青藏高原人工草地土壤微物量碳及酶活性动态变化特征
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摘要
在青海省三江源地区不同高寒人工草地选取人工建植垂穗披碱草、星星草、冷地早熟禾草地为研究对象,探讨不同建植年限(2 a、4 a)人工草地土壤微生物量碳及土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、硝酸还原酶在生长季内(6-9月)的动态变化特征,了解土壤微生物量碳和土壤酶活性之间的相互关系,为人工草地生态系统的管理提供参考依据.结果表明:不同建植年限3种人工草地土壤微生物量碳均呈显著季节变化;同一土壤深度,垂穗披碱草、星星草和冷地早熟禾人工草地的土壤微生物量碳差异显著;同一人工草地、不同酶活性随生长季在一定范围内波动,具有显著的季节变化特征,不同人工草地同一土壤酶活性的季节变化不同;高寒人工草地土壤微生物量碳及其酶活性不仅受土壤温度、土壤水分和气温等的影响,还受牧草种类、建植年限、生长月份及其交互作用的影响;不同人工草地土壤微生物量碳与土壤酶活性呈显著相关关系,不同酶的活性之间也存在显著的相关关系.
Artificial grassland of Elymus nutans, Puccinellia tenuiflora and Poa crymophila were selected as the research objects in different alpine artificial grasslands in the Sanjiangyuan Area of Qinghai Province. Soil microbial biomass carbon(SMBC) and soil enzyme(urease, alkaline phosphatase, nitrate reductase) activities were analyzed aiming to reveal their growth season(June-September) dynamic characteristics and the relationships between the SMBC and soil enzyme activities. This study could provide a reference for the restoration and management of degraded alpine grassland ecosystem. The results indicated that the content of SMBC in divers aged artificial grasslands varied observably during the growing season. Grassland cultivated Elymus nutans was more conducive to the accumulation of SMBC than Puccinellia tenuiflora and Poa crymophila grassland. The activities of soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and nitrate reductase in alpine artificial grasslands fluctuated in a certain range during the growing season, i.e. having significant seasonal variations. The same soil enzyme activity in different artificial grasslands was also diverse. The SMBC content and soil enzyme activity was not only significantly affected by soil and climate factors such as soil temperature,soil moisture and air temperature, but also by grass species, cultivation periods and growth months as well as their interactions. A correlation analysis showed that there was a obvious correlativity between SMBC and different soil enzyme activities in the alpine artificial grassland, and there also existed a marked significant correlation between different soil enzyme activities.
Artificial grassland of Elymus nutans, Puccinellia tenuiflora and Poa crymophila were selected as the research objects in different alpine artificial grasslands in the Sanjiangyuan Area of Qinghai Province. Soil microbial biomass carbon(SMBC) and soil enzyme(urease, alkaline phosphatase, nitrate reductase) activities were analyzed aiming to reveal their growth season(June-September) dynamic characteristics and the relationships between the SMBC and soil enzyme activities. This study could provide a reference for the restoration and management of degraded alpine grassland ecosystem. The results indicated that the content of SMBC in divers aged artificial grasslands varied observably during the growing season. Grassland cultivated Elymus nutans was more conducive to the accumulation of SMBC than Puccinellia tenuiflora and Poa crymophila grassland. The activities of soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and nitrate reductase in alpine artificial grasslands fluctuated in a certain range during the growing season, i.e. having significant seasonal variations. The same soil enzyme activity in different artificial grasslands was also diverse. The SMBC content and soil enzyme activity was not only significantly affected by soil and climate factors such as soil temperature,soil moisture and air temperature, but also by grass species, cultivation periods and growth months as well as their interactions. A correlation analysis showed that there was a obvious correlativity between SMBC and different soil enzyme activities in the alpine artificial grassland, and there also existed a marked significant correlation between different soil enzyme activities.
引文
[1]岳广阳,赵林,赵拥华,等.青藏高原草地生态系统碳通量研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2010, 32(1):166-174.
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[4]李媛媛,董世魁,朱磊,等.青藏高原高寒草甸退化与人工恢复过程中植物群落的繁殖适应对策[J].生态学报,2013, 33(15):4683-4691.
[5]刘兴元,龙瑞军,尚占环.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务功能的互作机制[J].生态学报,2012, 32(24):7688-7697.
[6]李昂.青藏高原人工草地群落结构与生产力稳定性关系的生态学机制研究[D].兰州:兰州大学生命科学学院,2011.
[7]王文颖,李文全,周华坤,等.高寒人工草地土壤可溶性有机氮库和无机氮库动态变化[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(1):30-35.
[8]张小静,王文颖,李文全,等.高寒草甸土壤可溶性有机氮库动态变化格局[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2016,52(5):623-627.
[9] Zak D R, Holmes W E, White D C, et al. Plant diversity,soil microbial communities, and ecosystem function:are there any links?[J]. Ecology, 2003, 84(8):2042-2050.
[10] Fierer N, Strickland M S, Liptzin D, et al. Global patterns in below ground communities[J]. Ecology Letters,2009, 12(11):1238-1249.
[11]黄懿梅,陈利顶,安韶山,等.黄土高原典型植物根际对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷和基础呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(4):976-983.
[12]王晖,莫江明,鲁显楷,等.南亚热带森林土壤微生物量碳对氮沉降的响应[J].生态学报,2008, 28(2):470-478.
[13] Dick R P, Breakwell D P, Turco R F, et al. Soil enzyme activities and biodiversity measurements as integrative microbiological indicators[M]//Doran N. Handbook of methods for assessment of soil quality. Madison:SSSA Special Publication, 1996:247-272.
[14] Stone M M, Weiss M S, Goodale C L, et al. Temperature sensitivity of soil enzyme kinetics under N-fertilization in two temperate forests[J]. Global Change Biology, 2012,18(3):1173-1184.
[15] Bowles T M, Acosta M V, Calderón F, et al. Soil enzyme activities, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen availability in organic agroecosystems across an intensively-managed agricultural landscape[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014,68:252-262.
[16]安宁宁,范伟国,谭秋平,等.不同配比土壤对平邑甜茶苗木生长和土壤微生物及土壤硝酸还原酶的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2012, 18(6):1022-1026.
[17]程伟,隋跃宇,焦晓光,等.土壤有机质含量与磷酸酶活性关系研究[J].土壤与作物,2008, 24(3):305-307.
[18]杨敬天,苏智先,胡进耀,等.珙桐林土壤有机质与酶活性的通径分析[J].应用与环境生物学报,2010, 16(2):164-167.
[19]向泽宇,王长庭,宋文彪,等.草地生态系统土壤酶活性研究进展[J].草业科学,2011,28(10):1801-1806.
[20]李昂,杜国祯.青藏高原东缘人工草地群落结构和土壤养分对选择效应的影响[J].生态科学,2014, 33(2):307-312.
[21]董全民,赵新全,马玉寿,等.放牧强度对高寒混播人工草地群落特征及地上现存量的影响[J].草地学报,2012, 20(1):10-16.
[22]吴力博,古松,赵亮,等.三江源地区人工草地的生态系统CO_2净交换、总初级生产力及其影响因子[J].植物生态学报,2010, 34(7):770-780.
[23] Vance E D, Brookes P C, Jenkinson D S. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry, 1987,19(6):703-707.
[24]李振高.土壤与环境微生物研究法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:322-325.
[25] Bell C, Mcintyre N, Cox S, et al. Soil microbial responses to temporal variations of moisture and temperature in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland[J]. Microbial Ecology,2008, 56(1):153-167.
[26] Devi N B, Yadava P S. Seasonal dynamics in soil microbial biomass C, N and P in a mixed-oak forest ecosystem of Manipur, North-east India[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2006,31(3):220-227.
[27]赵先丽,周广胜,周莉,等.盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物量C的季节动态[J].土壤通报,2008,39(1):43-46.
[28]王启兰,曹广民,王长庭.高寒草甸不同植被土壤微生物数量及微生物量的特征[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(7):1002-1008.
[29]曹成有,陈家模,邵建飞,等.科尔沁沙地四种固沙植物群落土壤微生物量及酶活性的季节动态[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(2):227-233.
[30]王长庭,龙瑞军,王启兰,等.三江源区不同建植年代人工草地群落演替与土壤养分变化[J].应用与环境生物学报,2009, 15(6):737-744.
[31]杨希智,王长庭,字洪标,等.三江源区不同建植年限人工草地土壤微生物群落结构特征[J].应用与环境生物学报,2015, 21(2):341-349.
[32]尉海东,董彬.鲁东南杨树人工林土壤微生物量碳的时空动态[J].生态环境学报,2013, 22(2):233-238.
[33]滕应,黄昌勇,龙健,等.复垦红壤中牧草根际微生物群落功能多样性[J].中国环境科学,2003, 23(3):295-299.
[34]文都日乐,李刚,张静妮,等.呼伦贝尔不同草地类型土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(5):94-102.
[35]梁儒彪,梁进,乔明锋,等.模拟根系分泌物C:N化学计量特征对川西亚高山森林土壤碳动态和微生物群落结构的影响[J].植物生态学报,2015, 39(5):466-476.
[36]李娇,蒋先敏,尹华军,等.不同林龄云杉人工林的根系分泌物与土壤微生物[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):325-332.
[37]代巍,张荣,独占彪,等.土壤肥力和物种属性决定亚高寒草甸实验群落的生产力[J].植物生态学报,2009,33(1):45-52.
[38]杨文彬,耿玉清,王冬梅.漓江水陆交错带不同植被类型的土壤酶活性[J].生态学报,2015, 35(14):4604-4612.
[39]药静宇,王国印,李晨蕊,等.不同区域典型植被类型的净生态系统碳交换特征[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2017, 53(5):622-627.
[2]李娜,王根绪,高永恒,等.青藏高原生态系统土壤有机碳研究进展[J].土壤,2009, 41(4):512-519.
[3]马玉寿,王启基.“黑土型”退化草地研究工作的回顾与展望[J].草业科学,1999,16(2):5-9.
[4]李媛媛,董世魁,朱磊,等.青藏高原高寒草甸退化与人工恢复过程中植物群落的繁殖适应对策[J].生态学报,2013, 33(15):4683-4691.
[5]刘兴元,龙瑞军,尚占环.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务功能的互作机制[J].生态学报,2012, 32(24):7688-7697.
[6]李昂.青藏高原人工草地群落结构与生产力稳定性关系的生态学机制研究[D].兰州:兰州大学生命科学学院,2011.
[7]王文颖,李文全,周华坤,等.高寒人工草地土壤可溶性有机氮库和无机氮库动态变化[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(1):30-35.
[8]张小静,王文颖,李文全,等.高寒草甸土壤可溶性有机氮库动态变化格局[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2016,52(5):623-627.
[9] Zak D R, Holmes W E, White D C, et al. Plant diversity,soil microbial communities, and ecosystem function:are there any links?[J]. Ecology, 2003, 84(8):2042-2050.
[10] Fierer N, Strickland M S, Liptzin D, et al. Global patterns in below ground communities[J]. Ecology Letters,2009, 12(11):1238-1249.
[11]黄懿梅,陈利顶,安韶山,等.黄土高原典型植物根际对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷和基础呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(4):976-983.
[12]王晖,莫江明,鲁显楷,等.南亚热带森林土壤微生物量碳对氮沉降的响应[J].生态学报,2008, 28(2):470-478.
[13] Dick R P, Breakwell D P, Turco R F, et al. Soil enzyme activities and biodiversity measurements as integrative microbiological indicators[M]//Doran N. Handbook of methods for assessment of soil quality. Madison:SSSA Special Publication, 1996:247-272.
[14] Stone M M, Weiss M S, Goodale C L, et al. Temperature sensitivity of soil enzyme kinetics under N-fertilization in two temperate forests[J]. Global Change Biology, 2012,18(3):1173-1184.
[15] Bowles T M, Acosta M V, Calderón F, et al. Soil enzyme activities, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen availability in organic agroecosystems across an intensively-managed agricultural landscape[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014,68:252-262.
[16]安宁宁,范伟国,谭秋平,等.不同配比土壤对平邑甜茶苗木生长和土壤微生物及土壤硝酸还原酶的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2012, 18(6):1022-1026.
[17]程伟,隋跃宇,焦晓光,等.土壤有机质含量与磷酸酶活性关系研究[J].土壤与作物,2008, 24(3):305-307.
[18]杨敬天,苏智先,胡进耀,等.珙桐林土壤有机质与酶活性的通径分析[J].应用与环境生物学报,2010, 16(2):164-167.
[19]向泽宇,王长庭,宋文彪,等.草地生态系统土壤酶活性研究进展[J].草业科学,2011,28(10):1801-1806.
[20]李昂,杜国祯.青藏高原东缘人工草地群落结构和土壤养分对选择效应的影响[J].生态科学,2014, 33(2):307-312.
[21]董全民,赵新全,马玉寿,等.放牧强度对高寒混播人工草地群落特征及地上现存量的影响[J].草地学报,2012, 20(1):10-16.
[22]吴力博,古松,赵亮,等.三江源地区人工草地的生态系统CO_2净交换、总初级生产力及其影响因子[J].植物生态学报,2010, 34(7):770-780.
[23] Vance E D, Brookes P C, Jenkinson D S. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry, 1987,19(6):703-707.
[24]李振高.土壤与环境微生物研究法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:322-325.
[25] Bell C, Mcintyre N, Cox S, et al. Soil microbial responses to temporal variations of moisture and temperature in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland[J]. Microbial Ecology,2008, 56(1):153-167.
[26] Devi N B, Yadava P S. Seasonal dynamics in soil microbial biomass C, N and P in a mixed-oak forest ecosystem of Manipur, North-east India[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2006,31(3):220-227.
[27]赵先丽,周广胜,周莉,等.盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物量C的季节动态[J].土壤通报,2008,39(1):43-46.
[28]王启兰,曹广民,王长庭.高寒草甸不同植被土壤微生物数量及微生物量的特征[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(7):1002-1008.
[29]曹成有,陈家模,邵建飞,等.科尔沁沙地四种固沙植物群落土壤微生物量及酶活性的季节动态[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(2):227-233.
[30]王长庭,龙瑞军,王启兰,等.三江源区不同建植年代人工草地群落演替与土壤养分变化[J].应用与环境生物学报,2009, 15(6):737-744.
[31]杨希智,王长庭,字洪标,等.三江源区不同建植年限人工草地土壤微生物群落结构特征[J].应用与环境生物学报,2015, 21(2):341-349.
[32]尉海东,董彬.鲁东南杨树人工林土壤微生物量碳的时空动态[J].生态环境学报,2013, 22(2):233-238.
[33]滕应,黄昌勇,龙健,等.复垦红壤中牧草根际微生物群落功能多样性[J].中国环境科学,2003, 23(3):295-299.
[34]文都日乐,李刚,张静妮,等.呼伦贝尔不同草地类型土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(5):94-102.
[35]梁儒彪,梁进,乔明锋,等.模拟根系分泌物C:N化学计量特征对川西亚高山森林土壤碳动态和微生物群落结构的影响[J].植物生态学报,2015, 39(5):466-476.
[36]李娇,蒋先敏,尹华军,等.不同林龄云杉人工林的根系分泌物与土壤微生物[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):325-332.
[37]代巍,张荣,独占彪,等.土壤肥力和物种属性决定亚高寒草甸实验群落的生产力[J].植物生态学报,2009,33(1):45-52.
[38]杨文彬,耿玉清,王冬梅.漓江水陆交错带不同植被类型的土壤酶活性[J].生态学报,2015, 35(14):4604-4612.
[39]药静宇,王国印,李晨蕊,等.不同区域典型植被类型的净生态系统碳交换特征[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2017, 53(5):622-627.