美国高中职业生涯导向的课程设计——以俄亥俄州为例
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摘要
美国新一轮高中课程改革充分落实《让每一位学生成功》教育法案的精神,为实现高中毕业生成功就业或升入大学,课程定位于学生职业生涯发展,依据课程整合思想实现学术课程和职业课程的融通,并强调基于学习标准的高阶思维培养。如俄亥俄州构建了"职业生涯联系框架体系",通过开发学习标准、课程范例等,协助学校及教师自主开展教学。这轮改革充分重视高中生个人生涯发展规划,不断缩小不同教育类型及不同课程之间的鸿沟,切实保障教师基于标准的个性化实施,有效发挥师生在教学过程中的主体地位。
Today a new round of high school curriculum reform in the United States fully implements the spirit of "Every Student Succeeds Act". In order to realize the successful employment or enrollment of high school graduates, curriculum orientation is based on the development of every student's career,and then course contents begin to integrate academic and vocational knowledge based on the theory of Curricular Integration. Teachers pay more attention to developments of students' high-level thinking abilities. For example, Ohio has constructed the "Career Connection Framework" to help schools and teachers to reform curricula and instruction through the Learning Standards and new curricula examples. This round of reform focuses on every student's career pathway,constantly narrows the gap between different kinds of education and curricula, and effectively guarantees every teacher to carry out individualized instruction and takes dominant position in their teaching process.
Today a new round of high school curriculum reform in the United States fully implements the spirit of "Every Student Succeeds Act". In order to realize the successful employment or enrollment of high school graduates, curriculum orientation is based on the development of every student's career,and then course contents begin to integrate academic and vocational knowledge based on the theory of Curricular Integration. Teachers pay more attention to developments of students' high-level thinking abilities. For example, Ohio has constructed the "Career Connection Framework" to help schools and teachers to reform curricula and instruction through the Learning Standards and new curricula examples. This round of reform focuses on every student's career pathway,constantly narrows the gap between different kinds of education and curricula, and effectively guarantees every teacher to carry out individualized instruction and takes dominant position in their teaching process.
引文
[1][4]U.S.Depar tment of Education.Next G eneration High Schools:Redesigning the American High School Experience[EB/OL].(2016-09-12)[2017-12-30].https://www.ed.gov/highschool.
[2]U.S.Department of Education.Science,Technology,Engineering and Math:Education for Global Leadership[EB/OL].(2015-03-23)[2017-12-30].https://www.ed.gov/Stem.
[3]Roberto J.Rodríguez.High School-What it Can and Should Be for America’s Students[EB/OL].(2015-10-21)[2017-12-30].https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/10/21/high-school---what-it-can-and-should-be-americasstudents?utm_source=snapshot&utm_medium=email&utm_content=10232015-blog.U.S.Department of Education.
[5]Ohio Department of Education.Career Connections Framework[EB/OL].(2015-07-15)[2017-12-30].http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Career-Tech/Career-Connections/Career-Connections-Framework/Career-Connections-Framework_071515.pdf.aspx.
[6]U.S.Department of Education(NCES 2017-111).Public High School Students’Use of Graduation,Career,or Education Plans[EB/OL].(2017-05)[2017-12-30].https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2017/2017111.pdf.
[7]Ohio Department of Education.High Quality Individual Career Plan[EB/OL].(2005-05)[2017-12-30].https://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Ohio-s-NewLearning-Standards/Ohios-New-Learning-Standards/Ohio-Curriculum-Choices/Curriculum-Choice-ICPGuidance.pdf.aspx.
[8]The Association for Career and Technical Education.Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century_Strengthening a New Vision for the American High School through the Experiences and Resources of Career and Technical Education[EB/OL].(2006-01)[2017-12-30].https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED524837.pdf.
[9]Byrl R Shoemaker,Darrell L Parks.A History of Vocational and Career Education in Ohio:1828-2000[M].New York:iUniverse,Inc,2007:140.
[10]Ohio Depar tment of Education.A Quick Guide to Career Connections[EB/OL].(2013-10)[2017-01-10].http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/CareerTech/Career-Connections/Resources-for-Teachers/CCLSQuickGuide_Oct-2013.pdf.aspx.
[11]Ohio Depar tment of Education.Career-Technical Education Pathway Guidelines for Algebra II/Mathematics III Replacement[EB/OL].(2016-03)[2017-01-10].https://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Ohios-LearningStandards/Mathematics/Math-Graduation-Requirements/Career-Technical-Pathway-Algebra-II-ReplacementGuidelines.pdf.aspx.
[12]How Ohio’s Career-Technical Education Programs Fuse Academic Rigor and Real-World Experiences To Prepare Students for College and Careers[EB/OL].(2015-06)[2018-08-08].https://www.achieve.org/files/Achieve_OHcareerTech.pdf.
[13]Approaches to Integrating Academic and Technical Studies[EB/OL].(2010-06)[2018-01-15].https://www.achieve.org/files/ApproachestoIntegratingAcademicandTechnicalSt udies.pdf.
[14]U.S.Department of Education.Every Student Succeeds Act Assessments under Title I,Part A&Title I,Part B:Summary of Final Regulations[EB/OL].(2016-12-07)[2018-01-15].https://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/essa/essaassessmentfact sheet1207.pdf.
[15]David T Conley.The Common Core State Standards:I nsight into T heir Development a nd P ur pose[EB/OL].(2014)[2017-12-30].http://www.hawaiipublicschools.org/DOE%20Forms/CommonCore/CCSS_Insight_Into_De velopment_2014.pdf.
[16]Ohio Department of Education.Ohio’s Learning Standards:Mathematics(2017)[EB/OL].(2017)[2017-12-30].http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Learning-inOhio/Mathematics/Ohio-s-Learning-Standards-inMathematics/MATH-Standards-2017.pdf.aspx.
[17]James B Hunt.Briefing Packet:Common Core State Standards[EB/OL].(2012-05)[2018-01-15].https://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop/communities/hunt-institutebriefingpacket.pdf.
[18]Connection Career and Technical Education with the College and Career Readiness Agenda[EB/OL].(2010-06)[2018-01-15].https://www.achieve.org/files/ConnectingCa reerandTechnicalEducationwiththeCollegeandCareerReadi nessAgenda.pdf.
[19]Congress of the Unite States of America.Carl D.Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of2006[EB/OL].(2006-08-12)[2018-11-21].https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ270/PLAW-109publ270.pdf.
[20]Congress of the Unite States of America.Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act[EB/OL].(2018-07-31)[2018-11-21].https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2353.
[21]Ohio Department of Education.Ohio’s Learning Standards_Learning in Ohio[EB/OL].(2017-02)[2017-12-30].http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Learning-in-Ohio/FACTS_StandardsCurrAssResources.pdf.aspx.
(1)与中国不同,美国没有国家课程,各州在教育部新一轮教育改革方针指引下,根据实际情况自行实施。以俄亥俄州综合高中课程设置为例,主要有三类课程:学术课程、CTE课程和大学学分课程(College Credit Plus,简称CCP),其中CCP课程主要满足少数学有余力的高中生提前修完一年大学学分课程的需求,不作为高中阶段的学业要求,故不作为研究范畴;学术课程主要有英语语言艺术、健康、数学、体育、科学、社会研究和选修课程(包括外国语、美术、技术、财务等,占总学分的1/4);CTE课程按照职业分类,有16个类别,此不赘述。
(2)此案例来源于与美国俄亥俄州州立大学泽克尔博士(Dr.Zirkle)、平查克博士(Dr.Pinchak)和杰弗里博士(Dr.Jeffery)关于课程整合的研讨。
[2]U.S.Department of Education.Science,Technology,Engineering and Math:Education for Global Leadership[EB/OL].(2015-03-23)[2017-12-30].https://www.ed.gov/Stem.
[3]Roberto J.Rodríguez.High School-What it Can and Should Be for America’s Students[EB/OL].(2015-10-21)[2017-12-30].https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/10/21/high-school---what-it-can-and-should-be-americasstudents?utm_source=snapshot&utm_medium=email&utm_content=10232015-blog.U.S.Department of Education.
[5]Ohio Department of Education.Career Connections Framework[EB/OL].(2015-07-15)[2017-12-30].http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Career-Tech/Career-Connections/Career-Connections-Framework/Career-Connections-Framework_071515.pdf.aspx.
[6]U.S.Department of Education(NCES 2017-111).Public High School Students’Use of Graduation,Career,or Education Plans[EB/OL].(2017-05)[2017-12-30].https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2017/2017111.pdf.
[7]Ohio Department of Education.High Quality Individual Career Plan[EB/OL].(2005-05)[2017-12-30].https://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Ohio-s-NewLearning-Standards/Ohios-New-Learning-Standards/Ohio-Curriculum-Choices/Curriculum-Choice-ICPGuidance.pdf.aspx.
[8]The Association for Career and Technical Education.Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century_Strengthening a New Vision for the American High School through the Experiences and Resources of Career and Technical Education[EB/OL].(2006-01)[2017-12-30].https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED524837.pdf.
[9]Byrl R Shoemaker,Darrell L Parks.A History of Vocational and Career Education in Ohio:1828-2000[M].New York:iUniverse,Inc,2007:140.
[10]Ohio Depar tment of Education.A Quick Guide to Career Connections[EB/OL].(2013-10)[2017-01-10].http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/CareerTech/Career-Connections/Resources-for-Teachers/CCLSQuickGuide_Oct-2013.pdf.aspx.
[11]Ohio Depar tment of Education.Career-Technical Education Pathway Guidelines for Algebra II/Mathematics III Replacement[EB/OL].(2016-03)[2017-01-10].https://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Ohios-LearningStandards/Mathematics/Math-Graduation-Requirements/Career-Technical-Pathway-Algebra-II-ReplacementGuidelines.pdf.aspx.
[12]How Ohio’s Career-Technical Education Programs Fuse Academic Rigor and Real-World Experiences To Prepare Students for College and Careers[EB/OL].(2015-06)[2018-08-08].https://www.achieve.org/files/Achieve_OHcareerTech.pdf.
[13]Approaches to Integrating Academic and Technical Studies[EB/OL].(2010-06)[2018-01-15].https://www.achieve.org/files/ApproachestoIntegratingAcademicandTechnicalSt udies.pdf.
[14]U.S.Department of Education.Every Student Succeeds Act Assessments under Title I,Part A&Title I,Part B:Summary of Final Regulations[EB/OL].(2016-12-07)[2018-01-15].https://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/essa/essaassessmentfact sheet1207.pdf.
[15]David T Conley.The Common Core State Standards:I nsight into T heir Development a nd P ur pose[EB/OL].(2014)[2017-12-30].http://www.hawaiipublicschools.org/DOE%20Forms/CommonCore/CCSS_Insight_Into_De velopment_2014.pdf.
[16]Ohio Department of Education.Ohio’s Learning Standards:Mathematics(2017)[EB/OL].(2017)[2017-12-30].http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Learning-inOhio/Mathematics/Ohio-s-Learning-Standards-inMathematics/MATH-Standards-2017.pdf.aspx.
[17]James B Hunt.Briefing Packet:Common Core State Standards[EB/OL].(2012-05)[2018-01-15].https://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop/communities/hunt-institutebriefingpacket.pdf.
[18]Connection Career and Technical Education with the College and Career Readiness Agenda[EB/OL].(2010-06)[2018-01-15].https://www.achieve.org/files/ConnectingCa reerandTechnicalEducationwiththeCollegeandCareerReadi nessAgenda.pdf.
[19]Congress of the Unite States of America.Carl D.Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of2006[EB/OL].(2006-08-12)[2018-11-21].https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ270/PLAW-109publ270.pdf.
[20]Congress of the Unite States of America.Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act[EB/OL].(2018-07-31)[2018-11-21].https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2353.
[21]Ohio Department of Education.Ohio’s Learning Standards_Learning in Ohio[EB/OL].(2017-02)[2017-12-30].http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Learning-in-Ohio/FACTS_StandardsCurrAssResources.pdf.aspx.
(1)与中国不同,美国没有国家课程,各州在教育部新一轮教育改革方针指引下,根据实际情况自行实施。以俄亥俄州综合高中课程设置为例,主要有三类课程:学术课程、CTE课程和大学学分课程(College Credit Plus,简称CCP),其中CCP课程主要满足少数学有余力的高中生提前修完一年大学学分课程的需求,不作为高中阶段的学业要求,故不作为研究范畴;学术课程主要有英语语言艺术、健康、数学、体育、科学、社会研究和选修课程(包括外国语、美术、技术、财务等,占总学分的1/4);CTE课程按照职业分类,有16个类别,此不赘述。
(2)此案例来源于与美国俄亥俄州州立大学泽克尔博士(Dr.Zirkle)、平查克博士(Dr.Pinchak)和杰弗里博士(Dr.Jeffery)关于课程整合的研讨。