不同水肥组合和覆膜方式对移栽蒙古扁桃生长状况的影响
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摘要
为了解决蒙古扁桃移栽保护工作中粗放移栽方式导致的移栽成活率低和移栽后苗木生长缓慢的问题,通过2018年在榆林地区的田间试验(采用三因素三水平的正交设计方案,随机小区排列),分析了不同水肥条件、不同覆盖方式对0～100 cm土壤含水率、5～20 cm土层温度以及移栽蒙古扁桃的出芽情况和生理生长情况的影响。结果表明,相比无覆盖处理,覆盖处理后土壤温度和耕层土壤含水率显著升高(p<0.05),但在夏季高温天气,黑膜覆盖处理可有效防止地温过高。覆盖处理下,移栽蒙古扁桃的出芽率显著提高48.2%～66.4%(p<0.05),提前5～7 d出芽,并随灌水量的增加而显著增加(p<0.05)。施氮量的增加对移栽蒙古扁桃出芽略有抑制作用。在生理生长方面,覆盖处理下蒙古扁桃叶面积和叶绿素含量显著高于无覆盖处理(p<0.05)(分别增加了76.1%～93.1%和12.6%～46.6%);SLW显著低于无覆盖处理(p<0.05),降低了33.2%～41.7%。综上所述,100%田持灌水、270 kg/hm2施氮和黑色地膜覆盖处理在榆林地区移栽蒙古扁桃的各项指标中均表现较好,能够有效提高移栽的成活率,促进移栽蒙古扁桃的生长,因此,A3B1C2处理组合是用于榆林地区移栽蒙古扁桃较优的灌水、施氮以及覆盖组合。
To solve the problem of low transplant survival rate and slow growth of seedlings after transplanting due to the extensive transplanting method in Mongolian almond transplanting protection work,the field experiment was designed in Yulin area in 2018,the three factors and three levels orthogonal scheme is adopted and each cell is randomly arranged. The effects of different water and fertilizer conditions and different coverage methods on soil moisture content of 0 ～ 100 cm layer,soil temperature of 5 ～ 20 cm layer and the germination and physiological growth of transplanted Mongolian almond were studied. The results show that: the soil temperature of C2 and C3 was significantly higher than that of non-covering treatment,and the soil moisture content of the cultivated layer was also higher than that without cover(p<0.05). At the same time,the black film cover treatment could effectively prevent the too high soil temperature in the hot weather in summer. Under the mulching treatment,the survival rate of transplanted Mongolian almonds was significantly higher than that of non-covering treatment(p<0.05),and the survival rate was increased by 48.2% ～ 66.4%,the germination rate was 5 ～ 7 d earlier than that under the non-covering treatment at the same time. The survival rate of transplanted Mongolian almonds increased with the irrigation amount. The increase of nitrogen application had a slight inhibitory effect on the transplanting of Mongolian almonds,but it was not significant. The average leaf area of Mongolian almonds was larger by 76.1% ～ 93.1 than that of non-covering treatment under the mulching treatment,the specific leaf weight was decreased by 33.2% ～ 41. 7% and the chlorophyll content was by significantly increased by 12. 6% ～ 46. 6%. In summary,the treatment of 100% field holding irrigation,270 kg/hm2 nitrogen application with black plastic film mulching performs well in all indexes of transplanting Mongolian almonds in Yulin area,which can effectively improve the survival rate of transplanting and promote the growth of Mongolian almonds. Therefore, the A3 B1 C2 is a better treatment combination of irrigation, nitrogen application and mulching for transplanting Mongolian almonds in Yulin area.
To solve the problem of low transplant survival rate and slow growth of seedlings after transplanting due to the extensive transplanting method in Mongolian almond transplanting protection work,the field experiment was designed in Yulin area in 2018,the three factors and three levels orthogonal scheme is adopted and each cell is randomly arranged. The effects of different water and fertilizer conditions and different coverage methods on soil moisture content of 0 ～ 100 cm layer,soil temperature of 5 ～ 20 cm layer and the germination and physiological growth of transplanted Mongolian almond were studied. The results show that: the soil temperature of C2 and C3 was significantly higher than that of non-covering treatment,and the soil moisture content of the cultivated layer was also higher than that without cover(p<0.05). At the same time,the black film cover treatment could effectively prevent the too high soil temperature in the hot weather in summer. Under the mulching treatment,the survival rate of transplanted Mongolian almonds was significantly higher than that of non-covering treatment(p<0.05),and the survival rate was increased by 48.2% ～ 66.4%,the germination rate was 5 ～ 7 d earlier than that under the non-covering treatment at the same time. The survival rate of transplanted Mongolian almonds increased with the irrigation amount. The increase of nitrogen application had a slight inhibitory effect on the transplanting of Mongolian almonds,but it was not significant. The average leaf area of Mongolian almonds was larger by 76.1% ～ 93.1 than that of non-covering treatment under the mulching treatment,the specific leaf weight was decreased by 33.2% ～ 41. 7% and the chlorophyll content was by significantly increased by 12. 6% ～ 46. 6%. In summary,the treatment of 100% field holding irrigation,270 kg/hm2 nitrogen application with black plastic film mulching performs well in all indexes of transplanting Mongolian almonds in Yulin area,which can effectively improve the survival rate of transplanting and promote the growth of Mongolian almonds. Therefore, the A3 B1 C2 is a better treatment combination of irrigation, nitrogen application and mulching for transplanting Mongolian almonds in Yulin area.
引文
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[11]董海强,李丙智,王金锋,等.不同覆盖方式对苹果树体生长及土壤理化特性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2015,24(8):101-109.
[12]曾新德,张有佳,王承勋,等.濒危植物蒙古扁桃大田地膜育苗试验[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(27):157-159.
[13]翟治芬,赵元忠,景明,等.秸秆和地膜覆盖下春玉米农田腾发特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):62-66.
[14]李明思,康绍忠,杨海梅.地膜覆盖对滴灌土壤湿润区及棉花耗水与生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,(6):49-54.
[15]胡敏,苗庆丰,史海滨,等.不同地膜覆盖对春玉米生长发育及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(2):173-177.
[16]李荣,张睿,贾志宽.不同覆盖材料对耕层土壤温度及玉米出苗的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(3):13-16,26.
[17]马存世,李进军,张有佳,等.白刺地膜覆盖播种育苗试验[J].林业科技开发,2012,26(1):109-111.
[18]潘秋艳,刘玉春,徐倩,等.灌水量和水质对盆栽棉花出苗率和苗期生长的影响[J].节水灌溉,2017,(5):29-33.
[19]王志,彭茹燕,王蕾,等.毛乌素沙地南缘改良与利用风沙土性质研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,(2):14-16,21.
[20]韦剑锋,韦巧云,梁振华,等.施氮量对冬马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,44(12):61-64.
[21]唐海明,肖小平,汤文光,等.不同施肥模式和覆盖方式对春玉米干物质积累和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科技导报,2016,18(4):93-100.
[22] NIINEMETS. Research review. Components of leaf dry mass perarea-thickness and density-alter leaf photosynthetic capacity in re-verse directions in woody plants[J]. New Phytologist,2010,144(1):35-47.
[23] PARKHURST D F. Diffusion of CO2and other gases inside leaves[J]. New Phytologist,2010,126(3):449-479.
[24]董廷发,冯玉龙,类延宝,等.干旱和湿润生境中主要优势树种叶片功能性状的比较[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(5):1 043-1 049.
[25]曹欣冉,安贵阳,张紫嫣.几种覆盖方式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、酶活性及树体生长的影响[J].西北农业学报,2016,25(5):788-794.
[2]赵一之.蒙古扁桃的植物区系地理分布研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),1995,(6):713-715.
[3]方海涛,李俊兰,王黎元.珍稀濒危植物蒙古扁桃研究进展[J].阴山学刊(自然科学版),2004,18(2):22-24.
[4]斯琴巴特尔,秀敏.蒙古扁桃种子萌发的生理生化特性[J].中国草地学报,2006,(2):39-43.
[5]王进,马国泰,宋涛,等.干旱、半干旱地区蒙古扁桃种子萌发对土壤水分和播种深度的响应特征[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(5):1 313-1 320.
[6]戚康标.中国珍稀濒危动物植物辞典[M].广州:广东人民出版社,2001,(1):674.
[7]红雨,邹林林,朱清芳.濒危植物蒙古扁桃种子雨和土壤种子库特征[J].林业科学,2012,48(10):145-149.
[8]谷晓博,李援农,杜娅丹,等.不同种植和覆膜方式对冬油菜出苗及苗期生长状况的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,2016,(9):10-17,23.
[9]郑旭霞,毛宇骁,吴嘉璠,等.盛夏覆盖对幼龄茶园土壤温湿度和杂草生长的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(5):918-923.
[10]闫志山,杨骥,范有君,等.覆膜与直播早熟马铃薯不同耕层的地温测定[J].黑龙江农业科学,2007,(2):18-20.
[11]董海强,李丙智,王金锋,等.不同覆盖方式对苹果树体生长及土壤理化特性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2015,24(8):101-109.
[12]曾新德,张有佳,王承勋,等.濒危植物蒙古扁桃大田地膜育苗试验[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(27):157-159.
[13]翟治芬,赵元忠,景明,等.秸秆和地膜覆盖下春玉米农田腾发特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):62-66.
[14]李明思,康绍忠,杨海梅.地膜覆盖对滴灌土壤湿润区及棉花耗水与生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,(6):49-54.
[15]胡敏,苗庆丰,史海滨,等.不同地膜覆盖对春玉米生长发育及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(2):173-177.
[16]李荣,张睿,贾志宽.不同覆盖材料对耕层土壤温度及玉米出苗的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(3):13-16,26.
[17]马存世,李进军,张有佳,等.白刺地膜覆盖播种育苗试验[J].林业科技开发,2012,26(1):109-111.
[18]潘秋艳,刘玉春,徐倩,等.灌水量和水质对盆栽棉花出苗率和苗期生长的影响[J].节水灌溉,2017,(5):29-33.
[19]王志,彭茹燕,王蕾,等.毛乌素沙地南缘改良与利用风沙土性质研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,(2):14-16,21.
[20]韦剑锋,韦巧云,梁振华,等.施氮量对冬马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,44(12):61-64.
[21]唐海明,肖小平,汤文光,等.不同施肥模式和覆盖方式对春玉米干物质积累和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科技导报,2016,18(4):93-100.
[22] NIINEMETS. Research review. Components of leaf dry mass perarea-thickness and density-alter leaf photosynthetic capacity in re-verse directions in woody plants[J]. New Phytologist,2010,144(1):35-47.
[23] PARKHURST D F. Diffusion of CO2and other gases inside leaves[J]. New Phytologist,2010,126(3):449-479.
[24]董廷发,冯玉龙,类延宝,等.干旱和湿润生境中主要优势树种叶片功能性状的比较[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(5):1 043-1 049.
[25]曹欣冉,安贵阳,张紫嫣.几种覆盖方式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、酶活性及树体生长的影响[J].西北农业学报,2016,25(5):788-794.