科学背后的政治竞争:1957年围绕宇称不守恒理论的国际争夺战
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摘要
1957年,在美苏争霸、两大阵营对峙的时代背景下,美国、苏联、新中国、中国台湾地区围绕李政道、杨振宁提出的宇称不守恒理论及其获诺贝尔奖一事,展开了激烈的争夺战。美苏之争,既是一场科学发现优先权之争,更是双方在科学上的一场争霸较量。李、杨二人的中国国籍身份又使中国大陆及台湾地区卷入对李、杨的争取当中。海峡两岸都大力宣传李、杨的科学成就,都争取他们回到己方,都在这一国际科学事件上争夺中国代表权。尽管台湾当局并没有争取到中国代表权,但其坚持一个中国原则的立场却是鲜明而坚定的。
In 1957,under the background of the competition for hegemony between the US and the Soviet Union and the confrontation between their two camps,an intense public dispute started over the parity non-conservation theory by Lee Tsung-Dao and Yang Chen-Ning and the Nobel Prize for this. The conquest between the United States and the Soviet Union is not only a struggle for the priority of the discovery,but also for the position in science. The Chinese citizenships of Lee and Yang has also involved the mainland of China and Taiwan in the struggle. Both sides fought to be on behalf of China in the international science field by promoting the scientific achievements of Lee and Yang and winning them back. It turned out that Taiwan authorities lost finally,but it still held the principle of "One China"unequivocally and firmly.
In 1957,under the background of the competition for hegemony between the US and the Soviet Union and the confrontation between their two camps,an intense public dispute started over the parity non-conservation theory by Lee Tsung-Dao and Yang Chen-Ning and the Nobel Prize for this. The conquest between the United States and the Soviet Union is not only a struggle for the priority of the discovery,but also for the position in science. The Chinese citizenships of Lee and Yang has also involved the mainland of China and Taiwan in the struggle. Both sides fought to be on behalf of China in the international science field by promoting the scientific achievements of Lee and Yang and winning them back. It turned out that Taiwan authorities lost finally,but it still held the principle of "One China"unequivocally and firmly.
引文
[1]杨建邺.杨振宁传[M].北京:三联书店出版社,2012:194.
[2]HAROLD M.SCHMECK Jr.Basic concept in physics is reported upset in tests[N].New York Times,1957-01-16.
[3]季承,柳怀祖,滕丽.宇称不守恒发现之争论解谜[M].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,2004:142.
[4]Text of columbia report on physics experiments[N].New York Times,1957-01-16.
[5]新华社.兰道院士提出复合反演论说明宇称守恒定律不具普遍性[J].新华半月刊,1957(6):98.
[6]SCHWARTZ H.Russian presents theory in physics:Atom scientist’s hypothesis may replace invalidated principle of parity[N].New York Times,1957-02-21.
[7]新华社.在热核子和原子核理论上;苏联物理学家取得重要成就[N].光明日报,1957-02-25.
[8]吴之.原子核物理学的重要发现[J].科学通报,1957(4):185.
[9]What Pravda hides[N].New York Times,1957-02-25.
[10]Nobel prize seen for Chinese in U.S.[N].New York Times,1957-10-31.
[11]FELIX BELAIR Jr.Nobel prize in physics awarded to two Chinese working in U.S.:winners of 1957 Nobel prizes[N].New York Times,1957-11-01.
[12]2 Nobel winners have quiet party:Young Chinese scientists dine at home after going to offices as usual[N].New York Times,1957-11-01.
[13]新华社莫斯科电讯.苏联科学家介绍李政道杨振宁等人的工作;确定宇称不守恒是重大科学成果;苏联兰道院士的“复合反演论”解释了同类现象[N].人民日报,1957-12-11.
[14]Midwest seeking atom-smashers[N].New York Times,1957-11-24.
[15]JOHN PFEIFFER.The Basic need for basic research:it provides the‘raw’knowledge for every‘practical’advance[N].New York Times,1957-11-24.
[16]葛能全.钱三强年谱长编[M].北京:科学出版社,2013:282-283.
[17]黄庆桥.宇称不守恒理论在中国的传播与影响[J].自然科学史研究,2016(01).
[18]FELIX BELAIR Jr.Swedes‘protect’2 Nobel winners:Chinese physicists arrive from U.S.---Red embassy aides are fended off[N].New York Times,1957-12-09.
[19]顾迈男.张文裕两度争取李政道杨振宁回国[N].新华每日电讯,2014-08-01.
[20]顾迈男.我与杨振宁的交往[J].新闻爱好者,2003(9):39.
[21]张其昀,叶公超.昨去电贺李政道杨振宁荣获诺贝尔奖金[N].台湾“中央日报”,1957-11-01.
[22]李政道,杨振宁.获诺贝尔奖金张其昀昨发表谈话[N].台湾“中央日报”,1957-11-01.
[23]本报讯.合肥旅台同乡昨电贺杨振宁[N].台湾“中央日报”,1957-02-07.
[24]本报讯.旅美各界人士设宴祝贺李政道杨振宁获奖[N].台湾“联合报”,1957-11-13.
[2]HAROLD M.SCHMECK Jr.Basic concept in physics is reported upset in tests[N].New York Times,1957-01-16.
[3]季承,柳怀祖,滕丽.宇称不守恒发现之争论解谜[M].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,2004:142.
[4]Text of columbia report on physics experiments[N].New York Times,1957-01-16.
[5]新华社.兰道院士提出复合反演论说明宇称守恒定律不具普遍性[J].新华半月刊,1957(6):98.
[6]SCHWARTZ H.Russian presents theory in physics:Atom scientist’s hypothesis may replace invalidated principle of parity[N].New York Times,1957-02-21.
[7]新华社.在热核子和原子核理论上;苏联物理学家取得重要成就[N].光明日报,1957-02-25.
[8]吴之.原子核物理学的重要发现[J].科学通报,1957(4):185.
[9]What Pravda hides[N].New York Times,1957-02-25.
[10]Nobel prize seen for Chinese in U.S.[N].New York Times,1957-10-31.
[11]FELIX BELAIR Jr.Nobel prize in physics awarded to two Chinese working in U.S.:winners of 1957 Nobel prizes[N].New York Times,1957-11-01.
[12]2 Nobel winners have quiet party:Young Chinese scientists dine at home after going to offices as usual[N].New York Times,1957-11-01.
[13]新华社莫斯科电讯.苏联科学家介绍李政道杨振宁等人的工作;确定宇称不守恒是重大科学成果;苏联兰道院士的“复合反演论”解释了同类现象[N].人民日报,1957-12-11.
[14]Midwest seeking atom-smashers[N].New York Times,1957-11-24.
[15]JOHN PFEIFFER.The Basic need for basic research:it provides the‘raw’knowledge for every‘practical’advance[N].New York Times,1957-11-24.
[16]葛能全.钱三强年谱长编[M].北京:科学出版社,2013:282-283.
[17]黄庆桥.宇称不守恒理论在中国的传播与影响[J].自然科学史研究,2016(01).
[18]FELIX BELAIR Jr.Swedes‘protect’2 Nobel winners:Chinese physicists arrive from U.S.---Red embassy aides are fended off[N].New York Times,1957-12-09.
[19]顾迈男.张文裕两度争取李政道杨振宁回国[N].新华每日电讯,2014-08-01.
[20]顾迈男.我与杨振宁的交往[J].新闻爱好者,2003(9):39.
[21]张其昀,叶公超.昨去电贺李政道杨振宁荣获诺贝尔奖金[N].台湾“中央日报”,1957-11-01.
[22]李政道,杨振宁.获诺贝尔奖金张其昀昨发表谈话[N].台湾“中央日报”,1957-11-01.
[23]本报讯.合肥旅台同乡昨电贺杨振宁[N].台湾“中央日报”,1957-02-07.
[24]本报讯.旅美各界人士设宴祝贺李政道杨振宁获奖[N].台湾“联合报”,1957-11-13.