耐灾理念导向的城市空间结构优化方法
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摘要
在传统的城市安全研究中,根据各学科特点采取的安全对策很容易造成对城市承灾体的割裂看待。"耐灾"概念将承灾体作为一个整体,提供给承灾体一种更好地应对灾害不确定性和多灾种防救的思路。本文从城市空间结构优化的角度对耐灾城市进行研究,强调城市规划在城市安全问题研究日益综合化的背景下所具有的重要意义,具体从三个层面进行分析:首先,在个体层面,尽可能保证城市重要目标的安全,这样当灾害发生时城市的基本功能才能够得到保障;其次,在群体层面,对城市空间和设施进行系统化建设,发挥其系统的安全保障功能;最后,在整体层面,城市的布局和形态结构是城市多目标功能实现的基础,对城市耐灾性的提高具有重要的意义。
In the traditional urban security research, the security measures derived from different subjects can easily lead to the separation of urban disaster victims. The concept of "disaster resilience", considering disaster victims as a whole, provides a better way to deal with disaster uncertainty and multiple disaster relief. This paper studies the disaster resistant cities from the perspective of urban spatial structure optimization, and emphasizes the significance of urban planning in the context of the increasingly comprehensive study of urban security issues. Three parts are included. Firstly, at the individual level, the safety of the city's critical targets should be ensured so that the basic functions of the city can be guaranteed when disasters strike. Secondly, at the group level, the systematic construction of urban space and facilities will help to strengthen its security function. Finally, at the whole level, the urban layout and spatial structure are the basis of the city's multi-objective function, which is of great significance to the improvement of urban disaster resilience.
In the traditional urban security research, the security measures derived from different subjects can easily lead to the separation of urban disaster victims. The concept of "disaster resilience", considering disaster victims as a whole, provides a better way to deal with disaster uncertainty and multiple disaster relief. This paper studies the disaster resistant cities from the perspective of urban spatial structure optimization, and emphasizes the significance of urban planning in the context of the increasingly comprehensive study of urban security issues. Three parts are included. Firstly, at the individual level, the safety of the city's critical targets should be ensured so that the basic functions of the city can be guaranteed when disasters strike. Secondly, at the group level, the systematic construction of urban space and facilities will help to strengthen its security function. Finally, at the whole level, the urban layout and spatial structure are the basis of the city's multi-objective function, which is of great significance to the improvement of urban disaster resilience.
引文
[1]吴良镛.人居环境科学导论[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[2]乌尔里希?贝克.世界风险社会[M].吴英姿,译.南京:南京大学出版社,2004.
[3]张翰卿.安全城市规划的理论框架探讨[J].规划师,2011(8):5-9.
[4]UN/ISDR.Living with Risk:A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives[M].London:Bio Med Central Ltd,2004.
[5]Campanella.Urban Resilience and the Recovery of New Orleans[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2006,72(2).
[6]俞孔坚,李迪华,刘海龙.“反规划”途径[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[7]Glaeser,Shapiro.Cities and Warfare:The Impact of Terrorism on Urban Form[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2002,51(2).
[8]Savitch.An Anatomy of Urban Terror:Lessons from Jerusalem and Elsewhere[J].Urban Studies,2005,42(3).
[9]Jon Coaffee.Rings of Steel,Rings of Concrete and Rings of Confidence:Designing out Terrorism in Central London pre and post-September 11th[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2004,28(1):201-211.
[10]Boarnet M G.Planning's Role in Building Healthy Cities:An Introduction to the Special Issue[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2006,72(1).
[11]Matthew Farish.Disaster and Decentralization:American Cities and the Cold War[J].Cultural Geographies,2003(10).
[12]Ayda Eraydin and Tuna Ta?an-Kok.Resilience Thinking in Urban Planning[M].New York:Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg,2013.
[13]Pickett S T A,Cadenasso M L,Mcgrath B.Resilience in Ecology and Urban Design[M].Berlin:Springer Netherlands,2013.
[14]张翰卿,戴慎志.城市安全规划研究综述[J].城市规划学刊,2005(2):38-44.
[15]蔡建明,郭华,汪德根.国外弹性城市研究述评[J].地理科学进展,2012(10):1245-1255.
[16]Allan P,Bryant M,Wirsching C,et al.The Influence of Urban Morphology on the Resilience of Cities Following an Earthquake[J].Journal of Urban Design,2013,18(2):242-262.
[17]Jon Coaffee.Towards Next-Generation Urban Resilience in Planning Practice: From Securitization to Integrated Place Making[J].Planning Practice&Research,2013,28(3):323-339.
[18]Yan Guo.Urban Resilience in Post-disaster Reconstruction:Towards a Resilient Development in Sichuan,China[J].International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2012,3(1):45-55.
[19]Lhomme S,Serre D,Diab Y,et al.Analyzing Resilience of Urban Networks:A Preliminary Step Towards More Flood Resilient Cities[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2013,13(2):221-230.
[20]村桥正武.关于神户市城市结构及城市核心的形成[J].朱清,译.国外城市规划,1996(4):16-20.
[21]段进,李志明,卢波.论防范城市灾害的城市形态优化-由SARS引发的对当前城市建设中问题的思考[J].城市规划,2003(7):61-63.
[22]蔡柏全.都市灾害防救管理体系及避难圈域适宜规模之探究-以嘉义市为例[D].高雄:台湾成功大学,2002.
[23]吕元.城市防灾空间系统规划策略研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2004.
[24]王薇.城市防灾空间规划研究及实践[D].长沙:中南大学,2007.
[25]苏幼坡.城市灾害避难与避难疏散场所[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2006.
[26]李杰.生命线工程抗震-基础理论与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[27]Godschalk,David R.Urban Hazard Mitigation:Creating Resilient Cities[J].Natural Hazards Review,2003,4(3):136-143.
[28]Sternberg,E.George C.L.Meeting the Challenge of Facility Protection for Homeland Security[J].Homeland Security and Emergency Management,2011,3(1):1-19.
[29]Bethke.Good.Thompson.Building Capacities for Risk Reduction[R].Disaster Management Training Programme,1997.
[30]刘恩华.唐山市震后重建的思考[J].城市规划,1997(4):16-18.
[31]童林旭.城市生命线系统的防灾减灾问题-日本阪神大地震生命线震害的启示[J].城市发展研究,2000(3):8-12,78.
[32]谭跃进,吴俊,邓宏钟,等.复杂网络抗毁性研究综述[J].系统工程,2006,24(10):1-5.
[33]何明锦,李威仪.都市计划防灾规划手册汇编[R].台北:内政部建筑研究所,2000.
[34]谭纵波.城市规划[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[35]段进,李志明,卢波.论防范城市灾害的城市形态优化[J].城市规划,2003,27(7):61-63.
[36]大阪府建筑都市部.灾害に强い都市づくりガイドライン[R].2005.
[37]周俭,夏南凯.立足跨越发展的都江堰城区灾后重建规划思想-关于空间、事件、形态的关系[J].城市规划学刊,2008(4):1-5.
(1)“Resilience”在国内城市研究的相关学科中倾向于翻译为“弹性”,当前翻译为“韧性”的情况更多,“Disaster Resilience”被相应地翻译为“灾害弹性”和“灾害韧性”,本文翻译为“耐灾”更为简洁。
[2]乌尔里希?贝克.世界风险社会[M].吴英姿,译.南京:南京大学出版社,2004.
[3]张翰卿.安全城市规划的理论框架探讨[J].规划师,2011(8):5-9.
[4]UN/ISDR.Living with Risk:A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives[M].London:Bio Med Central Ltd,2004.
[5]Campanella.Urban Resilience and the Recovery of New Orleans[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2006,72(2).
[6]俞孔坚,李迪华,刘海龙.“反规划”途径[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[7]Glaeser,Shapiro.Cities and Warfare:The Impact of Terrorism on Urban Form[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2002,51(2).
[8]Savitch.An Anatomy of Urban Terror:Lessons from Jerusalem and Elsewhere[J].Urban Studies,2005,42(3).
[9]Jon Coaffee.Rings of Steel,Rings of Concrete and Rings of Confidence:Designing out Terrorism in Central London pre and post-September 11th[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2004,28(1):201-211.
[10]Boarnet M G.Planning's Role in Building Healthy Cities:An Introduction to the Special Issue[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2006,72(1).
[11]Matthew Farish.Disaster and Decentralization:American Cities and the Cold War[J].Cultural Geographies,2003(10).
[12]Ayda Eraydin and Tuna Ta?an-Kok.Resilience Thinking in Urban Planning[M].New York:Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg,2013.
[13]Pickett S T A,Cadenasso M L,Mcgrath B.Resilience in Ecology and Urban Design[M].Berlin:Springer Netherlands,2013.
[14]张翰卿,戴慎志.城市安全规划研究综述[J].城市规划学刊,2005(2):38-44.
[15]蔡建明,郭华,汪德根.国外弹性城市研究述评[J].地理科学进展,2012(10):1245-1255.
[16]Allan P,Bryant M,Wirsching C,et al.The Influence of Urban Morphology on the Resilience of Cities Following an Earthquake[J].Journal of Urban Design,2013,18(2):242-262.
[17]Jon Coaffee.Towards Next-Generation Urban Resilience in Planning Practice: From Securitization to Integrated Place Making[J].Planning Practice&Research,2013,28(3):323-339.
[18]Yan Guo.Urban Resilience in Post-disaster Reconstruction:Towards a Resilient Development in Sichuan,China[J].International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2012,3(1):45-55.
[19]Lhomme S,Serre D,Diab Y,et al.Analyzing Resilience of Urban Networks:A Preliminary Step Towards More Flood Resilient Cities[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2013,13(2):221-230.
[20]村桥正武.关于神户市城市结构及城市核心的形成[J].朱清,译.国外城市规划,1996(4):16-20.
[21]段进,李志明,卢波.论防范城市灾害的城市形态优化-由SARS引发的对当前城市建设中问题的思考[J].城市规划,2003(7):61-63.
[22]蔡柏全.都市灾害防救管理体系及避难圈域适宜规模之探究-以嘉义市为例[D].高雄:台湾成功大学,2002.
[23]吕元.城市防灾空间系统规划策略研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2004.
[24]王薇.城市防灾空间规划研究及实践[D].长沙:中南大学,2007.
[25]苏幼坡.城市灾害避难与避难疏散场所[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2006.
[26]李杰.生命线工程抗震-基础理论与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[27]Godschalk,David R.Urban Hazard Mitigation:Creating Resilient Cities[J].Natural Hazards Review,2003,4(3):136-143.
[28]Sternberg,E.George C.L.Meeting the Challenge of Facility Protection for Homeland Security[J].Homeland Security and Emergency Management,2011,3(1):1-19.
[29]Bethke.Good.Thompson.Building Capacities for Risk Reduction[R].Disaster Management Training Programme,1997.
[30]刘恩华.唐山市震后重建的思考[J].城市规划,1997(4):16-18.
[31]童林旭.城市生命线系统的防灾减灾问题-日本阪神大地震生命线震害的启示[J].城市发展研究,2000(3):8-12,78.
[32]谭跃进,吴俊,邓宏钟,等.复杂网络抗毁性研究综述[J].系统工程,2006,24(10):1-5.
[33]何明锦,李威仪.都市计划防灾规划手册汇编[R].台北:内政部建筑研究所,2000.
[34]谭纵波.城市规划[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[35]段进,李志明,卢波.论防范城市灾害的城市形态优化[J].城市规划,2003,27(7):61-63.
[36]大阪府建筑都市部.灾害に强い都市づくりガイドライン[R].2005.
[37]周俭,夏南凯.立足跨越发展的都江堰城区灾后重建规划思想-关于空间、事件、形态的关系[J].城市规划学刊,2008(4):1-5.
(1)“Resilience”在国内城市研究的相关学科中倾向于翻译为“弹性”,当前翻译为“韧性”的情况更多,“Disaster Resilience”被相应地翻译为“灾害弹性”和“灾害韧性”,本文翻译为“耐灾”更为简洁。