环境因素对感知绊倒风险的影响
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摘要
为探讨环境因素中照明条件、步道、障碍物形式、障碍物颜色和障碍物高度等因子对被绊倒风险主观评分的影响,开展明暗2个集区、2种试验步道、2种不同形式(板和杆)、2种不同颜色(黑色和白色)和5种障碍物高度的试验,被试在行走前后给出感知的被绊倒风险等级(RRT),试验人员给出被试的步态干扰等级(RD)并记录行走时间。结果表明:照明条件、障碍物形式、障碍物颜色和障碍物高度均显著影响RRT和RD;颜色对比度也显著影响RRT;暗环境条件下碰到障碍物的可能性是正常照明条件下的15倍。
In order to study the influence of environmental factors on the perception of tripping risks,this research is performed on the factors including lighting conditions,walkway,obstacle types,obstacle colors and heights. Experiments were made on the following cases: light and dimmed conditions,two kinds of walkways,two types of obstacles,namely plates and rods,two different colors( black and white) and five different heights. The rating of RRT was given by the subjects both before and after walking,and the rating of gait disturbance( RD) and the time of walking were recorded by the experimenter. The results show that the lighting condition,obstacle types,obstacle colors and heights all exert significant effects on both RRT and RD,and the color contrast also affects RRT significantly. The probability of contacting an obstacle under the dimmed condition is 15 times that under the normal lighting condition.
In order to study the influence of environmental factors on the perception of tripping risks,this research is performed on the factors including lighting conditions,walkway,obstacle types,obstacle colors and heights. Experiments were made on the following cases: light and dimmed conditions,two kinds of walkways,two types of obstacles,namely plates and rods,two different colors( black and white) and five different heights. The rating of RRT was given by the subjects both before and after walking,and the rating of gait disturbance( RD) and the time of walking were recorded by the experimenter. The results show that the lighting condition,obstacle types,obstacle colors and heights all exert significant effects on both RRT and RD,and the color contrast also affects RRT significantly. The probability of contacting an obstacle under the dimmed condition is 15 times that under the normal lighting condition.
引文
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[15]邢力骏.不同光照度对老年人下楼梯稳定性的影响研究[D].济南:山东体育学院,2015.XING Lijun.Study of different illumination effects on stability of elderly people during stair descent[D].Ji'nan:Shandong Institute of Physical Education,2015.
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[17]HEASLEY K,BUCKLEY,J G,SCALLY A,et al.Falls in older people:effects of age and blurring vision on the dynamics of stepping[J].Investigative Ophthalmology&Visual Science,2005,46(10):3584-3588.
[18]FELSON D T,ANDERSON J J,ANNAN M T.Impaired vision and hip fracture:the framingham study[J].Journal of American Geriatrics Society,1989,37:495-500.
[2]世界卫生组织.跌伤[OL].(2018-01-16).http://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls.
[3]Bureau of Labor Statistics.Employer-reported workplace injuries and illnesses-2017[OL].(2018-11-15).https://www.bls.gov/data/#injuries.
[4]朱月妹,袁浩斌,陈雷.老年人跌倒及其预防的认识和行为调查[J].家庭护士,2007,5(20):11-13.
[5]BERG W P,ALESSIO H M,MILLS E M,et al.Circumstances and consequences of falls in independent community dwelling older adults[J].Age and Ageing,1997,26:261-268.
[6]BARRETT R S,MILLS P M,BEGG R K.A systematic review of the effect of ageing and falls history on minimum foot clearance characteristics during level walking[J].Gait Posture,2010,32(4):429-435.
[7]CHEN H C,ASHTONMILLER J A,ALEXANDER N B,et al.Stepping over obstacles:gait patterns of healthy young and old adults[J].Journal of Gerontology,1991,46(6):M196-M203.
[8]LOVERRO K L,MUESKE N M,HAMEL K A.Location of minimum foot clearance on the shoe and with respect to the obstacle changes with locomotor task[J].Journal of Biomechanics,2013,46(11):1 842-1 850.
[9]BEGG R,BEST R,DELL'ORO L,et al.Minimum foot clearance during walking:strategies for the minimisation of trip-related falls[J].Gait&Posture,2007,25(2):191-198.
[10]于普林.北京市社区老年人跌倒状况研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2010.YU Pulin.Epidemiological characteristics of falls and its prevention strategies among elderly people of urban community dwellers in Beijing[D].Changsha:Central South University,2010.
[11]于洪宇.老年人跌倒问题的相关因素研究与预防护理[J].中国老年保健医学,2009,7(1):85-88.YU Hongyu.Related factors of falls of aged people and its preventative nursing care[J].Chinese Geriatric Health Medicine,2009,7(1):85-88.
[12]曾艳华,张先富,白赟.基于改进TOPSIS法对穿过毗邻隧道的主观感受研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2016,26(3):27-33.ZENG Yanhua,ZHANG Xianfu,BAI Yun.Research on feelings of driver driving through tunnel group based on improved TOPSIS evaluation model[J].China Safety Science Journal,2016,26(3):27-33.
[13]HASLAM R A,BENTLEY T A.Follow-up investigations of slip,trip and fall accidents among postal delivery workers[J].Safety Science,1999,32:3-47.
[14]魏建国,赵炜华,熊保林.不同因素对驾驶人夜间视认距离影响[J].中国安全科学学报,2013,23(12):21-27.WEI Jianguo,ZHAO Weihua,XIONG Baolin.Effects of different factors on visual cognition distance of drivers at night[J].China Safety Science Journal,2013,23(12):21-27.
[15]邢力骏.不同光照度对老年人下楼梯稳定性的影响研究[D].济南:山东体育学院,2015.XING Lijun.Study of different illumination effects on stability of elderly people during stair descent[D].Ji'nan:Shandong Institute of Physical Education,2015.
[16]JOHNSO L,BUCKLEY J G,SCALLY A J,et al.Multifocal spectacles increase variability in toe clearance and risk of tripping in the elderly[J].Investigative Ophthalmology&Visual Science,2007,48(4):1466-1471.
[17]HEASLEY K,BUCKLEY,J G,SCALLY A,et al.Falls in older people:effects of age and blurring vision on the dynamics of stepping[J].Investigative Ophthalmology&Visual Science,2005,46(10):3584-3588.
[18]FELSON D T,ANDERSON J J,ANNAN M T.Impaired vision and hip fracture:the framingham study[J].Journal of American Geriatrics Society,1989,37:495-500.