强奸罪本质特征及其判断标准研究
|
摘要
"受害妇女不同意发生性交行为"与"违背妇女意志"是强奸罪本质特征的一体两面,只不过是因为所站在的立场不同而产生的不同表述,本质上并无差别。不同的情形下应当设立不同的对"妇女不同意"的判断标准,即在行为人使用"暴力或胁迫"手段行为时,应将判断重心置于行为人的手段行为是否达到使被害人明显难以反抗的程度;在行为人并未采取"暴力或胁迫"等明显压制手段时,应将判断重心置于行为人是否利用了被害人不利或者无法反抗的地位,即"心理恐惧模式";欺诈型强奸则应按照"本质错误说"处理。"行为人所属一般人"标准常用来处理行为人主观上以为受害女性同意与其发生性行为而实际上被害人并不同意的情形,而"法定符合说"则适宜于处理行为人主观上以为被害人不同意但实际上被害人同意的情形。
"Victim women do not agree to sexual intercourse" and "against the will of women" are two sides of the essential characteristics of crime of rape. Though with different positions in which they stand, there is no difference in nature. In different circumstances, different judgment standards should be set up with "women's disapproval". That is, "using violence or coercion" should be judged by focusing on the behavior of the actor to the extent that the victim is obviously difficult to resist. In the absence of obvious means of repression, such as "violence or coercion", the focus of judgment should be placed on whether the actor took advantage of the unfavourable or irresistible position of the victim, that is, the "mode of psychological fear". Fraudulent rape should be dealt with according to the "essential error theory". The criterion of "the person who belongs to the actor" is often used to deal with situations where the actor subjectively thinks that the victim female consents to having sex with her but the victim actually does not. The theory of legal conformity is suitable to deal with the situation in which the actor subjectively thinks the victim does not agree but in fact the victim agrees.
"Victim women do not agree to sexual intercourse" and "against the will of women" are two sides of the essential characteristics of crime of rape. Though with different positions in which they stand, there is no difference in nature. In different circumstances, different judgment standards should be set up with "women's disapproval". That is, "using violence or coercion" should be judged by focusing on the behavior of the actor to the extent that the victim is obviously difficult to resist. In the absence of obvious means of repression, such as "violence or coercion", the focus of judgment should be placed on whether the actor took advantage of the unfavourable or irresistible position of the victim, that is, the "mode of psychological fear". Fraudulent rape should be dealt with according to the "essential error theory". The criterion of "the person who belongs to the actor" is often used to deal with situations where the actor subjectively thinks that the victim female consents to having sex with her but the victim actually does not. The theory of legal conformity is suitable to deal with the situation in which the actor subjectively thinks the victim does not agree but in fact the victim agrees.
引文
[1]胡东飞,秦红.违背妇女意志是强奸罪的本质特征—兼与谢慧教授商榷[J].政治与法律,2008(3):133.
[2]谢慧.违背妇女意志不应作为强奸罪的构成要件[J].政治与法律,2007(4):153.
[3]罗翔.刑法中的同意制度—以性侵犯罪为切入[M].北京:法律出版社,2012:48-201.
[4]何洋.强奸罪解构与应用[M].北京:法律出版社,2014:206.
[5]唐世月.中英刑法强奸罪比较研究[J].法制与社会发展,1996(6):38.
[6]林贵文.违背妇女意志与强奸罪的认定论析[J].学理论,2009(10):93.
[7]周子实.强奸罪入罪模式的比较研究—以德国《刑法典》第177条最新修正为视角[J].比较法研究,2018(1):39-42.
[8]孙本雄,陆利振.强奸案件中被害人同意之刑法解读[J].四川警察学院学报,2018(3):60.
[9]罗翔.刑法中的同意制度—以性侵犯罪为切入[J].清华法学,2010(1):109.
[10]李永升.侵犯妇女权益的犯罪研究[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2017:11.
[11]张明楷.外国刑法纲要[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:491.
[12]王燕玲.女性主义法学视域下强奸罪之辨思[J].政法论坛,2015(6):160.
[13]罗翔.论欺诈型强奸[J].中南大学学报(社会科学版),2007(4):413.
[14]贾宇.论刑法中的认识错误[J].人民检察,2009(5):10.
[15]阮齐林.论刑法中的认识错误[J].法学研究,1996(1):66.
[16]张明楷.规范的构成要件要素[J].法学研究,2007(6):80.
[17]罗翔.论财产犯罪中对数额的认识错误[J].法律适用,2009(2):70.
[18]江溯.规范性构成要件要素的故意及错误—以赵春华非法持有枪支案为例[J].华东政法大学学报,2017(6):54.
[19]张明楷.刑法学[M].北京:法律出版社,2011:248.
(1)持该观点的学者主要包括但不限于罗翔、孙本雄、尚闯等。
[2]谢慧.违背妇女意志不应作为强奸罪的构成要件[J].政治与法律,2007(4):153.
[3]罗翔.刑法中的同意制度—以性侵犯罪为切入[M].北京:法律出版社,2012:48-201.
[4]何洋.强奸罪解构与应用[M].北京:法律出版社,2014:206.
[5]唐世月.中英刑法强奸罪比较研究[J].法制与社会发展,1996(6):38.
[6]林贵文.违背妇女意志与强奸罪的认定论析[J].学理论,2009(10):93.
[7]周子实.强奸罪入罪模式的比较研究—以德国《刑法典》第177条最新修正为视角[J].比较法研究,2018(1):39-42.
[8]孙本雄,陆利振.强奸案件中被害人同意之刑法解读[J].四川警察学院学报,2018(3):60.
[9]罗翔.刑法中的同意制度—以性侵犯罪为切入[J].清华法学,2010(1):109.
[10]李永升.侵犯妇女权益的犯罪研究[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2017:11.
[11]张明楷.外国刑法纲要[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:491.
[12]王燕玲.女性主义法学视域下强奸罪之辨思[J].政法论坛,2015(6):160.
[13]罗翔.论欺诈型强奸[J].中南大学学报(社会科学版),2007(4):413.
[14]贾宇.论刑法中的认识错误[J].人民检察,2009(5):10.
[15]阮齐林.论刑法中的认识错误[J].法学研究,1996(1):66.
[16]张明楷.规范的构成要件要素[J].法学研究,2007(6):80.
[17]罗翔.论财产犯罪中对数额的认识错误[J].法律适用,2009(2):70.
[18]江溯.规范性构成要件要素的故意及错误—以赵春华非法持有枪支案为例[J].华东政法大学学报,2017(6):54.
[19]张明楷.刑法学[M].北京:法律出版社,2011:248.
(1)持该观点的学者主要包括但不限于罗翔、孙本雄、尚闯等。