文献[36])。据此理论,新加坡的CIB计划虽然是政府主导,但是居民被赋予权力建设和维护,承担起城市绿化的“伙伴”的角色,因而处于“实质性参与”阶段。