契约柔性的核心议题与研究趋势探析
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摘要
契约柔性作为有效应对不确定性、提高合作效率的手段,其内在价值与重要地位越发受到企业管理者的认可与重视,尤其是在交易合作过程中所发挥的积极作用引发了契约理论领域学者的日益关注。基于科学计量与传统文献综述方法,本研究通过对1 567篇相关英文文献进行可视化分析,深入研究关键词共现频次较高的文献,分析了契约柔性的沿革脉络,并系统归纳了三个现有核心议题,即契约存在柔性的内在原因、契约柔性的构成与影响因素、契约柔性的构建。并以此为基础构建了契约柔性研究的整合框架,进而提出未来契约柔性的研究应当深化柔性状态与测量、影响要素、适用情境等方面的探讨。
This paper uses the method of scientometrics and the traditional literature review to search, select and conclude 1 567 English articles, and makes a visual analysis. Through this way, the paper makes an in-depth study about the articles which have the high frequency keywords cooccurrence, analyzes the evolution of flexible contract, and then reveals the distribution, frontier hot spot and development trend of the flexible contract theory. Three existing core issues are summarized systematically, which include the intrinsic reasons for the existence of flexible contract, the structure of contractual flexibility and influencing factors, and the construction of contractual flexibility. And through the analysis of the driving factors of flexible contract, this paper profoundly expounds the connotation of contractual flexiblility, and emphasizes the negative impact of excessive flexiblility based on its value for rigid contract and practice. On this basis, the paper elaborates the process contract of formal contract/contract flexibility under the narrow perspective and the contracting process under the broad perspective. Meanwhile, the influencing factors of contractual flexibility are analyzed from three aspects: transaction subject, transaction relation, and internal and external environment. From the risksharing perspective and incentive perspective, this paper analyzes the outcomes of contractual flexibility,and then makes a scientific analysis of the structural and influencial factors of contractual flexibility.Through the above analysis about the contract flexible theory, we discuss the core issue—the building of flexible contract, and point out three aspects of this research field: staff employment contract in the field of human resource management, procurement/supply contract in the field of supply chain management,and project contract in the field of engineering management. The purpose of flexible contract for employment contract is to realize the flexible design of employment contract, which could motivate employees and stabilize staff members. And the supply/procurement contractual flexibility take pricing flexibility and purchase contract quantity flexibility as the core, and explore the design problem of the contract through quantitative models, such as option pricing, quantity model and experimental way. For the flexibility of project contract, it focuses on the software outsourcing project and construction project field, and discusses the construction approach of project contract flexibility. Finally, based on the analysis of existing research shortages, the paper sums up the research results, and puts forward future research directions of flexible contract, such as further and in-depth development of the connotation, soft state and measurement of flexible contract; further study about the application situation, especially the trust culture situation; and the comprehensive and systematical analysis of influencing factors. It also needs to change the research perspective for the exploration of contractual flexibility functions, and turn the attention to the post-event efficiency from the front-end value of flexible contract in the cooperative project. Future research trends indicate that it is of great theoretical and practical significance to further deepen and expand the research of contract flexibility.
This paper uses the method of scientometrics and the traditional literature review to search, select and conclude 1 567 English articles, and makes a visual analysis. Through this way, the paper makes an in-depth study about the articles which have the high frequency keywords cooccurrence, analyzes the evolution of flexible contract, and then reveals the distribution, frontier hot spot and development trend of the flexible contract theory. Three existing core issues are summarized systematically, which include the intrinsic reasons for the existence of flexible contract, the structure of contractual flexibility and influencing factors, and the construction of contractual flexibility. And through the analysis of the driving factors of flexible contract, this paper profoundly expounds the connotation of contractual flexiblility, and emphasizes the negative impact of excessive flexiblility based on its value for rigid contract and practice. On this basis, the paper elaborates the process contract of formal contract/contract flexibility under the narrow perspective and the contracting process under the broad perspective. Meanwhile, the influencing factors of contractual flexibility are analyzed from three aspects: transaction subject, transaction relation, and internal and external environment. From the risksharing perspective and incentive perspective, this paper analyzes the outcomes of contractual flexibility,and then makes a scientific analysis of the structural and influencial factors of contractual flexibility.Through the above analysis about the contract flexible theory, we discuss the core issue—the building of flexible contract, and point out three aspects of this research field: staff employment contract in the field of human resource management, procurement/supply contract in the field of supply chain management,and project contract in the field of engineering management. The purpose of flexible contract for employment contract is to realize the flexible design of employment contract, which could motivate employees and stabilize staff members. And the supply/procurement contractual flexibility take pricing flexibility and purchase contract quantity flexibility as the core, and explore the design problem of the contract through quantitative models, such as option pricing, quantity model and experimental way. For the flexibility of project contract, it focuses on the software outsourcing project and construction project field, and discusses the construction approach of project contract flexibility. Finally, based on the analysis of existing research shortages, the paper sums up the research results, and puts forward future research directions of flexible contract, such as further and in-depth development of the connotation, soft state and measurement of flexible contract; further study about the application situation, especially the trust culture situation; and the comprehensive and systematical analysis of influencing factors. It also needs to change the research perspective for the exploration of contractual flexibility functions, and turn the attention to the post-event efficiency from the front-end value of flexible contract in the cooperative project. Future research trends indicate that it is of great theoretical and practical significance to further deepen and expand the research of contract flexibility.
引文
[1]陈悦,陈超美,胡志刚,等.引文空间分析原理与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[2]柯洪,刘秀娜,杜亚灵.信任对工程合同柔性影响的实证研究[J].软科学,2015,(6):139-144.
[3]李维安,齐鲁骏.公司治理中的社会网络研究--基于科学计量学的中外文献比较[J].外国经济与管理,2017,(1):68-83.
[4]倪得兵,唐小我.决策柔性的一般定义、模型与价值[J].管理科学学报,2009,(1):18-27.
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[6]Cai W B,Abdel-Malek L,Hoseini B,et al.Impact of flexible contracts on the performance of both retailer and supplier[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,170:429-444.
[7]Chung W M,Talluri S,Narasimhan R.Quantity flexibility contract in the presence of discount incentive[J].Decision Sciences,2014,45(1):49-79.
[8]Corts K S.The interaction of implicit and explicit contracts in construction and procurement contracting[J].The Journal of Law,Economics,and Organization,2012,28(3):550-568.
[9]Cruz C O,Marques R C.Flexible contracts to cope with uncertainty in public-private partnerships[J].International Journal of Project Management,2013,31(3):473-483.
[10]Domingues S,Zlatkovic D.Renegotiating PPP contracts:Reinforcing the“P”in partnership[J].Transport Reviews,2015,35(2):204-225.
[11]Ghadge A,Dani S,Ojha R,et al.Using risk sharing contracts for supply chain risk mitigation:A buyer-supplier power and dependence perspective[J].Computers&Industrial Engineering,2017,103:262-270.
[12]Go?i-Legaz S,Ollo-López A.Temporary contracts,participation in decision making and job satisfaction in european workers:Is there a buffering effect?[J].International Journal of Manpower,2017,38(6):875-892.
[13]Gopal A,Koka B R.The asymmetric benefits of relational flexibility:Evidence from software development outsourcing[J].MIS Quarterly,2012,36(2):553-576.
[14]Gottardi P,Tallon J M,Ghirardato P.Flexible contracts[J].Games and Economic Behavior,2017,103:145-167.
[15]Khan A W,Khan S U.Critical success factors for offshore software outsourcing contract management from vendors’perspective:An exploratory study using a systematic literature review[J].IET Software,2013,7(6):327-338.
[16]Kitamura H,Miyaoka A,Sato M.Relationship-specific investment as a barrier to entry[J].Journal of Economics,2016,119(1):17-45.
[17]Kujala J,Haarala S N,Nuottila J,et al.Flexible contracting in project business[J].International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,2015,8(1):92-106.
[18]Nunez I,Livanos I.Temps“by choice”?An investigation of the reasons behind temporary employment among young workers in europe[J].Journal of Labor Research,2015,36(1):44-66.
[19]Schepker D J,Oh W Y,Martynov A,et al.The many futures of contracts:Moving beyond structure and safeguarding to coordination and adaptation[J].Journal of Management,2014,40(1):123-225.
[20]Zhang Z M,Xu X Q.Principal agent model based design and outsourcing of information value[J].Cluster Computing,2017,20(1):67-79.
[2]柯洪,刘秀娜,杜亚灵.信任对工程合同柔性影响的实证研究[J].软科学,2015,(6):139-144.
[3]李维安,齐鲁骏.公司治理中的社会网络研究--基于科学计量学的中外文献比较[J].外国经济与管理,2017,(1):68-83.
[4]倪得兵,唐小我.决策柔性的一般定义、模型与价值[J].管理科学学报,2009,(1):18-27.
[5]Aguirregabiria V,Alonso-Borrego C.Labor contracts and flexibility:Evidence from a labor market reform in spain[J].Economic Inquiry,2014,52(2):930-957.
[6]Cai W B,Abdel-Malek L,Hoseini B,et al.Impact of flexible contracts on the performance of both retailer and supplier[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,170:429-444.
[7]Chung W M,Talluri S,Narasimhan R.Quantity flexibility contract in the presence of discount incentive[J].Decision Sciences,2014,45(1):49-79.
[8]Corts K S.The interaction of implicit and explicit contracts in construction and procurement contracting[J].The Journal of Law,Economics,and Organization,2012,28(3):550-568.
[9]Cruz C O,Marques R C.Flexible contracts to cope with uncertainty in public-private partnerships[J].International Journal of Project Management,2013,31(3):473-483.
[10]Domingues S,Zlatkovic D.Renegotiating PPP contracts:Reinforcing the“P”in partnership[J].Transport Reviews,2015,35(2):204-225.
[11]Ghadge A,Dani S,Ojha R,et al.Using risk sharing contracts for supply chain risk mitigation:A buyer-supplier power and dependence perspective[J].Computers&Industrial Engineering,2017,103:262-270.
[12]Go?i-Legaz S,Ollo-López A.Temporary contracts,participation in decision making and job satisfaction in european workers:Is there a buffering effect?[J].International Journal of Manpower,2017,38(6):875-892.
[13]Gopal A,Koka B R.The asymmetric benefits of relational flexibility:Evidence from software development outsourcing[J].MIS Quarterly,2012,36(2):553-576.
[14]Gottardi P,Tallon J M,Ghirardato P.Flexible contracts[J].Games and Economic Behavior,2017,103:145-167.
[15]Khan A W,Khan S U.Critical success factors for offshore software outsourcing contract management from vendors’perspective:An exploratory study using a systematic literature review[J].IET Software,2013,7(6):327-338.
[16]Kitamura H,Miyaoka A,Sato M.Relationship-specific investment as a barrier to entry[J].Journal of Economics,2016,119(1):17-45.
[17]Kujala J,Haarala S N,Nuottila J,et al.Flexible contracting in project business[J].International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,2015,8(1):92-106.
[18]Nunez I,Livanos I.Temps“by choice”?An investigation of the reasons behind temporary employment among young workers in europe[J].Journal of Labor Research,2015,36(1):44-66.
[19]Schepker D J,Oh W Y,Martynov A,et al.The many futures of contracts:Moving beyond structure and safeguarding to coordination and adaptation[J].Journal of Management,2014,40(1):123-225.
[20]Zhang Z M,Xu X Q.Principal agent model based design and outsourcing of information value[J].Cluster Computing,2017,20(1):67-79.