基于Landsat影像的宁夏盐池县植被景观格局变化特征
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摘要
【目的】分析宁夏盐池县植被景观格局时空演变特征,并探讨植被与降水的相关性,为该地区生态环境恢复提供理论依据。【方法】基于景观生态学原理,利用1989-2014年(25年)4期Landsat TM/OLI遥感数据,在ArcGIS和Fragstats的支持下,对盐池县植被景观格局的变化进行分析。【结果】1989-2014年,研究区植被平均覆盖度总体较低,呈增加-减小-增加的特征,植被表现为恢复-退化-恢复的反复过程,总体处于恢复趋势,且呈现出东部植被覆盖度较高、西部植被覆盖度较低的特点。景观水平上植被斑块破碎化程度明显降低,形状趋于规则化,斑块的延展性增强、连通性提升、蔓延度增大、异质性增强,各组分要素所占比例趋于不均匀化;类型水平上各类植被景观的斑块数量和斑块密度整体呈下降趋势,表明各类景观的破碎化程度整体减轻。植被斑块重心变迁主要在西北-东南方向上,植被斑块在西北方向出现退化,而在东南、东北方向出现扩张。【结论】盐池县植被景观格局的变化是植被恢复治理措施与降水共同作用的结果,其中降水是影响盐池县植被覆盖度变化、景观格局改变以及斑块重心迁移的重要因素。
【Objective】The study analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of regional vegetation landscape pattern and discussed the correlation of vegetation and precipitation to provide basis for eco-environmental restoration in Yanchi,Ningxia.【Method】Based on the principle of landscape ecology,Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing data at 4 periods in 25 years(1989-2014)were used and the characteristics of vegetation landscape pattern were analyzed with the support of ArcGIS and Fragstats.【Result】The average vegetation coverage was generally low and presented the characteristics of increasedecrease-increase.Correspondingly,the vegetation appeared the repetitive process of restoration-degeneration-restoration with the whole tendency of recovery.The vegetation coverage was higher in the eastand lower in the west.At pattern level,landscape fragmentation degree of vegetation patch reduced obviously,the patch shape tended to have increased connectivity,enhanced contagion,reduced diversity,increased heterogeneity and different component ratios.At class level,the patch number and patch density of vegetation landscape declined,indicating that landscape fragmentation degree was reduced.During 1989-2014,gravity center of vegetation patch moved mainly on the direction of NW-SE,and vegetation patches expanded in the southwest and northeast of the study area,but degraded in the northwest.【Conclusion】The change of vegetation landscape pattern was the consequence of vegetation restoration measures and precipitation,and precipitation was an important factor of vegetation coverage change,landscape pattern variations and vegetation patches migration.
【Objective】The study analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of regional vegetation landscape pattern and discussed the correlation of vegetation and precipitation to provide basis for eco-environmental restoration in Yanchi,Ningxia.【Method】Based on the principle of landscape ecology,Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing data at 4 periods in 25 years(1989-2014)were used and the characteristics of vegetation landscape pattern were analyzed with the support of ArcGIS and Fragstats.【Result】The average vegetation coverage was generally low and presented the characteristics of increasedecrease-increase.Correspondingly,the vegetation appeared the repetitive process of restoration-degeneration-restoration with the whole tendency of recovery.The vegetation coverage was higher in the eastand lower in the west.At pattern level,landscape fragmentation degree of vegetation patch reduced obviously,the patch shape tended to have increased connectivity,enhanced contagion,reduced diversity,increased heterogeneity and different component ratios.At class level,the patch number and patch density of vegetation landscape declined,indicating that landscape fragmentation degree was reduced.During 1989-2014,gravity center of vegetation patch moved mainly on the direction of NW-SE,and vegetation patches expanded in the southwest and northeast of the study area,but degraded in the northwest.【Conclusion】The change of vegetation landscape pattern was the consequence of vegetation restoration measures and precipitation,and precipitation was an important factor of vegetation coverage change,landscape pattern variations and vegetation patches migration.
引文
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[3]汪永华,苏志尧,陈北光.广州白云山风景区植被景观格局探析[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(1):45-48.Wang Y H,Su Z Y,Chen B G.Analysis on the landscape pattern of the vegetation in Baiyunshan Scenic Spot,Guangzhou[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2005,13(1):45-48.
[4]李恒凯,雷军,杨柳.基于Landsat影像的离子稀土矿区植被覆盖度提取及景观格局分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(10):267-276.Li H K,Lei J,Yang L.Extraction of vegetation coverage and analysis of landscape pattern in rare earth mining area based on Landsat image[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(10):267-276.
[5]周淑琴,荆耀栋,张青峰,等.毛乌素沙地南缘植被景观格局演变与空间分布特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(12):3774-3782.Zhou S Q,Jing Y D,Zhang Q F,et al.Vegetation landscape pattern change and characteristics of spatial distribution in south edge of Mu Us Sandy Land[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(12):3774-3782.
[6]周伟,刚成诚,李建龙,等.1982-2010年中国草地覆盖度的时空动态及其对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):15-30.Zhou W,Gang C C,Li J L,et al.Spatial-temporal dynamics of grassland coverage and its response to climate change in China during 1982-2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):15-30.
[7]Zhou L,Tucker C,Kaufmann R,et al.Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981to 1999[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106:20069-20083.
[8]乔峰,张克斌,张生英,等.农牧交错区植被覆盖度动态变化遥感监测:以宁夏盐池为例[J].干旱区研究,2006,23(2):283-288.Qiao F,Zhang K B,Zhang S Y,et al.RS monitoring on the dynamic change of vegetation coverage in a farming-pasturing ecotone:a case study in Yanchi County,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[J].Arid Zone Research,2006,23(2):283-288.
[9]吴波.沙质荒漠化土地景观分类与制图:以毛乌素沙地为例[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(1):52-57.Wu B.Landscape classification and cartography of sandy desertified land:a case study in the Mu Us sandy land[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24(1):52-57.
[10]张克斌,李瑞,夏照华,等.宁夏盐池植被盖度变化及影响因子[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(6):18-22.Zhang K B,Li R,Xia Z H,et al.Research on change of vegetation fraction and its effect factors in Yanchi county,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,4(6):18-22.
[11]杜灵通,李国旗.基于SPOT-VGT的宁夏盐池县近8年生态环境动态监测[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(5):46-51.Du L T,Li G Q.Dynamic monitoring of eco-environment change over 1999-2006in Yanchi County,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region based on SPOT-VGT data[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2008,30(5):46-51.
[12]庞吉林,张克斌,乔娜,等.基于RS的盐池县近10年植被覆盖度动态变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(4):112-115.Pang J L,Zhang K B,Qiao N,et al.RS-based study on dynamics of the vegetation coverage in recent 10years in Yanchi County[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(4):112-115.
[13]宋乃平,杜灵通,王磊.盐池县2000-2012年植被变化及其驱动力[J].生态学报,2015,35(22):7377-7386.Song N P,Du L T,Wang L.Vegetation dynamics over 2000-2012and its driving factors in Yanchi County,Ningxia Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(22):7377-7386.
[14]Leprieur C,Verstraete M M,Pinty B.Evaluation of the performance of various vegetation indices to retrieve vegetation cover from AVHRR data[J].Remote Sensing Review,1994(10):265-284.
[15]Gutman G,Ignatov A.The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1998,19(8):1533-1543.
[16]Gillies R R,Kustas W P,Humes K S.A verification of the‘triangle’method for obtaining surface soil water content and energy fluxes from remote measurements of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and surface radiant temperature[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1997,18(15):3145-3166.
[17]Mu S J,Yang H F,Li J L.Spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation coverage and its relationship with climate factors in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2013,23(2):231-246.
[18]肖笃宁,布仁仓,李秀珍.生态空间理论与景观异质性[J].生态学报,1997,17(5):453-460.Xiao D N,Bren C,Li X Z.Spatial ecology and landscape heterogeneity[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1997,17(5):453-460.
[19]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:99-109.Wu J G.Landscape ecology:pattern,process,scale and hierarchy[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000:99-109.
[20]段翰晨,王涛,薛娴,等.科尔沁沙地沙漠化时空演变及其景观格局:以内蒙古自治区奈曼旗为例[J].地理学报,2012,67(7):917-928.Dang H C,Wang T,Xue X,et al.Spatial-temporal evolution of aeolian desertification and landscape pattern in horqin sandy land:a case study of Naiman Banner in Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(7):917-928.
[21]黄文广,刘晓东,于钊,等.禁牧对草地覆盖度的影响:以宁夏盐池县为例[J].草业科学,2011,28(8):1502-1506.Huang W G,Liu X D,Yu Z,et al.Effects of grazing prohibition on grassland coverage:a case study at Yanchi County of Ningxia[J].Pratacultural Science,2011,28(8):1502-1506.
[22]祁元,王一谋,王建华,等.基于遥感和GIS技术的荒漠化动态分析:以宁夏盐池为例[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(3):275-279.Qi Y,Wang Y M,Wang J H,et al.Analysis on desertification dynamics based on Remote Sensing and GIS:exampled in Yanchi County,Ningxia[J].Journal of Desert Research,2003,23(3):275-279.
[23]单鹏飞.宁夏灵盐地区荒漠化灾害与农牧业持续发展[J].地理科学,1997,17(2):163-167.Shan P F.A study on the problems both of desertification hazard and farming grazing continuous development in the Lingwu-Yanchi region of Ningxia[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1997,17(2):163-167.
[24]唐萃文,张海风,陈银萍,等.祁连山南坡植被景观格局及其破碎化[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(11):2305-2310.Tang C W,Zhang H F,Chen Y P,et al.Vegetation landscape pattern and its fragmentation on southern slope of Qilian Mountain[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(11):2305-2310.
[25]陈晓光,李剑萍,李志军,等.宁夏盐池近年来植被与气候变化分析[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1516-1522.Chen X G,Li J P,Li Z J,et al.Vegetation changes in Yanchi of Ningxia and its relationship with climate change in recent years[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(5):1516-1522.
[26]卢晓杰,张克斌,李瑞.我国北方农牧交错带气候对植被的影响:以宁夏盐池为例[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(6):188-191.Lu X J,Zhang K B,Li R.Impact of climate on vegetation in northern agriculture and animal husbandry of our country interlocks:take Yanchi of Ningxia as an example[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,14(6):188-191.
[2]陈赛赛,孙艳玲,杨艳丽,等.三北防护林工程区植被景观格局变化分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(12):85-90.Chen S S,Sun Y L,Yang Y L,et al.Analysis on the vegetation landscape pattern changes in the Three-North Shelter Belt Program[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(12):85-90.
[3]汪永华,苏志尧,陈北光.广州白云山风景区植被景观格局探析[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(1):45-48.Wang Y H,Su Z Y,Chen B G.Analysis on the landscape pattern of the vegetation in Baiyunshan Scenic Spot,Guangzhou[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2005,13(1):45-48.
[4]李恒凯,雷军,杨柳.基于Landsat影像的离子稀土矿区植被覆盖度提取及景观格局分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(10):267-276.Li H K,Lei J,Yang L.Extraction of vegetation coverage and analysis of landscape pattern in rare earth mining area based on Landsat image[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(10):267-276.
[5]周淑琴,荆耀栋,张青峰,等.毛乌素沙地南缘植被景观格局演变与空间分布特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(12):3774-3782.Zhou S Q,Jing Y D,Zhang Q F,et al.Vegetation landscape pattern change and characteristics of spatial distribution in south edge of Mu Us Sandy Land[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(12):3774-3782.
[6]周伟,刚成诚,李建龙,等.1982-2010年中国草地覆盖度的时空动态及其对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):15-30.Zhou W,Gang C C,Li J L,et al.Spatial-temporal dynamics of grassland coverage and its response to climate change in China during 1982-2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):15-30.
[7]Zhou L,Tucker C,Kaufmann R,et al.Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981to 1999[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106:20069-20083.
[8]乔峰,张克斌,张生英,等.农牧交错区植被覆盖度动态变化遥感监测:以宁夏盐池为例[J].干旱区研究,2006,23(2):283-288.Qiao F,Zhang K B,Zhang S Y,et al.RS monitoring on the dynamic change of vegetation coverage in a farming-pasturing ecotone:a case study in Yanchi County,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[J].Arid Zone Research,2006,23(2):283-288.
[9]吴波.沙质荒漠化土地景观分类与制图:以毛乌素沙地为例[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(1):52-57.Wu B.Landscape classification and cartography of sandy desertified land:a case study in the Mu Us sandy land[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24(1):52-57.
[10]张克斌,李瑞,夏照华,等.宁夏盐池植被盖度变化及影响因子[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(6):18-22.Zhang K B,Li R,Xia Z H,et al.Research on change of vegetation fraction and its effect factors in Yanchi county,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,4(6):18-22.
[11]杜灵通,李国旗.基于SPOT-VGT的宁夏盐池县近8年生态环境动态监测[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(5):46-51.Du L T,Li G Q.Dynamic monitoring of eco-environment change over 1999-2006in Yanchi County,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region based on SPOT-VGT data[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2008,30(5):46-51.
[12]庞吉林,张克斌,乔娜,等.基于RS的盐池县近10年植被覆盖度动态变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(4):112-115.Pang J L,Zhang K B,Qiao N,et al.RS-based study on dynamics of the vegetation coverage in recent 10years in Yanchi County[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(4):112-115.
[13]宋乃平,杜灵通,王磊.盐池县2000-2012年植被变化及其驱动力[J].生态学报,2015,35(22):7377-7386.Song N P,Du L T,Wang L.Vegetation dynamics over 2000-2012and its driving factors in Yanchi County,Ningxia Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(22):7377-7386.
[14]Leprieur C,Verstraete M M,Pinty B.Evaluation of the performance of various vegetation indices to retrieve vegetation cover from AVHRR data[J].Remote Sensing Review,1994(10):265-284.
[15]Gutman G,Ignatov A.The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1998,19(8):1533-1543.
[16]Gillies R R,Kustas W P,Humes K S.A verification of the‘triangle’method for obtaining surface soil water content and energy fluxes from remote measurements of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and surface radiant temperature[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1997,18(15):3145-3166.
[17]Mu S J,Yang H F,Li J L.Spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation coverage and its relationship with climate factors in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2013,23(2):231-246.
[18]肖笃宁,布仁仓,李秀珍.生态空间理论与景观异质性[J].生态学报,1997,17(5):453-460.Xiao D N,Bren C,Li X Z.Spatial ecology and landscape heterogeneity[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1997,17(5):453-460.
[19]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:99-109.Wu J G.Landscape ecology:pattern,process,scale and hierarchy[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000:99-109.
[20]段翰晨,王涛,薛娴,等.科尔沁沙地沙漠化时空演变及其景观格局:以内蒙古自治区奈曼旗为例[J].地理学报,2012,67(7):917-928.Dang H C,Wang T,Xue X,et al.Spatial-temporal evolution of aeolian desertification and landscape pattern in horqin sandy land:a case study of Naiman Banner in Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(7):917-928.
[21]黄文广,刘晓东,于钊,等.禁牧对草地覆盖度的影响:以宁夏盐池县为例[J].草业科学,2011,28(8):1502-1506.Huang W G,Liu X D,Yu Z,et al.Effects of grazing prohibition on grassland coverage:a case study at Yanchi County of Ningxia[J].Pratacultural Science,2011,28(8):1502-1506.
[22]祁元,王一谋,王建华,等.基于遥感和GIS技术的荒漠化动态分析:以宁夏盐池为例[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(3):275-279.Qi Y,Wang Y M,Wang J H,et al.Analysis on desertification dynamics based on Remote Sensing and GIS:exampled in Yanchi County,Ningxia[J].Journal of Desert Research,2003,23(3):275-279.
[23]单鹏飞.宁夏灵盐地区荒漠化灾害与农牧业持续发展[J].地理科学,1997,17(2):163-167.Shan P F.A study on the problems both of desertification hazard and farming grazing continuous development in the Lingwu-Yanchi region of Ningxia[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1997,17(2):163-167.
[24]唐萃文,张海风,陈银萍,等.祁连山南坡植被景观格局及其破碎化[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(11):2305-2310.Tang C W,Zhang H F,Chen Y P,et al.Vegetation landscape pattern and its fragmentation on southern slope of Qilian Mountain[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(11):2305-2310.
[25]陈晓光,李剑萍,李志军,等.宁夏盐池近年来植被与气候变化分析[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1516-1522.Chen X G,Li J P,Li Z J,et al.Vegetation changes in Yanchi of Ningxia and its relationship with climate change in recent years[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(5):1516-1522.
[26]卢晓杰,张克斌,李瑞.我国北方农牧交错带气候对植被的影响:以宁夏盐池为例[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(6):188-191.Lu X J,Zhang K B,Li R.Impact of climate on vegetation in northern agriculture and animal husbandry of our country interlocks:take Yanchi of Ningxia as an example[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,14(6):188-191.