中扬子地区红花园组生物礁形成的主控因素研究——以湖北松滋刘家场地区为例
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摘要
湖北松滋刘家场地区红花园组生物礁相当发育,是中扬子地区红花园组生物礁的代表性产区。造礁生物主要有:瓶筐石(Calathium)、藻类(Alga)、苔藓虫(Batostoma)、古钵海绵(Archaeoscyphia)以及Pulchrilamina;附礁生物包括海百合(Crinoidea)、头足类、腹足类、腕足类等。对生物礁形成发育的主控因素研究表明,其不仅与生物自身有关,同时受到海平面变化、古气候与古海洋海水条件、水动力条件、风暴作用等因素共同影响。生物形成了生物礁的坚实骨架,在礁的建造中起到类似柱、梁的作用;研究区海平面的变化存在四个旋回,控制着造礁生物的演化以及生物礁的发育,导致研究区生物礁呈现出厚度和规模小、剖面上断续分布的特征;水动力强弱也与生物礁的发育密切相关,研究区的生物礁发育于低-中能环境;光照、海水的温度、盐度和清洁程度等特殊的古气候与古海洋海水条件为生物礁发育提供了良好的环境条件;偶发性的风暴流对生物礁的形成既有破坏作用,也有建设性作用。风暴流异地搬运的碎屑颗粒卸载堆积形成的浅滩为生物提供了良好的基底条件,是生物生长的"土壤"。
Lower Ordovician reefs are well represented by the example from the Honghuayuan Formation(Floian) of Liujiachang,Songzi County,southwestern Hubei in the central Yangtze Region.Reef-building organisms include Calathium,Alga,Batostoma,Archaeoscyphia,Pulchrilamina,etc.The reef-inserted organisms include Crinoidea,cephalopods,gastropods,brachiopods,etc.The main controlling factors of the formation and development of the reefs are not only related to the reef-building organisms themselves,but also controlled by the sea level changes,the paleoclimate,paleoceanographic seawater properties,hydrodynamic conditions,tempestuous processes,etc.Organisms are to the reef what pillars and beams are to house in the reef bodies.It is held that there occurred four sea level change cycles which control the evolution and development of the reefs in the study area.This is the reason why the reefs in the study area are characterized by the small thickness,small scale and discontinuous distribution in stratigraphic section.Water dynamics plays a important role in the process,and the reefs existed in the low-medium environment at that time.The special paleoclimate and paleoceanographic seawater properties like sunlight,temperature,salinity and cleanness provide a good environment for the organisms.The influence of sporadic storms to reefs has its two sides.On the one hand,they are damaging in the formation of the reef bodies,on the other hand,detrital minerals transported from other places by storm currents accumulate together to form shoals,it is advantageous for organisms to grow on,Just like the soil for plants.
Lower Ordovician reefs are well represented by the example from the Honghuayuan Formation(Floian) of Liujiachang,Songzi County,southwestern Hubei in the central Yangtze Region.Reef-building organisms include Calathium,Alga,Batostoma,Archaeoscyphia,Pulchrilamina,etc.The reef-inserted organisms include Crinoidea,cephalopods,gastropods,brachiopods,etc.The main controlling factors of the formation and development of the reefs are not only related to the reef-building organisms themselves,but also controlled by the sea level changes,the paleoclimate,paleoceanographic seawater properties,hydrodynamic conditions,tempestuous processes,etc.Organisms are to the reef what pillars and beams are to house in the reef bodies.It is held that there occurred four sea level change cycles which control the evolution and development of the reefs in the study area.This is the reason why the reefs in the study area are characterized by the small thickness,small scale and discontinuous distribution in stratigraphic section.Water dynamics plays a important role in the process,and the reefs existed in the low-medium environment at that time.The special paleoclimate and paleoceanographic seawater properties like sunlight,temperature,salinity and cleanness provide a good environment for the organisms.The influence of sporadic storms to reefs has its two sides.On the one hand,they are damaging in the formation of the reef bodies,on the other hand,detrital minerals transported from other places by storm currents accumulate together to form shoals,it is advantageous for organisms to grow on,Just like the soil for plants.
引文
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[2]苑伯超.中上扬子地区早奥陶世岩相古地理研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长江大学,2013.
[3]冯增昭.中国南方寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理[M].北京:地质出版社,2001.
[4]曾鼎乾.中国各地质历史时期生物礁[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1988.
[5]刘秉理,朱忠德,孟宪富,等.鄂西南地区奥陶纪生物礁的发现[J].江汉石油学院学报,1990,12(2):107-108.
[6]朱忠德.长江三峡东部地区早奥陶世生物礁的发现[J].江汉石油学院学报,1991,13(3):109-110.
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[10]杨威,朱忠德,刘秉理,等.造礁生物群落演化在海平面变化研究中的运用—以中扬子台地下奥陶统红花园组生物礁为例[J].沉积学报,2001,19(1):55-59.
[11]刘春艳,林畅松,吴茂炳,等.中国生物礁时空分布特征及其地质意义[J].世界地质,2007,26(1):44-51.
[12]曹隽,刘建波,江崎洋一,等.安徽东至早奥陶世红花园组生物礁:奥陶纪生物大辐射前的微生物礁[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(2):45-59.
[13]王建坡,邓小杰,王冠,等.中国奥陶纪生物礁的类型和造礁生物群的演替[J].科学通报,2012,57(11):924-932.
[14]肖传桃,姜衍文,朱忠德,等.湖北宜昌地区奥陶纪层序地层及扬子地区五峰组沉积环境的讨论[J].高校地质学报,1996,2(3):339-347.
[15]肖传桃,崔江利,朱忠德,等.湖北宜昌地区下奥陶统生物礁古生态学研究[J].地质论评,2004,50(5):520-529.
[16]Zhu Z D,Guo C X,Liu B L,et al.Lower Ordovician Reefs at Huanghuachang Yichang[J].East of the Yangtze Gorge Scientia Geologica Siniea,1993,2(1):79-90.
[17]高雪莲.湖北宜昌黄花场奥陶纪地层与沉积相分析[D]:[硕士学位论文].长安大学,2008.
[18]朱忠德,刘秉理,孟宪富,等.湖北松滋早奥陶世生物礁[J].石油与天然气地质,1990,11(4):418-425.
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[20]朱忠德,肖传桃、胡明毅,等.中国早中奥陶世生物礁研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[21]李梦,李艺斌,肖传桃.湖北松滋刘家场地区早奥陶世含礁层序岩相及沉积环境[J].江汉石油学院学报,2011,33(11):19-23.
[22]万青青,肖传桃,郭先涛,等.刘家场李家湾下奥陶统红花园组生物礁研究[J].长江大学学报(自科版),2014,11(13):47-49.
[23]吴义布,龚一鸣,张立军,等.华南泥盆纪生物礁演化及其控制因素[J].古地理学报,2010,12(3):253-267.
[24]杨万容,李讯.中国南方二叠纪礁类型及成礁的控制因素[J].古生物学报,1995,34(1):67-75.
[25]卫平生,刘全新,张景廉,等.再论生物礁与大油气田的关系[J].石油学报,2006,27(2):38-42.
[26]范嘉松,张维.生物礁的基本概念、分类及识别特征[J].岩石学报,1985,1(3):45-59.
[27]钟建华,温志峰,李勇,等.生物礁的研究现状与发展趋势[J].地质论评,2005,51(3):288-300.
[28]吴亚生.生物礁岩分类方案[J].地质论评,1997,43(3):281-289.
[29]Riding R.Reef concepts[C]//.In:Proc.3rd Intern.Coral Reef Symposium,Miami,1977:209-213.
[30]Riding R.Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories[J].EarthScience Reviews,2002,58(1-2):163-231.
[31]郝松立.鄂尔多斯南缘奥陶纪生物礁及其沉积环境研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].西北大学,2011.
[32]Church S B.A new Lower Ordovician species of Calathium and skeletal structure of Western Utah Calathids[J].J.Paleont.,1991,65(4):602-610.
[33]章森桂.瓶筐石类化石的壁外构造及其意义[J].古生物学报,1995,34(5):619-634.
[34]刘秉理,朱忠德,李相明.瓶筐类化石几个疑难问题的讨论[J].古生物学报,2005,42(2):267-282.
[35]王建坡,李越,张园园,等.早—中奥陶世瓶筐石礁丘:历史和古生态学[J].古生物学报,2011,50(1):132-140.
[36]齐文同.生物礁生态系统演化和全球环境变化历史[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[37]库兹涅佐夫(苏).礁地质学及礁的含油气性[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1983.
[38]杨敬之,钱文龙.论苔藓虫生态[J].徽体古生物学报,1987,4(3):329-334.
[39]Natsuko A,Yoichi E.The oldest bryozoan reefs:a unique Early Ordovician skeletal framework construction[J].Lethaia,2010,11:67-69.
[40]Toomey D F,Nitecki M H.Organic buildups in the Lower Ordovician(Canadian)of Texas and Oklahoma Fieldiana[J].Geology,New Series(2),1979:16-36.
[41]肖传桃.古生物学与地史学概论[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007.
[42]James N P.Reef response to sea level rise:keep-up,catchup or give-up In:Walker R C,James N P.eds.Facies Model[C]//.Love Printing servicae Ltd,Stittsville.1992,Ontario,323-347.
[43]唐武,王英民,杨彩虹,等.琼东南盆地南部深水区生物礁演化规律及主控因素[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(5):965-974.
[44]汪啸风,陈孝红.中国奥陶纪古生物地理与古气候[C]//地层古生物论文集,1999,27.
[45]冯增昭,彭勇民,金振奎,等.中国南方早奥陶世岩相古地理[J].古地理学报,2001,3(2):11-21.
[46]李维锋,肖传桃,孟宪富.湖北刘家场下奥陶统碳酸盐岩风暴沉积[J].江汉石油学院学报,1993,15(2):9-14.
[47]Aigner T.Calcareous tempestites:storm-dominated stratification in upper Muschelkalk limstones.In:Einsele G,Seilacher A eds.Cyclic and Event Stratification[M].BerlinHeiddberg,New York:Springer,1982.
[2]苑伯超.中上扬子地区早奥陶世岩相古地理研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长江大学,2013.
[3]冯增昭.中国南方寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理[M].北京:地质出版社,2001.
[4]曾鼎乾.中国各地质历史时期生物礁[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1988.
[5]刘秉理,朱忠德,孟宪富,等.鄂西南地区奥陶纪生物礁的发现[J].江汉石油学院学报,1990,12(2):107-108.
[6]朱忠德.长江三峡东部地区早奥陶世生物礁的发现[J].江汉石油学院学报,1991,13(3):109-110.
[7]肖传桃,朱忠德,刘秉理.生态地层分类单位及其在生物礁研究中的应用[J].石油勘探与开发,1994,21(2):95-100.
[8]杨清河,陆彦邦,王栋,等.安徽长江沿岸地区红花园组生物地层特征[J].安徽地质,1996,6(3):30-35.
[9]肖传桃,朱忠德,李相明.中扬子台地下奥陶统含礁层系层序地层研究[J].中国地质,2003,30(3):274-280.
[10]杨威,朱忠德,刘秉理,等.造礁生物群落演化在海平面变化研究中的运用—以中扬子台地下奥陶统红花园组生物礁为例[J].沉积学报,2001,19(1):55-59.
[11]刘春艳,林畅松,吴茂炳,等.中国生物礁时空分布特征及其地质意义[J].世界地质,2007,26(1):44-51.
[12]曹隽,刘建波,江崎洋一,等.安徽东至早奥陶世红花园组生物礁:奥陶纪生物大辐射前的微生物礁[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(2):45-59.
[13]王建坡,邓小杰,王冠,等.中国奥陶纪生物礁的类型和造礁生物群的演替[J].科学通报,2012,57(11):924-932.
[14]肖传桃,姜衍文,朱忠德,等.湖北宜昌地区奥陶纪层序地层及扬子地区五峰组沉积环境的讨论[J].高校地质学报,1996,2(3):339-347.
[15]肖传桃,崔江利,朱忠德,等.湖北宜昌地区下奥陶统生物礁古生态学研究[J].地质论评,2004,50(5):520-529.
[16]Zhu Z D,Guo C X,Liu B L,et al.Lower Ordovician Reefs at Huanghuachang Yichang[J].East of the Yangtze Gorge Scientia Geologica Siniea,1993,2(1):79-90.
[17]高雪莲.湖北宜昌黄花场奥陶纪地层与沉积相分析[D]:[硕士学位论文].长安大学,2008.
[18]朱忠德,刘秉理,孟宪富,等.湖北松滋早奥陶世生物礁[J].石油与天然气地质,1990,11(4):418-425.
[19]刘秉理,朱忠德,罗柳忻,等.湖北松滋下奥陶统红花园组生物群的生态及沉积环境[J].石油与天然气地质,1993,14(4):291-297.
[20]朱忠德,肖传桃、胡明毅,等.中国早中奥陶世生物礁研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[21]李梦,李艺斌,肖传桃.湖北松滋刘家场地区早奥陶世含礁层序岩相及沉积环境[J].江汉石油学院学报,2011,33(11):19-23.
[22]万青青,肖传桃,郭先涛,等.刘家场李家湾下奥陶统红花园组生物礁研究[J].长江大学学报(自科版),2014,11(13):47-49.
[23]吴义布,龚一鸣,张立军,等.华南泥盆纪生物礁演化及其控制因素[J].古地理学报,2010,12(3):253-267.
[24]杨万容,李讯.中国南方二叠纪礁类型及成礁的控制因素[J].古生物学报,1995,34(1):67-75.
[25]卫平生,刘全新,张景廉,等.再论生物礁与大油气田的关系[J].石油学报,2006,27(2):38-42.
[26]范嘉松,张维.生物礁的基本概念、分类及识别特征[J].岩石学报,1985,1(3):45-59.
[27]钟建华,温志峰,李勇,等.生物礁的研究现状与发展趋势[J].地质论评,2005,51(3):288-300.
[28]吴亚生.生物礁岩分类方案[J].地质论评,1997,43(3):281-289.
[29]Riding R.Reef concepts[C]//.In:Proc.3rd Intern.Coral Reef Symposium,Miami,1977:209-213.
[30]Riding R.Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories[J].EarthScience Reviews,2002,58(1-2):163-231.
[31]郝松立.鄂尔多斯南缘奥陶纪生物礁及其沉积环境研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].西北大学,2011.
[32]Church S B.A new Lower Ordovician species of Calathium and skeletal structure of Western Utah Calathids[J].J.Paleont.,1991,65(4):602-610.
[33]章森桂.瓶筐石类化石的壁外构造及其意义[J].古生物学报,1995,34(5):619-634.
[34]刘秉理,朱忠德,李相明.瓶筐类化石几个疑难问题的讨论[J].古生物学报,2005,42(2):267-282.
[35]王建坡,李越,张园园,等.早—中奥陶世瓶筐石礁丘:历史和古生态学[J].古生物学报,2011,50(1):132-140.
[36]齐文同.生物礁生态系统演化和全球环境变化历史[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[37]库兹涅佐夫(苏).礁地质学及礁的含油气性[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1983.
[38]杨敬之,钱文龙.论苔藓虫生态[J].徽体古生物学报,1987,4(3):329-334.
[39]Natsuko A,Yoichi E.The oldest bryozoan reefs:a unique Early Ordovician skeletal framework construction[J].Lethaia,2010,11:67-69.
[40]Toomey D F,Nitecki M H.Organic buildups in the Lower Ordovician(Canadian)of Texas and Oklahoma Fieldiana[J].Geology,New Series(2),1979:16-36.
[41]肖传桃.古生物学与地史学概论[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007.
[42]James N P.Reef response to sea level rise:keep-up,catchup or give-up In:Walker R C,James N P.eds.Facies Model[C]//.Love Printing servicae Ltd,Stittsville.1992,Ontario,323-347.
[43]唐武,王英民,杨彩虹,等.琼东南盆地南部深水区生物礁演化规律及主控因素[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(5):965-974.
[44]汪啸风,陈孝红.中国奥陶纪古生物地理与古气候[C]//地层古生物论文集,1999,27.
[45]冯增昭,彭勇民,金振奎,等.中国南方早奥陶世岩相古地理[J].古地理学报,2001,3(2):11-21.
[46]李维锋,肖传桃,孟宪富.湖北刘家场下奥陶统碳酸盐岩风暴沉积[J].江汉石油学院学报,1993,15(2):9-14.
[47]Aigner T.Calcareous tempestites:storm-dominated stratification in upper Muschelkalk limstones.In:Einsele G,Seilacher A eds.Cyclic and Event Stratification[M].BerlinHeiddberg,New York:Springer,1982.