陕北黄土高原植被动态变化及其对气候因子的响应
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摘要
为了研究退耕还林还草工程实施后期,陕北黄土高原地区地表植被变化特征及气候因子对植被变化的影响,采用MODIS NDVI数据,通过像元二分法计算植被覆盖度,结合相关气象站点监测数据,利用线性回归分析、相关系数及显著性检验法,分析了陕北黄土高原植被覆盖度时空变化趋势及其对气温、降水因子的响应。结果表明:研究区植被覆盖度空间分布差异显著,由北向南植被覆盖度由低向高过渡明显,2009—2016年植被覆盖等级的空间转移变化主要发生在北部和中部地区,表现出由中低植被覆盖向中等植被覆盖转移、中等植被覆盖向中高植被覆盖转移的态势。2009—2016年研究区植被覆盖度年际变化速率较小,整体呈平缓增加趋势,中部和南部部分地区有减少趋势但变化趋势不显著。研究区内年植被覆盖度与年降水量、年平均气温的相关系数、偏相关系数均较小,相关性不显著。不同区域的植被覆盖度对气候因子的响应结果不同,在空间上正负相关性共存,研究区北部受年降水量影响较大,而中部受年平均气温影响较大。研究区植被覆盖度对气候因子的响应存在滞后性,生长季的植被生长受同月降水量和前一月平均气温的影响较大,且绝大部分地区均表现为正向相关。
For the research of the features of surface vegetation change in Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau and the effect of climate factors on vegetation change during the later stage of the Grain for Green Project( GGP),this paper calculates vegetation coverage by using the MODIS NDVI data and pixel dichotomy method,and comprehensively analyzes the trends of spatio-temporal change for vegetation coverage on the northern Plateau in Shaanxi and its response to temperature and precipitation,based on the meteorology data and related approaches: linear regression analysis,coefficient and significance test. The results indicate that: There is a prominent difference in the spatial distribution of the vegetation coverage in study areas. From North regions to South regions,the vegetation coverage presents an apparent transition from low to high. The spatial shift of vegetation coverage levels between 2009—2016 mainly occurred in the northern and central regions. There is a tendency that the medium-to-low vegetation coverage shifts to medium vegetation coverage,and medium vegetation coverage shifts to medium-to-high vegetation coverage. The annual change rate of vegetation coverage in the study area from 2009 to 2016 was relatively small,displaying an overall trend of gradual increase,while the central and southern parts had a decreasing trend but the trend was insignificant. The correlation coefficient and partial correlation coefficient between the annual vegetation coverage level and annual precipitation and annual average temperature in the study area are small and insignificant. The vegetation coverage of different regions have different responses to climatic factors,and positive and negative correlation coexist in space. The northern part of the study area is greatly influenced by the annual precipitation,while the central part is affected by the average annual temperature. The response of vegetation coverage to climatic factors in the study area was lagging. The growth of vegetation in the growing season was greatly affected by the same month's precipitation and the average temperature in the previous month,and most of the regions presented positive correlation.
For the research of the features of surface vegetation change in Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau and the effect of climate factors on vegetation change during the later stage of the Grain for Green Project( GGP),this paper calculates vegetation coverage by using the MODIS NDVI data and pixel dichotomy method,and comprehensively analyzes the trends of spatio-temporal change for vegetation coverage on the northern Plateau in Shaanxi and its response to temperature and precipitation,based on the meteorology data and related approaches: linear regression analysis,coefficient and significance test. The results indicate that: There is a prominent difference in the spatial distribution of the vegetation coverage in study areas. From North regions to South regions,the vegetation coverage presents an apparent transition from low to high. The spatial shift of vegetation coverage levels between 2009—2016 mainly occurred in the northern and central regions. There is a tendency that the medium-to-low vegetation coverage shifts to medium vegetation coverage,and medium vegetation coverage shifts to medium-to-high vegetation coverage. The annual change rate of vegetation coverage in the study area from 2009 to 2016 was relatively small,displaying an overall trend of gradual increase,while the central and southern parts had a decreasing trend but the trend was insignificant. The correlation coefficient and partial correlation coefficient between the annual vegetation coverage level and annual precipitation and annual average temperature in the study area are small and insignificant. The vegetation coverage of different regions have different responses to climatic factors,and positive and negative correlation coexist in space. The northern part of the study area is greatly influenced by the annual precipitation,while the central part is affected by the average annual temperature. The response of vegetation coverage to climatic factors in the study area was lagging. The growth of vegetation in the growing season was greatly affected by the same month's precipitation and the average temperature in the previous month,and most of the regions presented positive correlation.
引文
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[16]范建忠,李登科,周辉.陕西省退耕还林工程区植被覆盖度的变化分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(4):207-213.FAN Jian-zhong,LI Deng-Ke,ZHOU Hui. Variation of fractional vegetation coverage in returning cropland to woodland project zones in Shaanxi Province[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(4):207-213.
[17]韩可欣,袁航.陕北黄土高原植被覆盖时空动态研究[J].贵阳学院学报,2016,11(4):24-30.HAN Ke-xin,YUAN Hang. Spatial and temporal dynamic of vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi[J]. Journal of Guiyang University,2016,11(4):24-30.
[18]肖强,陶建平,肖洋.黄土高原近10年植被覆盖的动态变化及驱动力[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7594-7602.XIAO Qiang,Tao Jian-ping,XIAO Yang. Dynamic vegetation cover change over the past 10 years on the Loess Plateau,China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(23):7594-7602.
[19]杨延征,赵鹏祥,郝红科,等.基于SPOT-VGT NDVI的陕北植被覆盖时空变化[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(7):1897-1903.YANG Yan-zheng,ZHAO Peng-xiang,HAO Hong-ke,et al. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation in northern Shaanxi of northwest China based on SPOT-VGT NDVI[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(7):1897-1903.
[20]李苗苗,吴炳方,颜长珍,等.密云水库上游植被覆盖度的遥感估算[J].资源科学,2004,26(4):153-159.LI Miao-miao,WU Bing-fang,YAN Chang-zhen,et al.Estimation of vegetation fraction in the upper basin of Miyun reservoir by remote sensing[J]. Resources Science,2004,26(4):153-159.
[21]穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,等. 2001—2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征[J].地理学报,2012,67(9):1255-1268.MU Shao-jie,LI Jian-long,CHEN Yi-zhao,et al. Spatial differences of variations of vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia during 2001—2010[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1255-1268.
[22]张戈丽,徐兴良,周才平,等.近30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2011,66(1):47-58.ZHANG Ge-li,XU Xing-liang,ZHOU Cai-ping,et al.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir grassland in past 30 years[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(1):47-58.
[2] Ochoa P A,Fries A,Mejía D,et al. Effects of climate,land cover and topography on soil erosion risk in a semiarid basin of the Andes[J]. Catena,2016,140:31-42.
[3]甘春英,王兮之,李保生,等.连江流域近18年来植被覆盖度变化分析[J].地理科学,2011,31(8):1019-1024.GAN Chun-ying,WANG Xi-zhi,LI Bao-sheng,et al.Changes of vegetation coverage during recent 18 years in Lianjiang river watershed[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(8):1019-1024.
[4] Liu X,Zhu X,Pan Y,et al. Vegetation dynamics in Qinling-Daba mountains in relation to climate factors between 2000 and 2014[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(1):45-58.
[5] Yang Q,Qin Z,Li W,et al. Temporal and spatial variations of vegetation cover in Hulun buir grassland of inner Mongolia,China[J]. Arid Soil Research&Rehabilitation,2012,26(4):328-343.
[6]张东海,任志远,王晓峰,等.基于MODIS的陕西黄土高原植被覆盖度变化特征及其驱动分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(1):29-35.ZHANG Dong-hai,REN Zhi-yuan,WANG Xiao-feng,et al. MODIS based analysis of dynamic variation of fractional vegetation coverage of the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi and its driving forces[J]. Journal of Ecology&Rural Environment,2013,29(1):29-35.
[7]宋敏敏,张青峰,吴发启,等.基于NDVI的延河流域时空演变分析[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(4):6-11.SONG Min-min,ZHANG Qing-feng,WU Fa-qi,et al.Spatiotemporal variation of NDVI in Yanhe basin[J].Research of Soil&Water Conservation,2017,24(4):6-11.
[8]戚德康,南颖,孙博杨,等. 2000年以来朝鲜植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性研究[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(4):839-849.QI De-kang,NAN Ying,SUN Bo-yang,et al. Changes of vegetation coverage and its relationship with climate factors in North Korea since 2000[J]. Arid Land Geography,2017,40(4):839-849.
[9]何宝忠,丁建丽,张喆,等.新疆植被覆盖度趋势演变实验性分析[J].地理学报,2016,71(11):1948-1966.HE Bao-zhong,DING Jian-li,ZHANG Zhe,et al. Experimental analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics of fractional vegetation cover in Xinjiang[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(11):1948-1966.
[10] Zhou W,Gang C,Chen Y,et al. Grassland coverage inter-annual variation and its coupling relation with hydrothermal factors in China during 1982—2010[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,24(4):593-611.
[11]阿多,赵文吉,宫兆宁,等. 1981—2013华北平原气候时空变化及其对植被覆盖度的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(2):576-592.A Duo,ZHAO Wen-ji,GONG Zhao-ning,et al. Temporal analysis of climate change and its relationship with vegetation cover on the north China plain from 1981 to 2013[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(2):576-592.
[12] Sun W,Song X,Mu X,et al. Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations associated with climate change and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau[J]. Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2015,209-210(1):87-99.
[13]易浪,任志远,张翀,等.黄土高原植被覆盖变化与气候和人类活动的关系[J].资源科学,2014,36(1):166-174.YI Lang,REN Zhi-yuan,ZHANG Chong,et al. Vegetation cover,climate and human activities on the Loess Plateau[J]. Resources Science,2014,36(1):166-174.
[14] Xie B,Jia X,Qin Z,et al. Vegetation dynamics and climate change on the Loess Plateau,China:1982—2011[J]. Regional Environmental Change,2016,16(6):1-12.
[15]刘宪锋,杨勇,任志远,等. 2000—2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度时空变化[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1244-1249.LIU Xian-feng,YANG Yong,REN Zhi-yuan,et al.Changes of vegetation coverage in the Loess Plateau in2000—2009[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):1244-1249.
[16]范建忠,李登科,周辉.陕西省退耕还林工程区植被覆盖度的变化分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(4):207-213.FAN Jian-zhong,LI Deng-Ke,ZHOU Hui. Variation of fractional vegetation coverage in returning cropland to woodland project zones in Shaanxi Province[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(4):207-213.
[17]韩可欣,袁航.陕北黄土高原植被覆盖时空动态研究[J].贵阳学院学报,2016,11(4):24-30.HAN Ke-xin,YUAN Hang. Spatial and temporal dynamic of vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi[J]. Journal of Guiyang University,2016,11(4):24-30.
[18]肖强,陶建平,肖洋.黄土高原近10年植被覆盖的动态变化及驱动力[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7594-7602.XIAO Qiang,Tao Jian-ping,XIAO Yang. Dynamic vegetation cover change over the past 10 years on the Loess Plateau,China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(23):7594-7602.
[19]杨延征,赵鹏祥,郝红科,等.基于SPOT-VGT NDVI的陕北植被覆盖时空变化[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(7):1897-1903.YANG Yan-zheng,ZHAO Peng-xiang,HAO Hong-ke,et al. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation in northern Shaanxi of northwest China based on SPOT-VGT NDVI[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(7):1897-1903.
[20]李苗苗,吴炳方,颜长珍,等.密云水库上游植被覆盖度的遥感估算[J].资源科学,2004,26(4):153-159.LI Miao-miao,WU Bing-fang,YAN Chang-zhen,et al.Estimation of vegetation fraction in the upper basin of Miyun reservoir by remote sensing[J]. Resources Science,2004,26(4):153-159.
[21]穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,等. 2001—2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征[J].地理学报,2012,67(9):1255-1268.MU Shao-jie,LI Jian-long,CHEN Yi-zhao,et al. Spatial differences of variations of vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia during 2001—2010[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1255-1268.
[22]张戈丽,徐兴良,周才平,等.近30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2011,66(1):47-58.ZHANG Ge-li,XU Xing-liang,ZHOU Cai-ping,et al.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir grassland in past 30 years[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(1):47-58.