颗粒断层黏滑运动特征及水对其影响的试验研究
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摘要
研究模拟断层黏滑运动中断层剪切位移、厚度和摩擦因数的演化特征对于理解地震周期的全过程有深刻的意义。采用钠钙细研磨球型玻璃珠,研究模拟断层在双直剪仪器下产生的黏滑现象。结果表明,每个黏滑周期中,断层首先经历一段弹性加载,之后加载逐渐转变为非弹性,直到摩擦因数达到临界值,断层发生滑动破坏,并在破坏之后开始进入下一黏滑周期。研究采用变速度步方法,在同一试验中采用3～300μm/s的速度步,得出该模拟断层的速率和状态相关摩擦参数A-B为-0.005～-0.006,确为速度弱化。研究采用50%和100%的环境湿度进行对比试验,结果表明较高湿度对黏滑幅度和重现时间存在等比放大的作用,即湿度越高,黏滑段摩擦因数的增落幅值越大,黏滑周期越长。研究对进入稳定蠕滑状态的断层进行蒸馏水注入试验,发现对于处在黏滑与蠕滑临界态的颗粒断层,水的注入可以将断层滑动模式由稳定的蠕滑改变为非稳定的黏滑。
Understanding the evolution of shear displacement,fault thickness and friction coefficient of stick-slip cycle is of great importance to understand the whole seismic cycle. In this research,spherical soda-lime glass beads are used to investigate the stick-slip behavior of simulated fault gouge under double direct shearing. The results show that in each stick-slip event,the faults will first experience a stage of elastic loading,then transfer to inelastic loading. Finally,failure happens when the friction coefficient reaches a critical value. Velocity steps from3 to 300 μm/s were used in a single double shear experiment. Our data show that the rate and state friction parameter(A-B) of glass beads faults is around-0.005–-0.006,which means a velocity weakening behavior.Different humidity of 50% and 100% were used to study the humidity influence. Results show that higher humidity leads to larger friction drop and longer recurrence time. For the faults that have switched to stable sliding,experiment results show that water injection will change the sliding mode back to stick-slip motion.
Understanding the evolution of shear displacement,fault thickness and friction coefficient of stick-slip cycle is of great importance to understand the whole seismic cycle. In this research,spherical soda-lime glass beads are used to investigate the stick-slip behavior of simulated fault gouge under double direct shearing. The results show that in each stick-slip event,the faults will first experience a stage of elastic loading,then transfer to inelastic loading. Finally,failure happens when the friction coefficient reaches a critical value. Velocity steps from3 to 300 μm/s were used in a single double shear experiment. Our data show that the rate and state friction parameter(A-B) of glass beads faults is around-0.005–-0.006,which means a velocity weakening behavior.Different humidity of 50% and 100% were used to study the humidity influence. Results show that higher humidity leads to larger friction drop and longer recurrence time. For the faults that have switched to stable sliding,experiment results show that water injection will change the sliding mode back to stick-slip motion.
引文
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[16]HE C,MA S,HUANG J.Transition between stable sliding and stick-slip due to variation in slip rate under variable normal stress condition[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1998,25(17):3 235-3 238.
[17]吴立新,刘善军,吴育华,等.遥感-岩石力学(II)——断层双剪粘滑的热红外辐射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(2):192-198.(WU Lixin,LIU Shanjun,WU Yuhua et al,Remote sensing-rock mechanics(II)——laws of thermal infrared radiation from viscosity-sliding of bi-sheared faults and its meanings for tectonic earthquake omens[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(2):192-198.(in Chinese))
[18]崔德山,项伟,陈琼,等.颗粒材料黏滑运动特征与颗粒黏结试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(9):1 924-1 935.(CUI Deshan,XIANG Wei,CHEN Qiong,et al,Experimental study on stick-slip behaviour and sintering phenomenon of glass beads[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(9):1 924-1 935.(in Chinese))
[19]宋义敏,马少鹏,杨小彬,等.断层冲击地压失稳瞬态过程的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(4):812-817.(SONGYimin,MA Shaopeng,YANG Xiaobin,et al.Experimental investigation on instability transient process of fault rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(4):812-817.(in Chinese))
[20]MA J,SHERMAN S I,GUO Y S.Identification of meta-instable stress state based on experimental study of evolution of the temperature field during stick-slip instability on a 5 bending fault[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2012,55(6):869-881.
[21]程海旭,吴开统,张流.固体围压下完整花岗岩黏滑现象的实验研究[J].中国地震,1993,9(3):21-32.(CHENG Haixu,WUKaitong,ZHANG Liu.Experimental study on the stick-slip phenomenon of intact granite under solid confining pressure[J].Earthquake Research in China,1993,9(3):21-32.(in Chinese))
[22]杨主恩,张流,石桂梅.黏滑和稳滑实验条件下石英岩的某些显微形貌特征及其地震地质意义[J].地震地质,1986,8(2):22-25.(YANG Zhuen,ZHANG Liu,SHI Guimei.Some sem microtextures of quartzite from stick-slip and steady state slip experiments and their seismogeological significance[J].Seismology and Geology,1986,8(2):22-25.(in Chinese))
[23]DIETERICH J H.Modeling of rock friction:1.Experimental results and constitutive equations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1979,84(B5):2 161-2 168.
[24]DIETERICH J H.Modeling of rock friction:2.Simulation of preseismic slip[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1979,84(B5):2 169-2 175.
[25]RUINA A.Slip instability and state variable friction laws[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1983,88(B12):10 359-10 370.
[26]GU J C,RICE J R,RUINA A L,et al.Slip motion and stability of a single degree of freedom elastic system with rate and state dependent friction[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1984,32(3):167-196.
[27]DIETERICH J H.A model for the nucleation of earthquake slip[J].Earthquake Source Mechanics,1986:37-47.
[28]CATES M E,WITTMER J P,BOUCHAUD J P,et al.Jamming,force chains,and fragile matter[J].Physical Review Letters,1998,81(9):1 841.
[2]DIETERICH J H.Time-dependent friction in rocks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1972,77(20):3 690-3 697.
[3]DIETERICH J H.Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1978,116(4-5):790-806.
[4]MARONE C.Laboratory-derived friction laws and their application to seismic faulting[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2003,26(1):643-696.
[5]PARONUZZI P,BOLLA A,RIGO E.Brittle and ductile behavior in deep-seated landslides:learning from the Vajont experience[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2016,49(6):2 389-2 411.
[6]HANDWERGER A L,REMPEL A W,SKARBEK R M,et al.Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and catastrophic failure of landslides[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2016,113(37):10 281-10 286.
[7]HELMSTETTER A,SORNETTE D,GRASSO J R,et al.Slider block friction model for landslides:Application to Vaiont and La Clapiere landslides[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2004,109:B02409-1-B02409-15.
[8]FAILLETTAZ J,SORNETTE D,FUNK M.Gravity‐driven instabilities:Interplay between state‐and velocity‐dependent frictional sliding and stress corrosion damage cracking[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2010,115:B03409-1-B03409-25.
[9]SCHOLZ C,MOLNAR P,JOHNSON T.Detailed studies of frictional sliding of granite and implications for the earthquake mechanism[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1972,77(32):6 392-6 406.
[10]MARONE C,SCHOLZ C H.The depth of seismic faulting and the upper transition from stable to unstable slip regimes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1988,15(6):621-624.
[11]LEEMAN J R,SAFFER D M,SCUDERI M M,et al.Laboratory observations of slow earthquakes and the spectrum of tectonic fault slip modes[J].Nature Communications,2016,(7):11104-1-11104-6.
[12]MAIR K,FRYE K M,MARONE C.Influence of grain characteristics on the friction of granular shear zones[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2002,107(B10):ECV 4-1-ECV 4-9.
[13]SCUDERI M M,CARPENTER B M,MARONE C.Physicochemical processes of frictional healing:effects of water on stick-slip stress drop and friction of granular fault gouge[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2014,119(5):4 090-4 105.
[14]ANTHONY J L,MARONE C.Influence of particle characteristics on granular friction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2005,110:B08409-1-B08409-14.
[15]HE C,LUO L,HAO Q,et al.Velocity-weakening behavior of plagioclase and pyroxene gouges and stabilizing effect of small amounts of quartz under hydrothermal conditions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,2013,118(7):3 408-3 430.
[16]HE C,MA S,HUANG J.Transition between stable sliding and stick-slip due to variation in slip rate under variable normal stress condition[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1998,25(17):3 235-3 238.
[17]吴立新,刘善军,吴育华,等.遥感-岩石力学(II)——断层双剪粘滑的热红外辐射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(2):192-198.(WU Lixin,LIU Shanjun,WU Yuhua et al,Remote sensing-rock mechanics(II)——laws of thermal infrared radiation from viscosity-sliding of bi-sheared faults and its meanings for tectonic earthquake omens[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(2):192-198.(in Chinese))
[18]崔德山,项伟,陈琼,等.颗粒材料黏滑运动特征与颗粒黏结试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(9):1 924-1 935.(CUI Deshan,XIANG Wei,CHEN Qiong,et al,Experimental study on stick-slip behaviour and sintering phenomenon of glass beads[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(9):1 924-1 935.(in Chinese))
[19]宋义敏,马少鹏,杨小彬,等.断层冲击地压失稳瞬态过程的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(4):812-817.(SONGYimin,MA Shaopeng,YANG Xiaobin,et al.Experimental investigation on instability transient process of fault rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(4):812-817.(in Chinese))
[20]MA J,SHERMAN S I,GUO Y S.Identification of meta-instable stress state based on experimental study of evolution of the temperature field during stick-slip instability on a 5 bending fault[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2012,55(6):869-881.
[21]程海旭,吴开统,张流.固体围压下完整花岗岩黏滑现象的实验研究[J].中国地震,1993,9(3):21-32.(CHENG Haixu,WUKaitong,ZHANG Liu.Experimental study on the stick-slip phenomenon of intact granite under solid confining pressure[J].Earthquake Research in China,1993,9(3):21-32.(in Chinese))
[22]杨主恩,张流,石桂梅.黏滑和稳滑实验条件下石英岩的某些显微形貌特征及其地震地质意义[J].地震地质,1986,8(2):22-25.(YANG Zhuen,ZHANG Liu,SHI Guimei.Some sem microtextures of quartzite from stick-slip and steady state slip experiments and their seismogeological significance[J].Seismology and Geology,1986,8(2):22-25.(in Chinese))
[23]DIETERICH J H.Modeling of rock friction:1.Experimental results and constitutive equations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1979,84(B5):2 161-2 168.
[24]DIETERICH J H.Modeling of rock friction:2.Simulation of preseismic slip[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1979,84(B5):2 169-2 175.
[25]RUINA A.Slip instability and state variable friction laws[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1983,88(B12):10 359-10 370.
[26]GU J C,RICE J R,RUINA A L,et al.Slip motion and stability of a single degree of freedom elastic system with rate and state dependent friction[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1984,32(3):167-196.
[27]DIETERICH J H.A model for the nucleation of earthquake slip[J].Earthquake Source Mechanics,1986:37-47.
[28]CATES M E,WITTMER J P,BOUCHAUD J P,et al.Jamming,force chains,and fragile matter[J].Physical Review Letters,1998,81(9):1 841.