系统频率偏差对同时全极化测量的影响及其校准
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摘要
目标极化散射矩阵的精确测量是全极化雷达极化信息处理的前提和基础。基于正负线性调频信号,针对采用数字解线性调频处理的同时全极化测量体制雷达,分别推导了雷达中频频率偏差和采样频率偏差对同时全极化测量影响的数学模型,提出一种雷达中频频偏和采样频偏的联合估计与校准方法。仿真和实测数据表明:雷达系统频率稳定度会引起不同通道极化测量结果峰值位置和相对相位的变化,采用所提方法能够有效校正峰值偏移,补偿相位误差,提高目标极化散射矩阵测量的精度。
It is now a basic premise to acquire the polarization scattering matrix of radar target accurately before the polarization information processing. Based on a pair of linear frequency modulation signals with opposite slopes and aimed at the simultaneous polarimetric radar adopting the digital dechirp processing, the mathematical model of the influence of the intermediate frequency deviation and sampling frequency deviation on simultaneous polarization measurement was derived. An intermediate frequency deviation and sampling frequency deviation joint estimation and calibration algorithm was proposed. Simulation and real data results show that the radar frequency stability can change the peak position and phase of the simultaneous polarization scattering matrix measurement. The approach proposed can regulate the peak deviation effectively, compensate the phase error and accurately acquire the four elements of polarization scattering matrix.
It is now a basic premise to acquire the polarization scattering matrix of radar target accurately before the polarization information processing. Based on a pair of linear frequency modulation signals with opposite slopes and aimed at the simultaneous polarimetric radar adopting the digital dechirp processing, the mathematical model of the influence of the intermediate frequency deviation and sampling frequency deviation on simultaneous polarization measurement was derived. An intermediate frequency deviation and sampling frequency deviation joint estimation and calibration algorithm was proposed. Simulation and real data results show that the radar frequency stability can change the peak position and phase of the simultaneous polarization scattering matrix measurement. The approach proposed can regulate the peak deviation effectively, compensate the phase error and accurately acquire the four elements of polarization scattering matrix.
引文
[1] 黄培康, 殷红成, 许小剑. 雷达目标特性[M]. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2006: 155-159.HUANG Peikang, YIN Hongcheng, XU Xiaojian. Radar target characteristics[M]. Beijing: Electronic Industry Press, 2006: 155-159. (in Chinese)
[2] Zrnic D, Doviak R, Zhang G, et al. Bias in differential reflectivity due to cross-coupling through the radiation patterns of polarimetric weather radars[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2010, 27(10): 1624-1637.
[3] Zrnic D S, Melnikov V M, Carter J K. Calibrating differential reflectivity on the WSR-88D[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2006, 23(7): 944-951.
[4] Wang Y T, Ainsworth T L, Lee J S. Assessment of system polarization quality for polarimetric SAR imagery and target decomposition[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2011, 49(5): 1755-1771.
[5] 李棉全, 马梁, 李永祯, 等. 运动目标的全极化一维成像方法研究[J].宇航学报, 2011, 32(5): 1136-1142.LI Mianquan, MA Liang, LI Yongzhen, et al. Fully polarized one-dimensional imaging for moving target[J]. Journal of Astronautics, 2011, 32(5): 1136-1142. (in Chinese)
[6] Bringi V N, Chandrasekar V. Polarimetric Doppler weather radar: principles and applications[M]. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[7] Chandrasekar V, Keeler R J. Antenna pattern analysis and measurements for multiparameter radars[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 1993, 10(5): 674-683.
[8] Zrnic D, Doviak R, Zhang G, et al. Bias in differential reflectivity due to cross coupling through the radiation patterns of polarimetric weather radars[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2010, 27(10): 1624-1637.
[9] Galletti M, Zrnic D, Melnikov V, et al. Degree of polarization at horizontal transmit: theory and applications for weather radar[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012, 50(4): 1291-1301.
[10] Sarabandi K, Ulaby F T, Tassoudji M A. Calibration of polarimetric radar systems with good polarization isolation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1990, 28(1): 70-75.
[11] Whitt M W,Ulaby F T, Polatin P, et al. A general polarimetric radar calibration technique[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1991, 39(1): 62-67.
[12] Chen T J, Chu T H, Chen F C. A new calibration algorithm of wide-band polarimetric measurement system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1991, 39(8): 1188-1192.
[13] Fabregas X, Romeu J, Broquetas A, et al. Target spinor calibration(TSC) for polarimetric radar cross-section measurements[J]. Electronics Letters, 1995,31(19): 1694-1695.
[14] Giuli D, Fossi M, Facheris L. Radar target scattering matrix measurement through orthogonal signals[J]. IEE Proceedings F—Radar and Signal Processing, 1993, 140(4): 233-242.
[15] Howard S D, Calderbank A R, Mortan W. A simple signal processing architecture for instantaneous radar polarimetry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2007, 53(4): 1282-1289.
[16] 施龙飞, 肖顺平, 王雪松.复合编码同时极化测量方法研究[J].信号处理, 2009, 25(7): 1028-1032.SHI Longfei, XIAO Shunping, WANG Xuesong. Studies of simultaneous pulsed polarization measuring method using composite coded signal[J]. Signal Processing, 2009, 25(7): 1028-1032. (in Chinese)
[17] Purik D, Ligthart L P, Khlusov V A. Polarimetric SAR with simultaneous backscattering matrix estimation[C]//Proceedings of European Microwave Conference, 2005: 2013-2016.
[18] 王雪松, 王剑, 王涛, 等.雷达目标极化散射矩阵的瞬时测量方法[J].电子学报, 2006, 36(6): 1020-1025.WANG Xuesong, WANG Jian, WANG Tao, et al. Instantaneous measurement of radar target polarization scattering matrix[J]. ACTA Electronica Sinica, 2006, 36(6): 1020-1025. (in Chinese)
[19] 刘勇, 李永祯, 王雪松.基于正交频率分集的目标全极化瞬时测量方法[J].系统工程与电子技术, 2009, 31(11): 2587-2591.LIU Yong, LI Yongzhen, WANG Xuesong. Target full polarization instantaneous measurement based on orthogonal frequency division[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics,2009, 31(11): 2587-2591. (in Chinese)
[20] Babur G P, Wang Z B, Krasnov O A, et al. Design and implementation of cross-channel interference suppression for polarimetric LFM-CW radar[J].Proceedings of the SPIE, 2010, 7745: 774520.
[21] Babur G P,Krasnov O A, Ligthart L P. Inter-period compensation algorithm implementation in full-polarimetric FMCW radar with continuous waveforms[C]//Proceedings of 7th European Radar Conference, 2010: 156-159.
[22] 常宇亮, 王雪松, 李永祯, 等. 极化测量雷达的信号选择与处理[J].中国科学(F辑:信息科学), 2009, 39(12): 1296-1304.CHANG Yuliang, WANG Xuesong, LI Yongzhen, et al. Signal selection and processing of polarization measurement radar[J]. Science in China(Series F: Information Science), 2009, 39(12): 1296-1304. (in Chinese)
[23] He M, Chang Y L, Wang X S, et al. Instantaneous polarization radar PSM measurement for moving target[C]//Proceedings of the IET International Conference on Radar, 2009: 1-5.
[24] Nogami H, Nagashima T. A frequency and timing period acquisition technique for OFDM systems[C]//Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 1995.
[25] Minn H, Bhargava V K, Letaief K B. A robust timing and frequency synchronization for OFDM systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2003, 24(5): 822-839.
[26] Schmidl T M, Cox D C. Robust frequency and timing synchronization for OFDM[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1997, 45(12): 1613-1621.
[27] Titin-Schnaider C,Attia S.Calibration of the MERIC full-polarimetric radar: theory and implementation[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2003, 7(8): 633-640.
[28] Staszewski R B, Fernando C, Balsara P T. Event-driven simulation and modeling of phase noise of an RF oscillator[J]. IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2005, 52(4): 723-733.
[2] Zrnic D, Doviak R, Zhang G, et al. Bias in differential reflectivity due to cross-coupling through the radiation patterns of polarimetric weather radars[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2010, 27(10): 1624-1637.
[3] Zrnic D S, Melnikov V M, Carter J K. Calibrating differential reflectivity on the WSR-88D[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2006, 23(7): 944-951.
[4] Wang Y T, Ainsworth T L, Lee J S. Assessment of system polarization quality for polarimetric SAR imagery and target decomposition[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2011, 49(5): 1755-1771.
[5] 李棉全, 马梁, 李永祯, 等. 运动目标的全极化一维成像方法研究[J].宇航学报, 2011, 32(5): 1136-1142.LI Mianquan, MA Liang, LI Yongzhen, et al. Fully polarized one-dimensional imaging for moving target[J]. Journal of Astronautics, 2011, 32(5): 1136-1142. (in Chinese)
[6] Bringi V N, Chandrasekar V. Polarimetric Doppler weather radar: principles and applications[M]. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[7] Chandrasekar V, Keeler R J. Antenna pattern analysis and measurements for multiparameter radars[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 1993, 10(5): 674-683.
[8] Zrnic D, Doviak R, Zhang G, et al. Bias in differential reflectivity due to cross coupling through the radiation patterns of polarimetric weather radars[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2010, 27(10): 1624-1637.
[9] Galletti M, Zrnic D, Melnikov V, et al. Degree of polarization at horizontal transmit: theory and applications for weather radar[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2012, 50(4): 1291-1301.
[10] Sarabandi K, Ulaby F T, Tassoudji M A. Calibration of polarimetric radar systems with good polarization isolation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1990, 28(1): 70-75.
[11] Whitt M W,Ulaby F T, Polatin P, et al. A general polarimetric radar calibration technique[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1991, 39(1): 62-67.
[12] Chen T J, Chu T H, Chen F C. A new calibration algorithm of wide-band polarimetric measurement system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1991, 39(8): 1188-1192.
[13] Fabregas X, Romeu J, Broquetas A, et al. Target spinor calibration(TSC) for polarimetric radar cross-section measurements[J]. Electronics Letters, 1995,31(19): 1694-1695.
[14] Giuli D, Fossi M, Facheris L. Radar target scattering matrix measurement through orthogonal signals[J]. IEE Proceedings F—Radar and Signal Processing, 1993, 140(4): 233-242.
[15] Howard S D, Calderbank A R, Mortan W. A simple signal processing architecture for instantaneous radar polarimetry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2007, 53(4): 1282-1289.
[16] 施龙飞, 肖顺平, 王雪松.复合编码同时极化测量方法研究[J].信号处理, 2009, 25(7): 1028-1032.SHI Longfei, XIAO Shunping, WANG Xuesong. Studies of simultaneous pulsed polarization measuring method using composite coded signal[J]. Signal Processing, 2009, 25(7): 1028-1032. (in Chinese)
[17] Purik D, Ligthart L P, Khlusov V A. Polarimetric SAR with simultaneous backscattering matrix estimation[C]//Proceedings of European Microwave Conference, 2005: 2013-2016.
[18] 王雪松, 王剑, 王涛, 等.雷达目标极化散射矩阵的瞬时测量方法[J].电子学报, 2006, 36(6): 1020-1025.WANG Xuesong, WANG Jian, WANG Tao, et al. Instantaneous measurement of radar target polarization scattering matrix[J]. ACTA Electronica Sinica, 2006, 36(6): 1020-1025. (in Chinese)
[19] 刘勇, 李永祯, 王雪松.基于正交频率分集的目标全极化瞬时测量方法[J].系统工程与电子技术, 2009, 31(11): 2587-2591.LIU Yong, LI Yongzhen, WANG Xuesong. Target full polarization instantaneous measurement based on orthogonal frequency division[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics,2009, 31(11): 2587-2591. (in Chinese)
[20] Babur G P, Wang Z B, Krasnov O A, et al. Design and implementation of cross-channel interference suppression for polarimetric LFM-CW radar[J].Proceedings of the SPIE, 2010, 7745: 774520.
[21] Babur G P,Krasnov O A, Ligthart L P. Inter-period compensation algorithm implementation in full-polarimetric FMCW radar with continuous waveforms[C]//Proceedings of 7th European Radar Conference, 2010: 156-159.
[22] 常宇亮, 王雪松, 李永祯, 等. 极化测量雷达的信号选择与处理[J].中国科学(F辑:信息科学), 2009, 39(12): 1296-1304.CHANG Yuliang, WANG Xuesong, LI Yongzhen, et al. Signal selection and processing of polarization measurement radar[J]. Science in China(Series F: Information Science), 2009, 39(12): 1296-1304. (in Chinese)
[23] He M, Chang Y L, Wang X S, et al. Instantaneous polarization radar PSM measurement for moving target[C]//Proceedings of the IET International Conference on Radar, 2009: 1-5.
[24] Nogami H, Nagashima T. A frequency and timing period acquisition technique for OFDM systems[C]//Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 1995.
[25] Minn H, Bhargava V K, Letaief K B. A robust timing and frequency synchronization for OFDM systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2003, 24(5): 822-839.
[26] Schmidl T M, Cox D C. Robust frequency and timing synchronization for OFDM[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1997, 45(12): 1613-1621.
[27] Titin-Schnaider C,Attia S.Calibration of the MERIC full-polarimetric radar: theory and implementation[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2003, 7(8): 633-640.
[28] Staszewski R B, Fernando C, Balsara P T. Event-driven simulation and modeling of phase noise of an RF oscillator[J]. IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2005, 52(4): 723-733.