美国学校惩戒实践的经验与借鉴
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摘要
学校惩戒作为学校教育的方式和手段之一,其目的在于纠正学生的不良行为,从而促进学生的健康发展。我国学校惩戒的迷失导致学校、教师和其他利益相关者在教育实践中纠正学生不良行为时缺乏合法合理的指导。美国学校惩戒实践的经验与反思可以为我国学校惩戒如何纠正学生行为提供借鉴:学校惩戒有法可依,树立学校惩戒的法律地位;建立大数据监测系统,给予学生有针对性的干预措施;学校与其他机构合作,构建纠正学生不良行为的责任体系。
School discipline as one of methods and means of school education, which objective is to correct student misbehavior, thus to promote the healthy development of students. For school, teacher and other stakeholder, lost of school discipline lead to lack of reasonable and lawful guidance in education practice to correct student misbehavior in China. The American experience and reflection of school discipline practice could provide some enlightenment for school discipline how to correct student misbehavior in China: school discipline has legal support, establish the legal status of school discipline; develop big data monitoring system, offer targeted interventions to student; school cooperation with other partner, build responsibility system to correct student misbehavior.
School discipline as one of methods and means of school education, which objective is to correct student misbehavior, thus to promote the healthy development of students. For school, teacher and other stakeholder, lost of school discipline lead to lack of reasonable and lawful guidance in education practice to correct student misbehavior in China. The American experience and reflection of school discipline practice could provide some enlightenment for school discipline how to correct student misbehavior in China: school discipline has legal support, establish the legal status of school discipline; develop big data monitoring system, offer targeted interventions to student; school cooperation with other partner, build responsibility system to correct student misbehavior.
引文
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[10][19][20][21][22][23][24] Morgan, E., Salomon, N., Plotkin, M., and Cohen, R.. The School Discipline Consensus Report:Strategies from the Field to Keep Students Engaged in School and Out of the Juvenile Justice System [EB/OL].New York:The Council of State Governments Justice Center,2014.http://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The_School_Discipline_Consensus_Report.pdf/2018-8-16/2018-9-15.
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[13] Public Counsel. California Enacts First-in-the-Nation Law to Eliminate Student Suspensions for Minor Misbehavior[EB/OL]. http://www.publiccounsel.org/press_releases?id=0088/2018-9-9/2018-9-16.
[14] O'Connor, J.. Miami-Dade Schools Eliminating Out-of-School Suspensions[EB/OL].https://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/2015/07/29/miami-dade-schools-eliminating-out-of-school-suspensions/2018-9-10/2018-9-16.
[15] Cornwell, P.. Seattle School Board Halts Suspensions for Elementary Students[EB/OL]. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/seattle-school-board-halts-suspensions-for-elementary-students/2018-9-9/2018-9-15.
[16] Ritter, G.W.. Reviewing the Progress of School Discipline Reform[J].Peabody Journal of Education,2018(93):133-138.
[17] U.S. Department of Education. Compendium of school discipline laws and regulations for the 50 states, District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories[G]. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,2015.转引自.Steinberg, M.P., Lacoe, J.. What Do We Know about School Discipline Reform? Assessing the alternatives to suspensions and expulsions[EB/OL]. https://www.educationnext.org/files/ednext_XVII_1_steinberg_citations.pdf/2018-9-16/2018-9-17.
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[25] Stalker, K.C.. Teen Court-School Partnerships:Reducing Disproportionality in School Discipline[EB/OL]. https://academic.oup.com/cs/article/40/1/17/4637611/2018-8-12/2018-9-19.
[2][6] U.S. Department of Education Office for Rights. 2013-2014 civil rights data collection:A first look[EB/OL].https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/2013-14-first-look.pdf/2018-9-12/2018/9-13.
[3][7] Council of State Governments Justice Center. Breaking Schools' Rules:A Statewide Study of How School Discipline Relates to Students' Success and Juvenile Justice Involvement [EB/OL]. https://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Breaking_School_Rules.pdf/2018-8-12/2018-9-9.
[4] National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics: Table 233.20[EB/OL]. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_233.20.asp?current=yes.2018-8-12/2018-9-9.
[5][11] Lhamon,C.. Ensuring Discipline that is Fair and Effective [EB/OL].https://blog.ed.gov/2014/01/ensuring-discipline-that-is-fair-and-effective/2018-8-24/2018-9-15.
[8] Skiba,R.J., Losen,D.J.. From Reaction to Prevention:Turning the Page on School Discipline [EB/OL]. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1086522.pdf/2018-8-12/2018-9-10.
[9] The Council of State Governments Justice Center. Majority of Texas Middle and High School Students Suspended or Expelled:Repeated Suspensions Predict Later Involvement in Juvenile Justice System [EB/OL]. http://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/school_discipline_report_PR_final.pdf/2018-7-22/2018-9-15.
[10][19][20][21][22][23][24] Morgan, E., Salomon, N., Plotkin, M., and Cohen, R.. The School Discipline Consensus Report:Strategies from the Field to Keep Students Engaged in School and Out of the Juvenile Justice System [EB/OL].New York:The Council of State Governments Justice Center,2014.http://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The_School_Discipline_Consensus_Report.pdf/2018-8-16/2018-9-15.
[12] Sartain, L., Allensworth, E. M., Porter, S., at el.. Suspending Chicago's Students:Differences in Discipline Practices across Schools[EB/OL]. https://consortium.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/publications/Suspending%20Chicagos%20Students.pdf/2018-9-16/2018-9-17.
[13] Public Counsel. California Enacts First-in-the-Nation Law to Eliminate Student Suspensions for Minor Misbehavior[EB/OL]. http://www.publiccounsel.org/press_releases?id=0088/2018-9-9/2018-9-16.
[14] O'Connor, J.. Miami-Dade Schools Eliminating Out-of-School Suspensions[EB/OL].https://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/2015/07/29/miami-dade-schools-eliminating-out-of-school-suspensions/2018-9-10/2018-9-16.
[15] Cornwell, P.. Seattle School Board Halts Suspensions for Elementary Students[EB/OL]. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/seattle-school-board-halts-suspensions-for-elementary-students/2018-9-9/2018-9-15.
[16] Ritter, G.W.. Reviewing the Progress of School Discipline Reform[J].Peabody Journal of Education,2018(93):133-138.
[17] U.S. Department of Education. Compendium of school discipline laws and regulations for the 50 states, District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories[G]. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,2015.转引自.Steinberg, M.P., Lacoe, J.. What Do We Know about School Discipline Reform? Assessing the alternatives to suspensions and expulsions[EB/OL]. https://www.educationnext.org/files/ednext_XVII_1_steinberg_citations.pdf/2018-9-16/2018-9-17.
[18] Steinberg, M.P., Lacoe, J.. What Do We Know about School Discipline Reform? Assessing the alternatives to suspensions and expulsions[EB/OL]. https://www.educationnext.org/files/ednext_XVII_1_steinberg_citations.pdf/2018-9-16/2018-9-17.
[25] Stalker, K.C.. Teen Court-School Partnerships:Reducing Disproportionality in School Discipline[EB/OL]. https://academic.oup.com/cs/article/40/1/17/4637611/2018-8-12/2018-9-19.