河南董寨赤腹鹰孵卵节律与巢防卫行为
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摘要
2016和2017年的5月至8月,在河南省董寨国家级自然保护区利用红外相机监控和野外直接观察赤腹鹰(Accipiter soloensis),对其孵卵节律和巢防卫行为进行了研究。为了更好地获得巢防卫数据,我们以人作为入侵者攀爬巢树,观察人停留在巢树上10 min内不同赤腹鹰个体的巢防卫行为。共发现赤腹鹰繁殖巢52个,累计拍摄红外照片661 306张,将15个繁殖巢内的30只个体的巢防卫行为分成了4个等级。研究表明:1)雄鸟的巢防卫等级与雄鸟的日孵卵次数(r=0.751,n=15,P<0.01)、雄鸟日孵卵时间(r=0.803,n=15,P<0.01)、每日雌雄孵卵总时间(r=0.527,n=15,P<0.05)均呈显著正相关,雌鸟的巢防卫等级与雄鸟的日孵卵次数(r=0.717,n=15,P<0.01)、雄鸟的日孵卵时间(r=0.619,n=15,P<0.05)呈显著正相关(Sperman rank correlation);2)雌鸟巢防卫强度与雄鸟巢防卫强度呈显著正相关(r=0.743,n=15,P<0.01);3)亲鸟的平均离巢时间与雄鸟的日孵卵次数(r=﹣0.680,df=11,P<0.05)、雄鸟的日孵卵时间(r=﹣0.640,df=11,P<0.05)、雌鸟的孵卵次数(r=﹣0.558,df=11,P<0.05)、每日雌雄孵卵总时间(r=﹣0.772,df=11,P<0.01)均呈负相关。可见,赤腹鹰的巢防卫强度和孵卵投入密切相关,并且配偶间的巢防卫行为存在相似性,可能与配偶选择和学习行为有关。
Incubation rhythm and nest defense behavior of the Chinese Sparrowhawk(Accipiter soloensis) were studied with the aid of infrared camera during two successive breeding seasons of 2016 and 2017 in Dongzhai National Natural Reserve of Henan Province.Totally 52 nests were found and 661 306 pictures were taken during the two seasons.The breeding success rate was 51.35%(n=74 eggs) with nest failures recorded(Fig.1),and the King Rat Snake(Elaphe carinata) being the main predator.With the observer served as an intruder by climbing the nest tree,we recorded the nest defense behavior of 15 couples for 10 min sorted into four different nest defense levels,i.e.,level Ⅰ(never approach to the nest tree except alarming),level Ⅱ(threaten people by diving but do not touch the tree leaves),level Ⅲ(threaten people by diving and touch the tree leaves),and level Ⅳ(attack people)(Fig.2).The results of analyses showed that:1) the males' nest defense level exhibited extremely significantly positive correlations to both their incubation frequency(r=0.751,n=15,P<0.01) and incubation time(r=0.803,n=15,P<0.01),and a significantly positive correlation to the total incubation time(r=0.527,n=15,P<0.05).Meanwhile,the females' nest defense level also showed an extremely significantly positive correlation to the male birds' incubation frequency(r=0.717,n=15,P<0.01) and a significantly positive correlation to incubation time(r=0.619,n=15,P<0.05,Table 1);2) the males' nest defense level showed an extremely significantly positive correlation to that of the females(r=0.743,n=15,P<0.01)(Spearman rank correlation);3) the average absent time was significantly negatively correlated to both incubation frequency(r=-0.680,df=11,P<0.05) and incubation time(r=-0.640,df=11,P<0.05) of the males as well as incubation time(r=-0.558,df=11,P<0.05) of the females,but showed an extremely significantly negative correlation to the total incubation time(r=-0.772,df=11,P<0.01)(Partial correlation)(Fig.3).In conclusion,the more investment in incubation taken by the Chinese Sparrowhawks,the stronger nest defense behavior they demonstrated.In addition,male and female defense behavior were similar,possibly due to mate choice or learning from each other.
Incubation rhythm and nest defense behavior of the Chinese Sparrowhawk(Accipiter soloensis) were studied with the aid of infrared camera during two successive breeding seasons of 2016 and 2017 in Dongzhai National Natural Reserve of Henan Province.Totally 52 nests were found and 661 306 pictures were taken during the two seasons.The breeding success rate was 51.35%(n=74 eggs) with nest failures recorded(Fig.1),and the King Rat Snake(Elaphe carinata) being the main predator.With the observer served as an intruder by climbing the nest tree,we recorded the nest defense behavior of 15 couples for 10 min sorted into four different nest defense levels,i.e.,level Ⅰ(never approach to the nest tree except alarming),level Ⅱ(threaten people by diving but do not touch the tree leaves),level Ⅲ(threaten people by diving and touch the tree leaves),and level Ⅳ(attack people)(Fig.2).The results of analyses showed that:1) the males' nest defense level exhibited extremely significantly positive correlations to both their incubation frequency(r=0.751,n=15,P<0.01) and incubation time(r=0.803,n=15,P<0.01),and a significantly positive correlation to the total incubation time(r=0.527,n=15,P<0.05).Meanwhile,the females' nest defense level also showed an extremely significantly positive correlation to the male birds' incubation frequency(r=0.717,n=15,P<0.01) and a significantly positive correlation to incubation time(r=0.619,n=15,P<0.05,Table 1);2) the males' nest defense level showed an extremely significantly positive correlation to that of the females(r=0.743,n=15,P<0.01)(Spearman rank correlation);3) the average absent time was significantly negatively correlated to both incubation frequency(r=-0.680,df=11,P<0.05) and incubation time(r=-0.640,df=11,P<0.05) of the males as well as incubation time(r=-0.558,df=11,P<0.05) of the females,but showed an extremely significantly negative correlation to the total incubation time(r=-0.772,df=11,P<0.01)(Partial correlation)(Fig.3).In conclusion,the more investment in incubation taken by the Chinese Sparrowhawks,the stronger nest defense behavior they demonstrated.In addition,male and female defense behavior were similar,possibly due to mate choice or learning from each other.
引文
Barash D P.1975.Evolutionary aspects of parental behavior:distraction behavior of the alpine accentor.Wilson Bulletin,87(3):367-373.
Blancher P J,Robertson R J.1982.Kingbird aggression:Does it deter predation?Animal Behaviour,30(3):929-930.
Choi,C Y,Nam H Y,Lee W S.2012.Territory size of breeding Chinese Sparrowhawks(Accipiter soloensis).Korea Journal of Environment Ecology,26(2):186-191.
Choi C Y,Nam H Y,Lee W S.2015.Growth of Chinese Sparrowhawk Accipiter soloensis nestlings.Forktail,31:110-113.
García J T.2003.Is female investment in defence correlated with breeding success in Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus.Bird Study,50(2):142-145.
Greig S P W.1980.Parental investment in nest defence by stonechats(Saxicola torquata).Animal Behaviour,28(2):604-619.
Grubb Jr T C,Greenwald L.1982.Sparrows and a brush pile:foraging responses to different combinations of predation risk and energy costs.Animal Behaviour,30(3):637-640.
Knight R L,Temple S A.1986.Why does intensity of avian nest defense increase during the nesting cycle?Auk,103(2):318-327.
Kunca T,Yosef R.2016.Differential nest-defense to perceived danger in urban and rural areas by female Eurasian sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus).Peer J,4:e2070.
Kwon K C,Won P O.1975.Breeding Biology of the Chinese Sparrowhawk(Accipiter soloensis).Journal of Yamashina Institule for Ornithology,7(5):501-522.
Ma Q,Severinghaus L L,Deng W H,et al.2016.Breeding biology of a little-known raptor in Central China:The Chinese Sparrowhawk(Accipiter soloensis).Journal of Raptor Research,50(2):176-184.
Morse D H.1986.Predation risk to insect foraging at flowers.Oikos,46(2):223-228.
Nonacs P,Dill L M.1990.Mortality risk vs.food quality trade-offs in a common currency:ant patch preferences.Ecology,71(5):1886-1892.
Park Y G,Yoon M,Won P.1975.Breeding biology of the Chinese sparrowhawk(Accipiter soloensis).Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology,7(5):523-532.
Sergio F,Bogliani G.2001.Nest defense as parental care in the northern hobby(Falco subbuteo).The Auk,118(4):1047-1052.
Slotow R.1996.Aggression in white-crowned sparrows:effects of distance from cover and group size.Condor,98(2):245-252.
Stamps N E,Bowers M D.1991.Indirect effect on survivorship of caterpillars due to presence of invertebrate predator.Oecologica,88(3):325-330.
Sun Y H,Deng T W,Lan C Y,et al.2010.Spring Migration of Chinese Goshawks(Accipiter soloensis)in Taiwan.Journal of Raptor Research,44(3):188-195.
Tandavanitj P,Kasorndorkbua C.2008.Autumn migration of Chinese Sparrowhawk Accipiter soloensis and Japanese sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis at Radar hill,Prachuap khiri khan,Thailand.Journal of Wildlife in Thailand,15:74-79.
Trivers R.1972.Parental investment and sexual selection.Nature,112:52-95.
Watts B D.1990.Cover use and predator-related mortality in song and savannah sparrows.The Auk,107(4):775-778.
Whittaker D,Knight R L.1998.Understanding wildlife responses to humans.Wildlife Society Bulletin,26(2):312-317.
Williams J B.1993.Energetics of incubation in free-living orange-breasted sunbirds in South Africa.Condor,95(1):115-126.
刘丽秋,张立世,李时,等.2016.栗斑腹鹀鸣声质量与繁殖投入关系研究.东北师大学报:自然科学版,48(3):110-114.
刘珍妮.2016.白眉姬鹟身体质量对繁殖投入的影响.长春:吉林农业大学博士学位论文.
马强.2015.赤腹鹰的繁殖生态及同域分布隼形目猛禽的种间关系研究.北京:北京师范大学博士学位论文.
宋朝枢,瞿文元.1996.董寨鸟类自然保护区科学考察集.北京:中国林业出版社.
孙悦华,贾陈喜,方昀,等.2005.甘肃莲花山蓝马鸡孵卵节律的初步研究.动物学杂志,40(4):29-33.
万冬梅,胡博,马强.2014.河南董寨国家级自然保护区赤腹鹰种群遗传多样性的研究.辽宁大学学报:自然科学版,41(2):145-151.
徐基良,张晓辉,张正旺,等.2010.河南董寨白冠长尾雉繁殖期栖息地选择.动物学研究,31(2):198-204.
赵青山.2016.灰头鸫的动物个性及其巢址选择.北京:中国科学院大学,中国科学院动物研究所博士学位论文.
赵亚军,孙儒泳,房继明,等.2003.青春期雌性根田鼠初次择偶行为与雄性优势等级.动物学报,49(3):303-309.
郑育升,孙元勋,邓财文.2006.利用气象雷达探讨2005年秋季赤腹鹰过境恒春半岛之模式.台湾林业科学,21(4):491-498.
Blancher P J,Robertson R J.1982.Kingbird aggression:Does it deter predation?Animal Behaviour,30(3):929-930.
Choi,C Y,Nam H Y,Lee W S.2012.Territory size of breeding Chinese Sparrowhawks(Accipiter soloensis).Korea Journal of Environment Ecology,26(2):186-191.
Choi C Y,Nam H Y,Lee W S.2015.Growth of Chinese Sparrowhawk Accipiter soloensis nestlings.Forktail,31:110-113.
García J T.2003.Is female investment in defence correlated with breeding success in Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus.Bird Study,50(2):142-145.
Greig S P W.1980.Parental investment in nest defence by stonechats(Saxicola torquata).Animal Behaviour,28(2):604-619.
Grubb Jr T C,Greenwald L.1982.Sparrows and a brush pile:foraging responses to different combinations of predation risk and energy costs.Animal Behaviour,30(3):637-640.
Knight R L,Temple S A.1986.Why does intensity of avian nest defense increase during the nesting cycle?Auk,103(2):318-327.
Kunca T,Yosef R.2016.Differential nest-defense to perceived danger in urban and rural areas by female Eurasian sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus).Peer J,4:e2070.
Kwon K C,Won P O.1975.Breeding Biology of the Chinese Sparrowhawk(Accipiter soloensis).Journal of Yamashina Institule for Ornithology,7(5):501-522.
Ma Q,Severinghaus L L,Deng W H,et al.2016.Breeding biology of a little-known raptor in Central China:The Chinese Sparrowhawk(Accipiter soloensis).Journal of Raptor Research,50(2):176-184.
Morse D H.1986.Predation risk to insect foraging at flowers.Oikos,46(2):223-228.
Nonacs P,Dill L M.1990.Mortality risk vs.food quality trade-offs in a common currency:ant patch preferences.Ecology,71(5):1886-1892.
Park Y G,Yoon M,Won P.1975.Breeding biology of the Chinese sparrowhawk(Accipiter soloensis).Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology,7(5):523-532.
Sergio F,Bogliani G.2001.Nest defense as parental care in the northern hobby(Falco subbuteo).The Auk,118(4):1047-1052.
Slotow R.1996.Aggression in white-crowned sparrows:effects of distance from cover and group size.Condor,98(2):245-252.
Stamps N E,Bowers M D.1991.Indirect effect on survivorship of caterpillars due to presence of invertebrate predator.Oecologica,88(3):325-330.
Sun Y H,Deng T W,Lan C Y,et al.2010.Spring Migration of Chinese Goshawks(Accipiter soloensis)in Taiwan.Journal of Raptor Research,44(3):188-195.
Tandavanitj P,Kasorndorkbua C.2008.Autumn migration of Chinese Sparrowhawk Accipiter soloensis and Japanese sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis at Radar hill,Prachuap khiri khan,Thailand.Journal of Wildlife in Thailand,15:74-79.
Trivers R.1972.Parental investment and sexual selection.Nature,112:52-95.
Watts B D.1990.Cover use and predator-related mortality in song and savannah sparrows.The Auk,107(4):775-778.
Whittaker D,Knight R L.1998.Understanding wildlife responses to humans.Wildlife Society Bulletin,26(2):312-317.
Williams J B.1993.Energetics of incubation in free-living orange-breasted sunbirds in South Africa.Condor,95(1):115-126.
刘丽秋,张立世,李时,等.2016.栗斑腹鹀鸣声质量与繁殖投入关系研究.东北师大学报:自然科学版,48(3):110-114.
刘珍妮.2016.白眉姬鹟身体质量对繁殖投入的影响.长春:吉林农业大学博士学位论文.
马强.2015.赤腹鹰的繁殖生态及同域分布隼形目猛禽的种间关系研究.北京:北京师范大学博士学位论文.
宋朝枢,瞿文元.1996.董寨鸟类自然保护区科学考察集.北京:中国林业出版社.
孙悦华,贾陈喜,方昀,等.2005.甘肃莲花山蓝马鸡孵卵节律的初步研究.动物学杂志,40(4):29-33.
万冬梅,胡博,马强.2014.河南董寨国家级自然保护区赤腹鹰种群遗传多样性的研究.辽宁大学学报:自然科学版,41(2):145-151.
徐基良,张晓辉,张正旺,等.2010.河南董寨白冠长尾雉繁殖期栖息地选择.动物学研究,31(2):198-204.
赵青山.2016.灰头鸫的动物个性及其巢址选择.北京:中国科学院大学,中国科学院动物研究所博士学位论文.
赵亚军,孙儒泳,房继明,等.2003.青春期雌性根田鼠初次择偶行为与雄性优势等级.动物学报,49(3):303-309.
郑育升,孙元勋,邓财文.2006.利用气象雷达探讨2005年秋季赤腹鹰过境恒春半岛之模式.台湾林业科学,21(4):491-498.