棉花短季直播栽培模式对产量构成及纤维品质的影响
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摘要
为探索棉花短季直播高产栽培技术模式,2014年在湖南农业大学浏阳试验基地,采用"311"最优回归设计方案研究了播期、密度和施氮量对早熟品种JX0010的产量构成及纤维品质的影响。对不同处理的棉铃时空分布、棉花产量及纤维品质的分析结果表明:不同处理棉铃时间分布上以秋桃比例最大,空间分布上纵向分布以中下部成铃数所占比例大,横向分布以内围铃为主。根据结果,建立了3个栽培因子施氮量(x1)、密度(x2)、播种期(x3)与子棉产量的多项式回归方程:y=213.522+3.9331x1+6.414x2-21.4619x3-5.7541x12-4.321x22-7.5348x32~(-1)1.982x1x2-0.1645x1x3+3.5747x2x3。分析回归方程得出,单因子效应表现为播种期>密度>施氮量,交互作用表现为施氮量与密度的互作效应>密度与播种期的互作效应>施氮量与播种期的互作效应,根据回归方程得到子棉高产的最佳组合为施氮量202.35 kg·hm-2、密度6.20万株·hm-2、播种期5月19日,产量为5510.25 kg·hm-2。棉花纤维品质性状受影响的顺序为马克隆值>断裂伸长率>断裂比强度>上半部平均长度>长度整齐度指数。
This study explored the effect of the short-season and direct seeding cultivation on cotton yield levels at the Liuyang experimental base of Hunan Agricultural University in 2014. The "311" optimal regression design was performed to investigate the effects of sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen application rate on yield components and fiber quality of early-maturing variety JX0010. The effects of different treatments on the temporal and spatial distribution, cotton yield, and fiber quality of cotton were analyzed. The results showed that the temporal distribution of cotton boll number was highest in autumn, and the spatial distribution of cotton boll number was the highest in the middle and lower parts of the plant while the lateral distribution was mainly within-boll. According to the experimental results, the polynomial regression equation of three cultural factors; nitrogen application rate(x1), density(x2), sowing date(x3), with seed yield were established as follows: y=213.522+3.9331x1+6.414x2-21.4619x3-5.7541x12-4.321x22-7.5348x32~(-1)1.982x1x2-0.1645x1x3+3.5747x2x3. Single-factor effect analysis revealed that sowing date > planting density > nitrogen application rate. Results showed that the interaction effect between nitrogen application rate and planting density > planting density and sowing date > nitrogen application rate and sowing date. The optimum combination for high yield of seed cotton was a nitrogen application rate of 202.35 kg·hm-2, planting density of 6.2×104plants·hm-2, and sowing date of May 19 th. The highest cotton yield was 5510.25 kg·hm-2. The effect of cultivation factors on fiber quality indicated that micronaire > breaking elongation > breaking tenacity > fiber upper half mean length > uniformity index.
This study explored the effect of the short-season and direct seeding cultivation on cotton yield levels at the Liuyang experimental base of Hunan Agricultural University in 2014. The "311" optimal regression design was performed to investigate the effects of sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen application rate on yield components and fiber quality of early-maturing variety JX0010. The effects of different treatments on the temporal and spatial distribution, cotton yield, and fiber quality of cotton were analyzed. The results showed that the temporal distribution of cotton boll number was highest in autumn, and the spatial distribution of cotton boll number was the highest in the middle and lower parts of the plant while the lateral distribution was mainly within-boll. According to the experimental results, the polynomial regression equation of three cultural factors; nitrogen application rate(x1), density(x2), sowing date(x3), with seed yield were established as follows: y=213.522+3.9331x1+6.414x2-21.4619x3-5.7541x12-4.321x22-7.5348x32~(-1)1.982x1x2-0.1645x1x3+3.5747x2x3. Single-factor effect analysis revealed that sowing date > planting density > nitrogen application rate. Results showed that the interaction effect between nitrogen application rate and planting density > planting density and sowing date > nitrogen application rate and sowing date. The optimum combination for high yield of seed cotton was a nitrogen application rate of 202.35 kg·hm-2, planting density of 6.2×104plants·hm-2, and sowing date of May 19 th. The highest cotton yield was 5510.25 kg·hm-2. The effect of cultivation factors on fiber quality indicated that micronaire > breaking elongation > breaking tenacity > fiber upper half mean length > uniformity index.
引文
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[15]黎鸿慧,刘顺英,金卫平,等.不同播期对短季棉省早441生长发育的影响[J].中国棉花,2002,29(9):34-35.Li Honghui,Liu Shunying,Jin Weiping,et al.Effect of different sowing date on the growth and development of the short-season cotton Shengzao441[J].China Cotton,2002,29(9):34-35.
[16]Wang Keru,Li Shaokun,Cao Lianpu,et al.A preliminary study on dynamics and model of N,P,K absorption for high-yield cotton[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2003,2(7):752-759.
[17]赵振勇,田长彦,马英杰,等.高密度种植下棉花群体质量主要指标研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2004,22(3):9-13.Zhao Zhenyong,Tian Changyan,Ma Yingjie,et al.Study on the main indexes of cotton population quality under high density cultivation[J].Agricultural Research in Arid Regions,2004,22(3):9-13.
[18]李蒙春,李正河.不同种植密度对棉花生育动态及产量的影响[J].新疆农业大学学报,2002,52(3):13-17.Li Mengchun,Li Zhenghe.Effect of different planting density on growth and yield of cotton[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2002,52(3):13-17.
[19]王士红,杨中旭,李秋芝,等.中后期多雨寡照天气对棉花产量和品质的影响[J].中国棉花,2014,41(3):24-26.Wang Shihong,Yang Zhongxu,Li Qiuzhi,et al.Effect of weather on cotton yield and quality in middle and late stage[J].China Cotton,2014,41(3):24-26.●
[2]中国农业科学院棉花研究所.中国棉花栽培学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2013:376-526.Institute of Cotton Research,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.Chinese cotton cultivation science[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers,2013:376-526.
[3]谈春松.棉花株型栽培研究[J].中国农业科学,1993,26(4):36-43.Tan Chunsong.Study on the cultivation of cotton plant[J].Agricultural Sciences of China,1993,26(4):36-43.
[4]李景龙,李飞.棉花油后直播在湖南棉田生产机械化中的应用[J].湖南农业科学,2014(6):32-33.Li Jinglong,Li Fei.Application in Hunan cotton production mechanization in cotton oil[J].Hunan Agricultural Science,2014(6):32-33.
[5]阳会兵,马一学,陈金湘,等.油后棉种植方式和密度对产量效应的研究[J].棉花科学,2014,36(6):31-35.Yang Huibing,Ma Yixue,Chen Jinxiang,et al.Study on the yield effect of cotton planting pattern and density after the oil[J].Cotton Sciences,2014,36(6):31-35.
[6]马一学,阳会兵,陈金湘,等.棉花种植方式和密度效应研究[J].作物研究,2014,28(3):269-271.Ma Yixue,Yang Huibing,Chen Jinxiang,et al.Research on cotton planting pattern and density effect[J].Crops Research,2014,28(3):269-271.
[7]喻树迅.我国短季棉50年早熟性育种成效研究与评价[J].棉花学报,2005,17(5):294-298.Yu Shuxun.Study and evaluation of the effect of early maturity breeding for the short season cotton in China in 50 years[J].Cotton Science,2005,17(5):294-298.
[8]刘爱玉,陈金湘,李瑞莲.论长江流域棉花短季栽培[J].中国棉花,2014,41(2):7-10.Liu Aiyu,Chen Jinxiang,Li Ruilian.Cultivation of cotton short season in the Yangtze River Basin[J].China Cotton,2014,41(2):7-10.
[9]董合忠,毛树春,张旺峰,等.棉花优化成铃栽培理论及其新发展[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(3):441-451.Dong Hezhong,Mao Shuchun,Zhang Wangfeng,et al.Cotton boll cultivation theory and its new development[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(3):441-451.
[10]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2008:120-122.Bao Shidan.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].3rded.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2008:120-122.
[11]唐启义,冯明光.实用统计分析及其DPS数据处理系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:49-64.Tang Qiyi,Feng Mingguang.Practical statistical analysis and its DPS data processing system[M].Beijing:Science Press,2002:49-64.
[12]陈金湘,李曼瑞,彭淡和,等.棉花高产优质低耗栽培实用模型的研究[J].湖南农学院学报,1988,12(4):13-20.Chen Jinxiang,Li Manrui,Peng Danhe,et al.Study on cotton high yield and high quality cultivation of practical model of consumption[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural College,1988,12(4):13-20.
[13]王朝晖,钟林光,李景龙,等.主要气象因子与抗虫杂交棉纤维品质的关系[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(8):101-108,114.Wang Zhaohui,Zhong Linguang,Li Jinglong,et al.Relationship between main meteorological factors and quality of cotton fiber for pest resistance[J].Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2009,37(8):101-108,114.
[14]谢得意,房卫平,李伶俐,等.不同短季棉品种的光合特性及产量品质研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2006(9):56-58.Xie Deyi,Fang Weiping,Li Lingli,et al.Studies on Photosynthetic Characteristics and yield and quality of cotton varieties with different short season cotton varieties[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2006(9):56-58.
[15]黎鸿慧,刘顺英,金卫平,等.不同播期对短季棉省早441生长发育的影响[J].中国棉花,2002,29(9):34-35.Li Honghui,Liu Shunying,Jin Weiping,et al.Effect of different sowing date on the growth and development of the short-season cotton Shengzao441[J].China Cotton,2002,29(9):34-35.
[16]Wang Keru,Li Shaokun,Cao Lianpu,et al.A preliminary study on dynamics and model of N,P,K absorption for high-yield cotton[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2003,2(7):752-759.
[17]赵振勇,田长彦,马英杰,等.高密度种植下棉花群体质量主要指标研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2004,22(3):9-13.Zhao Zhenyong,Tian Changyan,Ma Yingjie,et al.Study on the main indexes of cotton population quality under high density cultivation[J].Agricultural Research in Arid Regions,2004,22(3):9-13.
[18]李蒙春,李正河.不同种植密度对棉花生育动态及产量的影响[J].新疆农业大学学报,2002,52(3):13-17.Li Mengchun,Li Zhenghe.Effect of different planting density on growth and yield of cotton[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2002,52(3):13-17.
[19]王士红,杨中旭,李秋芝,等.中后期多雨寡照天气对棉花产量和品质的影响[J].中国棉花,2014,41(3):24-26.Wang Shihong,Yang Zhongxu,Li Qiuzhi,et al.Effect of weather on cotton yield and quality in middle and late stage[J].China Cotton,2014,41(3):24-26.●