基于夜间灯光与土地利用数据的山东省乡镇级人口数据空间化
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摘要
格网化人口数据能够刻画实际人口空间分布状况,是实现人口数据更好地与自然、社会、经济等要素融合分析的有效途径。本文面向精细尺度格网人口数据的需求,以中国东部人口稠密的山东省为例,基于乡镇级人口统计数据,研究了结合夜间灯光和土地利用数据的空间化方法。其中以EVI修正DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据来增加城镇用地内部人口分布的差异性,以城乡二级分区方法避免夜间灯光数据在农村低辐射亮度区模拟人口的缺点,提高了建模精度。利用其余地区的人口统计值检验建模精度,结果有78%的行政单元的相对误差绝对值小于20%。最终在2000年首次公布的乡镇级人口统计数据的基础上,生成了山东省100 m格网人口分布数据SDpop2000。通过与精度较高的全球WorldPop人口数据产品对比可见,SDpop2000和WorldPop在10 km网格尺度上的相关性系数高达0.93;SDpop2000在鲁中部、泰安西南部、济宁南部、临沂南部、枣庄北部和鲁北沿海等地的人口分布明显比WorldPop更准确;且SDpop2000较好地刻画了山东省在鲁西、鲁北平原区的人口较鲁中南山地丘陵区、鲁北沿海和山东半岛丘陵区的人口更为稠密的人口分布趋势。本文构建的基于DMSP/OLS与土地利用的乡镇级人口数据空间化方法明显提高了空间化精度,适用于乡镇尺度的人口精细模拟。
Gridded population data can be used to describe the actual spatial distribution of populations and is an effective way to achieve better integration of population data with natural, social, and economic factors. This study analyzed the demand of fine-scale gridded population data. Taking the densely populated Shandong Province in eastern China as an example, the spatialization method of township-level demographic data was investigated using nighttime satellite data and land use data fusion modeling. In this process, EVI was used to reduce saturation of DMSP/OLS nighttime satellite data to increase the difference of population distribution within the urban land. The urban and rural two-level partition method was used to avoid the shortcomings of nighttime data in the low radiance area of rural areas. The demographic values from the rest region were used to evaluate the modeling accuracy, and the results showed that 78% of the administrative units had an absolute relative error of less than 20%. Finally, based on the population data of the township-level which was first published in the fifth census in 2000, the gridded population data SDpop2000 at 100 m-resolution in Shandong Province was generated. The SDpop2000 was compared with the global WorldPop population data product with higher precision. The results showed that the correlation coefficient between SDpop2000 and WorldPop on the10 km grid scale was as high as 0.93, and the population distribution of SDpop2000 was obviously more accurate than that of WorldPop in the central Shandong, southwestern Taian, southern Jining, southern Linyi,northern Zaozhuang, and the northern Shandong coastal areas. In addition, the SDpop2000 better described the population distribution trend in Shandong Province, which was denser in western Shandong and the plains of northern Shandong than in the mountainous hilly areas in the central and southern Shandong, the coast of northern Shandong, and the hilly area of Shandong Peninsula. Overall, the spatialization method of townshiplevel population data developed in this study significantly improved spatialization precision and is suitable for township-level population spatialization.
Gridded population data can be used to describe the actual spatial distribution of populations and is an effective way to achieve better integration of population data with natural, social, and economic factors. This study analyzed the demand of fine-scale gridded population data. Taking the densely populated Shandong Province in eastern China as an example, the spatialization method of township-level demographic data was investigated using nighttime satellite data and land use data fusion modeling. In this process, EVI was used to reduce saturation of DMSP/OLS nighttime satellite data to increase the difference of population distribution within the urban land. The urban and rural two-level partition method was used to avoid the shortcomings of nighttime data in the low radiance area of rural areas. The demographic values from the rest region were used to evaluate the modeling accuracy, and the results showed that 78% of the administrative units had an absolute relative error of less than 20%. Finally, based on the population data of the township-level which was first published in the fifth census in 2000, the gridded population data SDpop2000 at 100 m-resolution in Shandong Province was generated. The SDpop2000 was compared with the global WorldPop population data product with higher precision. The results showed that the correlation coefficient between SDpop2000 and WorldPop on the10 km grid scale was as high as 0.93, and the population distribution of SDpop2000 was obviously more accurate than that of WorldPop in the central Shandong, southwestern Taian, southern Jining, southern Linyi,northern Zaozhuang, and the northern Shandong coastal areas. In addition, the SDpop2000 better described the population distribution trend in Shandong Province, which was denser in western Shandong and the plains of northern Shandong than in the mountainous hilly areas in the central and southern Shandong, the coast of northern Shandong, and the hilly area of Shandong Peninsula. Overall, the spatialization method of townshiplevel population data developed in this study significantly improved spatialization precision and is suitable for township-level population spatialization.
引文
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[10] Harvey J T. Population estimation models based on individual TM pixels[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing, 2002,68(11):1181-1192.
[11]卓莉,陈晋,史培军,等.基于夜间灯光数据的中国人口密度模拟[J].地理学报,2005,60(2):266-276.[Zhuo L,Chen J, Shi P J, et al. Modeling population density of China in 1998 based on DMSP/OLS nighttime light image[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005,60(2):266-276.]
[12] Azar D, Engstrom R, Graesser J, et al. Generation of finescale population layers using multi-resolution satellite imagery and geospatial data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2013,130:219-232.
[13]田永中,陈述彭,岳天祥,等.基于土地利用的中国人口密度模拟[J].地理学报,2004,59(2):283-292.[Tian Y Z,Chen S P, Yue T X, et al. Simulation of Chinese population density based on land use[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004,59(2):283-292.]
[14]柏中强,王卷乐,姜浩,等.基于多源信息的人口分布格网化方法研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2015,17(6):653-660.[Bai Z Q, Wang J L, Jiang H, et al. The gridding approach to redistribute population based on multi-source data[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2015,17(6):653-660.]
[15]符海月,李满春,赵军,等.人口数据格网化模型研究进展综述[J].人文地理,2006,21(3):115-119.[Fu H Y, Li M C,Zhao J, et al. Summary of grid transformation models of population data[J]. Human Geography, 2006,21(3):115-119.]
[16] Eicher C L, Brewer C A. Dasymetric mapping and areal interpolation:Implementation and evaluation[J]. American Cartographer, 2001,28(2):125-138.
[17]李翔,陈振杰,吴洁璇,等.基于夜间灯光数据和空间回归模型的城市常住人口格网化方法研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2017,19(10):1298-1305.[Li X, Chen Z J, Wu J X,et al. Gridding methods of city permanent population based on night light data and spatial regression models[J].Journal of Geo-information Science, 2017,19(10):1298-1305.]
[18] Elvidge C D, Baugh K E, Dietz J B, et al. Radiance calibration of DMSP-OLS low-light imaging data of human settlements[J]. Remote Sensing&Environment, 1999,68(1):77-88.
[19]高义,王辉,王培涛,等.基于人口普查与多源夜间灯光数据的海岸带人口空间化分析[J].资源科学,2013,35(12):2517-2523.[Gao Y, Wang H, Wang P T, et al. Analysis of population spatialization for Chinese coastal zones based on census and multiple night light data[J]. Resources Science, 2013,35(12):2518-2525.]
[20]梁友嘉,徐中民.基于LUCC和夜间灯光辐射数据的张掖市甘州区人口空间分布建模[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(4):999-1006.[Liang Y J, Xu Z M. Modeling the spatial distribution of population based on night light radiation and LUCC:A case study in Ganzhou District, Zhangye Municipality[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(4):999-1006.]
[21]黄杰,闫庆武,刘永伟,等.基于DMSP/OLS与土地利用的江苏省人口数据空间化研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(5):735-741.[Huang J, Yan Q W, Liu Y W, et al.Modeling the population density of Jiangsu Province based on DMSP/OLS satellite imagery and land use data[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(5):735-741.]
[22]卓莉,张晓帆,郑璟,等.基于EVI指数的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据去饱和方法[J].地理学报,2015,70(8):1339-1350.[Zhuo L, Zhang X F, Zheng J, et al. An EVI-based method to reduce saturation of DMSP/OLS nighttime light data[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015,70(8):1339-1350.]
[23] Elvidge C D, Baugh K E, Zhizhin M, et al. Why VIIRS data are superior to DMSP for mapping nighttime lights[J]. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network,2013,35:62-69.
[24]中华人民共和国民政部.中华人民共和国行政区划简册[M].北京:中国地图出版社,2001.[Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China. The administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China[M]. Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House, 2001.]
[25]国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司.中国乡、镇、街道人口资料[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2002.[Department of Population Social Science and Technology Statistics National Bureau of Statistics of China. China population by township[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2002.]
[26] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)National Centers for Environmental Information.Version 4 DMSP-OLS nighttime lights time series[DB/OL].https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/downloadV4composites.html, 2018-08-12.
[27] National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive&Distribution System(LAADS)Distributed Active Archive Center(DAAC).MOD13Q1-MODIS/Terra vegetation indices 16-Day L3global 250 m SIN Grid[DB/OL]. https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/api/v1/productPage/product=MOD13Q1,2018-08-12.
[28]国家科技基础条件平台—国家地球系统科学数据共享服务平台.山东省100 m土地利用数据(2000年)[DB/OL]. http://www.geodata.cn/data/datadetails.html?dataguid=276366180064167&docid=15360,2018-08-12.[National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure,National Science&Technology Infrastructure of China.Land use data of Shandong Province in 100 m(2000)[DB/OL]. http://www.geodata.cn/data/datadetails.html?dataguid=276366180064167&docid=15360, 2018-08-12.]
[29] WorldPop. China population 2000[DB/OL]. https://www.worldpop.org/geodata/summary?id=1552, 2018-08-12.
[30]国家科技基础条件平台—国家地球系统科学数据共享服务平台.中国1:25万乡镇界限数据(2000年)[DB/OL].http://www.geodata.cn/data/datadetails.html?dataguid=23491717434844&docId=10968,2018-08-12.[National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure, National Science&Technology Infrastructure of China. China's 1:25 million township boundary data(2000)[DB/OL] http://www.geodata.cn/data/datadetails.html?dataguid=23491717434844&docId=10968, 2018-08-12.]
[2]廖顺宝,孙九林.基于GIS的青藏高原人口统计数据空间化[J].地理学报,2003,58(1):25-33.[Liao S B, Sun J L.GIS based spatialization of population census data in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003,58(1):25-33.]
[3] Briggs D J, Gulliver J, Fecht D, et al. Dasymetric modelling of small-area population distribution using land cover and light emissions data[J]. Remote sensing of Environment, 2007,108(4):451-466.
[4] Zeng C Q, Zhou Y, Wang S X, et al. Population spatialization in China based on night-time imagery and land use data[J]. International journal of remote sensing, 2011,32(24):9599-9620.
[5]柏中强,王卷乐,杨飞.人口数据空间化研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(11):1692-1702.[Bai Z Q, Wang J L,Yang F. Research progress in spatialization of population data[J]. Progress in Geography, 2013,32(11):1692-1702.]
[6]陈晴,侯西勇.集成土地利用数据和夜间灯光数据优化人口空间化模型[J].地球信息科学学报,2015,17(11):1370-1377.[Chen Q, Hou X Y. An improved population spatialization model by combining land use data and DMSP/OLS data[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2015,17(11):1370-1377.]
[7] Patel N N, Stevens F R, Huang Z, et al. Improving large area population mapping using Geotweet densities[J].Transactions in Gis, 2017,21(2):317-331.
[8] Bai Z Q, Wang J L, Wang M M, et al. Accuracy assessment of multi-source gridded population distribution datasets in China[J]. Sustainability, 2018,10.
[9]江东,杨小唤,王乃斌,等.基于RS、GIS的人口空间分布研究[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(5):734-738.[Jiang D,Yang X H, Wang N B, et al. Study on spatial distribution of population based on remote sensing and GIS[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2002,17(5):734-738.]
[10] Harvey J T. Population estimation models based on individual TM pixels[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing, 2002,68(11):1181-1192.
[11]卓莉,陈晋,史培军,等.基于夜间灯光数据的中国人口密度模拟[J].地理学报,2005,60(2):266-276.[Zhuo L,Chen J, Shi P J, et al. Modeling population density of China in 1998 based on DMSP/OLS nighttime light image[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005,60(2):266-276.]
[12] Azar D, Engstrom R, Graesser J, et al. Generation of finescale population layers using multi-resolution satellite imagery and geospatial data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2013,130:219-232.
[13]田永中,陈述彭,岳天祥,等.基于土地利用的中国人口密度模拟[J].地理学报,2004,59(2):283-292.[Tian Y Z,Chen S P, Yue T X, et al. Simulation of Chinese population density based on land use[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004,59(2):283-292.]
[14]柏中强,王卷乐,姜浩,等.基于多源信息的人口分布格网化方法研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2015,17(6):653-660.[Bai Z Q, Wang J L, Jiang H, et al. The gridding approach to redistribute population based on multi-source data[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2015,17(6):653-660.]
[15]符海月,李满春,赵军,等.人口数据格网化模型研究进展综述[J].人文地理,2006,21(3):115-119.[Fu H Y, Li M C,Zhao J, et al. Summary of grid transformation models of population data[J]. Human Geography, 2006,21(3):115-119.]
[16] Eicher C L, Brewer C A. Dasymetric mapping and areal interpolation:Implementation and evaluation[J]. American Cartographer, 2001,28(2):125-138.
[17]李翔,陈振杰,吴洁璇,等.基于夜间灯光数据和空间回归模型的城市常住人口格网化方法研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2017,19(10):1298-1305.[Li X, Chen Z J, Wu J X,et al. Gridding methods of city permanent population based on night light data and spatial regression models[J].Journal of Geo-information Science, 2017,19(10):1298-1305.]
[18] Elvidge C D, Baugh K E, Dietz J B, et al. Radiance calibration of DMSP-OLS low-light imaging data of human settlements[J]. Remote Sensing&Environment, 1999,68(1):77-88.
[19]高义,王辉,王培涛,等.基于人口普查与多源夜间灯光数据的海岸带人口空间化分析[J].资源科学,2013,35(12):2517-2523.[Gao Y, Wang H, Wang P T, et al. Analysis of population spatialization for Chinese coastal zones based on census and multiple night light data[J]. Resources Science, 2013,35(12):2518-2525.]
[20]梁友嘉,徐中民.基于LUCC和夜间灯光辐射数据的张掖市甘州区人口空间分布建模[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(4):999-1006.[Liang Y J, Xu Z M. Modeling the spatial distribution of population based on night light radiation and LUCC:A case study in Ganzhou District, Zhangye Municipality[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(4):999-1006.]
[21]黄杰,闫庆武,刘永伟,等.基于DMSP/OLS与土地利用的江苏省人口数据空间化研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(5):735-741.[Huang J, Yan Q W, Liu Y W, et al.Modeling the population density of Jiangsu Province based on DMSP/OLS satellite imagery and land use data[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(5):735-741.]
[22]卓莉,张晓帆,郑璟,等.基于EVI指数的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据去饱和方法[J].地理学报,2015,70(8):1339-1350.[Zhuo L, Zhang X F, Zheng J, et al. An EVI-based method to reduce saturation of DMSP/OLS nighttime light data[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015,70(8):1339-1350.]
[23] Elvidge C D, Baugh K E, Zhizhin M, et al. Why VIIRS data are superior to DMSP for mapping nighttime lights[J]. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network,2013,35:62-69.
[24]中华人民共和国民政部.中华人民共和国行政区划简册[M].北京:中国地图出版社,2001.[Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China. The administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China[M]. Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House, 2001.]
[25]国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司.中国乡、镇、街道人口资料[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2002.[Department of Population Social Science and Technology Statistics National Bureau of Statistics of China. China population by township[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2002.]
[26] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)National Centers for Environmental Information.Version 4 DMSP-OLS nighttime lights time series[DB/OL].https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/downloadV4composites.html, 2018-08-12.
[27] National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive&Distribution System(LAADS)Distributed Active Archive Center(DAAC).MOD13Q1-MODIS/Terra vegetation indices 16-Day L3global 250 m SIN Grid[DB/OL]. https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/api/v1/productPage/product=MOD13Q1,2018-08-12.
[28]国家科技基础条件平台—国家地球系统科学数据共享服务平台.山东省100 m土地利用数据(2000年)[DB/OL]. http://www.geodata.cn/data/datadetails.html?dataguid=276366180064167&docid=15360,2018-08-12.[National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure,National Science&Technology Infrastructure of China.Land use data of Shandong Province in 100 m(2000)[DB/OL]. http://www.geodata.cn/data/datadetails.html?dataguid=276366180064167&docid=15360, 2018-08-12.]
[29] WorldPop. China population 2000[DB/OL]. https://www.worldpop.org/geodata/summary?id=1552, 2018-08-12.
[30]国家科技基础条件平台—国家地球系统科学数据共享服务平台.中国1:25万乡镇界限数据(2000年)[DB/OL].http://www.geodata.cn/data/datadetails.html?dataguid=23491717434844&docId=10968,2018-08-12.[National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure, National Science&Technology Infrastructure of China. China's 1:25 million township boundary data(2000)[DB/OL] http://www.geodata.cn/data/datadetails.html?dataguid=23491717434844&docId=10968, 2018-08-12.]