天然阔叶林林分蓄积估算研究——以赣南槠栲林为例
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摘要
为探索天然阔叶林的林分蓄积估算方法,以赣南槠栲天然阔叶林为研究对象,利用7块标准地的数据,采用树冠光竞争高度法(CCH)将槠栲天然阔叶林划分为主林层、演替层和更新层,分析各林层的胸径和树高的平均值、标准差和变异系数,并探讨不同林层株数和蓄积垂直分布的特征。结果表明:槠栲天然阔叶林的垂直结构复杂:分层后各林层的胸径和树高的离散程度由大到小依次为更新层,演替层和主林层;分层后蓄积随林层高度的增加而增加,株数随林层高度的增加而减少。鉴于槠栲林复杂的垂直分布特征,提出分别林层标准木法估算林分蓄积,并与平均标准木法和每木检尺法的估算结果进行了对比,发现:分别林层标准木法在标准地和各林层的蓄积估计结果与每木检尺法无显著差异;平均标准木法由于低估了主林层蓄积且高估了更新层蓄积使得估算的标准地总蓄积偏高。推荐在森林资源调查时,使用分别林层标准木法估算林分蓄积。
In order to explore estimating methods for stand volume of natural broadleaved forest,the pres?ent study focused on Castanopsis natural broadleaved forest in South Jiangxi,and seven sample plots were used.The stands were divided into main canopy,succession,regeneration layers according to the canopy competition height(CCH).The arithmetic average,standard deviation(SD)and coefficient of variation(CV)of DBH and tree height were analyzed and the characteristics of the vertical distribution of stems and volume in different storeies were explored.The results showed that the vertical structure of Castanopsis natural broadleaved forest was complicated.The dispersion levels of DBH and height in different storeies were in the order of regeneration layer> succession layer > main canopy.The volumes of different storeies increased with the storey height and stems showed an inverse trend.Based on the complicated vertical structure,the present study proposed a volume estimation method based on mean trees in each storey.The results of a comparison with the estimations based on mean trees and the tally method showed that there was no significant difference between the estimation based on mean trees in each storey and the tally method,and overestimation was found based on mean trees because the estimation based on mean trees underestimated the volume of the main canopy layer and overestimated the vol?ume of the regeneration layer.Thus,the estimation based on mean trees in each storey could be used to estima?tion stand volume in forest resource inventory.
In order to explore estimating methods for stand volume of natural broadleaved forest,the pres?ent study focused on Castanopsis natural broadleaved forest in South Jiangxi,and seven sample plots were used.The stands were divided into main canopy,succession,regeneration layers according to the canopy competition height(CCH).The arithmetic average,standard deviation(SD)and coefficient of variation(CV)of DBH and tree height were analyzed and the characteristics of the vertical distribution of stems and volume in different storeies were explored.The results showed that the vertical structure of Castanopsis natural broadleaved forest was complicated.The dispersion levels of DBH and height in different storeies were in the order of regeneration layer> succession layer > main canopy.The volumes of different storeies increased with the storey height and stems showed an inverse trend.Based on the complicated vertical structure,the present study proposed a volume estimation method based on mean trees in each storey.The results of a comparison with the estimations based on mean trees and the tally method showed that there was no significant difference between the estimation based on mean trees in each storey and the tally method,and overestimation was found based on mean trees because the estimation based on mean trees underestimated the volume of the main canopy layer and overestimated the vol?ume of the regeneration layer.Thus,the estimation based on mean trees in each storey could be used to estima?tion stand volume in forest resource inventory.
引文
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[16]Chen J Q,Bradshaw G A.Forest structure in space:a case study of an old growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan NaturalReserve,PR China[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1999,120(1/2/3):219-233.
[17]潘紫重,应天玉.林分垂直结构与静态持水能力的关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(4):14-16.Pan Z C,Ying T Y.Relationship between forest vertical structure and static water capability[J].Journal of Northeast ForestryUniversity,2008,36(4):14-16.
[18]郑景明,周志勇,田子珩,等.北京山地天然栎林垂直结构研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(s1):67-70.Zheng J M,Zhou Z Y,Tian Z H,et al.Vertical structure of natural oak forests in the montane area of Beijing[J].Journal ofBeijing Forestry,2010,32(S1):67-70.
[19]侯元兆,陈幸良,孙国吉.栎类经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2017:14-16.Hou Y Z,Chen X L,Sun G J.Oak management[M].Beijing:Chinese Forestry Publishing House,2017:14-16.
[20]陆元昌,刘宪钊,王宏,等.多功能人工林经营技术指南[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2014:112Lu Y C,Liu X Z,Wang H,et al.The technical guide for multi-functional plantation management[M].Beijing:Chinese For?estry Publishing House,2014:112.
[21]庄崇洋,黄清麟,马志波,等.中亚热带天然阔叶林林层划分新方法:最大受光面法[J].林业科学,2017,53(3):1-11.Zhuang C Y,Huang Q L,Ma Z B,et al.A new method of storey identification of natural broad-leaved forests in mid-subtropi?cal zone[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2017,53(3):1-11.
[22]陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东,等.云冷杉过伐林垂直结构特征分析[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(3):450-459.Chen K Y,Zhang H R,Lei X D,et al.Analysis of vertical structure characteristics for spruce-fir over-cutting forest[J].ForestReaserch,2017,30(3):450-459.
[23]Latham P A,Zuuring H R,Coble D W. A method for quantifying vertical forest structure[J]. Forest Ecology andManagement,1998,104(1):157-170.
[24]Levene H.Robust tests for equality of variances.In Contributions to probability and statistics[M].Palo Alto:StanfordUniversity Press,1960:278-292.
[25]Sokal R R,Rohlf F J.Biometry:the principles and practice of statistics in biological research(4ed)[M].New York:W.H.Freeman and Company,2012:248-251.
[26]汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等.林分择伐空间结构优化模型研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(5):25-31.Tang M P,Tang S Z,Lei X D,et al.Study on spatial structure optimizing model of stand selection cutting[J].Scientia SilvaeSinicae,2004,40(5):25-31.
[2]Bueno-López S W,Bevilacqua E.Nonlinear mixed model approaches to estimating merchantable bole volume for Pinusoccidentalis[J].iForest,2012,5(5):247-254.
[3]Edgar D S V,Meht?talo L,Batista J L F.Linear mixed-effects models and calibration applied to volume models in tworotations of Eucalyptus grandis plantations[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2016,46(1):132-141.
[4]Berrill J P,O’Hara K L.Estimating site productivity in irregular stand structures by indexing the basal area or volumeincrement of the dominant species[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2014,44(1):92-100.
[5]庄崇洋,黄清麟,马志波,等.典型中亚热带天然阔叶林林层特征及蓄积估计研究[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(4):559-565.Zhuang C Y,Huang Q L,Ma Z B,et al.Study on characteristics and volume estimation in each stratum of typical naturalbroad leaved forest in mid-subtropics[J].Forest Research,2017,30(4):559-565.
[6]吴友贵,许大明.天然阔叶林蓄积量调查的误差分析与控制[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(2):31-35.Wu Y G,Xu D M.Analysis and control of stand volume inventory error in natural broad-leaved forest[J].Journal of North?west Forestry University,2015,30(2):31-35.
[7]吕勇,刘辉,王才喜.杉木林分蓄积量不同测定方法的比较[J].中南林学院学报,2001,21(4):50-53.Lv Y,Liu H,Wang C X.Comparison of the different measurement methods of stand volume[J].Journal of Central South For?estry University,2001,21(4):50-53.
[8]付甜,朱建华,肖文发,等.三峡库区主要森林类型的林分蓄积生长预测[J].林业科学研究,2014,27(3):429-43.Fu T,Zhu J H,Xiao W F,et al.Forest Volume growth prediction of main forest types in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Forest Research,2014,27(3):429-43.
[9]赵宪文,包盈智.应用航天遥感资料估测森林蓄积量的一个新方法[J].林业科学研究,1988,1(2):14-152.Zhao X W,Bao Y Z.A new method of the application of space remote sensing data to estimate forest accumulation[J].ForestResearch,1988,1(2):14-152.
[10]张超,彭道黎,涂云燕,等.利用TM影像和偏最小二乘回归方法估测三峡库区森林蓄积[J].北京林业大学学报,2013,35(3):11-17.Zhao C,Peng D L,Tu Y Y.Predicting forest volume in Three Gorges Reservoir Region using TM images and partial leastsquares regression[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2013,35(3):11-17.
[11]李亦秋,冯仲科,邓欧,等.基于3S技术的山东省森林蓄积量估测[J].林业科学,2009,45(9):85-93.Li Y Q,Feng Z K,Deng O,et al.Forest volume estimate based on 3S technologies in Shandong Province[J].Scientia SilvaeSinicae,2009,45(9):85-93.
[12]李俊清.森林生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:291-294.Li J Q.Forest ecology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006:291-294
[13]陆元昌.近自然森林经营的理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:66-69.Lu Y C.The theory and practice of nearly natural forest management[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006:66-69.
[14]Druckenbrod D L,Shugart H H,Davies I.Spatial pattern and process in forest stands with in the Virginia piedmont[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2005,16(1):37-48.
[15]李明辉,何风华,潘存德.天山云杉天然林不同林层的空间格局和空间关联性[J].生态学报,2011,31(3):620-628.Li M H,He F H,Pan C D.Spatial distribution pattern of different strata and spatial assocations of different strata in the Sch?renk Spruce Forest,northwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(3):620-628.
[16]Chen J Q,Bradshaw G A.Forest structure in space:a case study of an old growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan NaturalReserve,PR China[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1999,120(1/2/3):219-233.
[17]潘紫重,应天玉.林分垂直结构与静态持水能力的关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(4):14-16.Pan Z C,Ying T Y.Relationship between forest vertical structure and static water capability[J].Journal of Northeast ForestryUniversity,2008,36(4):14-16.
[18]郑景明,周志勇,田子珩,等.北京山地天然栎林垂直结构研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(s1):67-70.Zheng J M,Zhou Z Y,Tian Z H,et al.Vertical structure of natural oak forests in the montane area of Beijing[J].Journal ofBeijing Forestry,2010,32(S1):67-70.
[19]侯元兆,陈幸良,孙国吉.栎类经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2017:14-16.Hou Y Z,Chen X L,Sun G J.Oak management[M].Beijing:Chinese Forestry Publishing House,2017:14-16.
[20]陆元昌,刘宪钊,王宏,等.多功能人工林经营技术指南[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2014:112Lu Y C,Liu X Z,Wang H,et al.The technical guide for multi-functional plantation management[M].Beijing:Chinese For?estry Publishing House,2014:112.
[21]庄崇洋,黄清麟,马志波,等.中亚热带天然阔叶林林层划分新方法:最大受光面法[J].林业科学,2017,53(3):1-11.Zhuang C Y,Huang Q L,Ma Z B,et al.A new method of storey identification of natural broad-leaved forests in mid-subtropi?cal zone[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2017,53(3):1-11.
[22]陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东,等.云冷杉过伐林垂直结构特征分析[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(3):450-459.Chen K Y,Zhang H R,Lei X D,et al.Analysis of vertical structure characteristics for spruce-fir over-cutting forest[J].ForestReaserch,2017,30(3):450-459.
[23]Latham P A,Zuuring H R,Coble D W. A method for quantifying vertical forest structure[J]. Forest Ecology andManagement,1998,104(1):157-170.
[24]Levene H.Robust tests for equality of variances.In Contributions to probability and statistics[M].Palo Alto:StanfordUniversity Press,1960:278-292.
[25]Sokal R R,Rohlf F J.Biometry:the principles and practice of statistics in biological research(4ed)[M].New York:W.H.Freeman and Company,2012:248-251.
[26]汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等.林分择伐空间结构优化模型研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(5):25-31.Tang M P,Tang S Z,Lei X D,et al.Study on spatial structure optimizing model of stand selection cutting[J].Scientia SilvaeSinicae,2004,40(5):25-31.