改性粘土对硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)生长的影响
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摘要
本文以硬壳蛤(Mercenariamercenaria)为研究对象,开展了两种类型改性粘土(聚合氯化铝改性粘土MCⅠ,硫酸铝改性粘土MCⅡ)对其急性、亚急性毒性实验。96h急性毒性实验结果显示,MCⅠ和MCⅡ对小规格硬壳蛤[壳长(1.98±0.05)mm,壳高(1.75±0.04)mm]的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为4.91和1.85g/L,对大规格硬壳蛤[壳长(5.70±0.15)mm,壳高(5.09±0.13)mm]的LC_(50)分别为5.77和3.40g/L。亚急性毒性实验结果表明:浓度低于1.0g/L的MCⅠ和MCⅡ未对两种规格硬壳蛤的存活产生影响;硬壳蛤滤水率随改性粘土用量增加而降低,其中0.1g/L的MCⅠ和MCⅡ对两种规格硬壳蛤滤水率无影响, 0.5g/L的MCⅡ对两种规格硬壳蛤滤水率均有显著影响(P<0.05),而MCⅠ仅对小规格硬壳蛤滤水率有影响;当改性粘土浓度升高至1.0g/L,两种规格硬壳蛤的滤水率均显著低于对照(P<0.05)。生长率的结果显示,仅1.0g/L的MCⅠ和MCⅡ显著影响小规格硬壳蛤生长。多年的应用结果表明,现场能有效消除有害赤潮藻华的改性粘土用量为4—10t/km~2,低于本实验中对硬壳蛤产生影响的改性粘土浓度。另外,我国近海实际养殖过程中投放的硬壳蛤通常为1cm左右,大于本研究中的硬壳蛤规格。据此可以推断,改性粘土在现场治理藻华的同时不会对其存活和生长产生不良影响。本研究结果将为改性粘土在近海养殖水域的应用提供科学依据。
The poly aluminum chloride and aluminium sulfate modified clays(termed MCⅠand MCⅡ, respectively)were used to estimate the acute and subacute toxicity on two-sized Mercenaria mercenaria. The results of 96 h acute toxicity show that the half lethal concentration(LC_(50)) of MCⅠand MCⅡfor the small-sized hard clam [shell length(1.98±0.05)mm, shell height(1.75±0.04)mm] were 4.91 and 1.85 g/L, respectively. And for the large-sized hard clam [shell length(5.70±0.15)mm, shell height(5.09±0.13)mm], the LC_(50) of MCⅠand MCⅡ were 5.77 and 3.40 g/L, respectively.The results of subacute toxicity test show that MCⅠ and MCⅡ had no effects on the survival of hard clams at concentrations below 1.0 g/L. The clearance rates of the hard clams decreased with the increasing of the modified clay.Both MCⅠand MCⅡcaused negligible effects on the clearance rates at 0.1 g/L. However, the clearance rates of small-and large-sized hard clams decreased significantly under MCⅡconcentration of 0.5 g/L, whereas MCⅠonly affected the clearance rates of small-sized hard clams at 0.5 g/L(P<0.05). When the MC concentration increased to 1.0 g/L, the clearance rates of both small-and large-sized hard clams decreased significantly(P<0.05). The results of growth rates show that 0.1 and 0.5 g/L of MCⅠand MCⅡhad no effects on hard clams, only 1.0 g/L of MCⅠand MCⅡaffected small-sized hard clams. In fact, the amount of modified clay that is effective to mitigate the harmful algal blooms in fields is usually 4—10 t/km~2, which is much lower than the safety concentrations in this study. Furthermore, the sizes of hard clams in coastal farming of China is about 1 cm, which is much larger than the sizes of hard clams used in this study.Therefore, it can be concluded that the modified clay used in field will not cause adverse effects on the survival or growth of M. mercenaria. This study may provide a scientific basis for the application of modified clay.
The poly aluminum chloride and aluminium sulfate modified clays(termed MCⅠand MCⅡ, respectively)were used to estimate the acute and subacute toxicity on two-sized Mercenaria mercenaria. The results of 96 h acute toxicity show that the half lethal concentration(LC_(50)) of MCⅠand MCⅡfor the small-sized hard clam [shell length(1.98±0.05)mm, shell height(1.75±0.04)mm] were 4.91 and 1.85 g/L, respectively. And for the large-sized hard clam [shell length(5.70±0.15)mm, shell height(5.09±0.13)mm], the LC_(50) of MCⅠand MCⅡ were 5.77 and 3.40 g/L, respectively.The results of subacute toxicity test show that MCⅠ and MCⅡ had no effects on the survival of hard clams at concentrations below 1.0 g/L. The clearance rates of the hard clams decreased with the increasing of the modified clay.Both MCⅠand MCⅡcaused negligible effects on the clearance rates at 0.1 g/L. However, the clearance rates of small-and large-sized hard clams decreased significantly under MCⅡconcentration of 0.5 g/L, whereas MCⅠonly affected the clearance rates of small-sized hard clams at 0.5 g/L(P<0.05). When the MC concentration increased to 1.0 g/L, the clearance rates of both small-and large-sized hard clams decreased significantly(P<0.05). The results of growth rates show that 0.1 and 0.5 g/L of MCⅠand MCⅡhad no effects on hard clams, only 1.0 g/L of MCⅠand MCⅡaffected small-sized hard clams. In fact, the amount of modified clay that is effective to mitigate the harmful algal blooms in fields is usually 4—10 t/km~2, which is much lower than the safety concentrations in this study. Furthermore, the sizes of hard clams in coastal farming of China is about 1 cm, which is much larger than the sizes of hard clams used in this study.Therefore, it can be concluded that the modified clay used in field will not cause adverse effects on the survival or growth of M. mercenaria. This study may provide a scientific basis for the application of modified clay.
引文
于仁成,刘东艳,2016.我国近海藻华灾害现状、演变趋势与应对策略.中国科学院院刊,31(10):1167-1174
王志富,俞志明,宋秀贤等,2014a.有害藻华治理过程中改性粘土对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)稚参的影响.海洋与湖沼,45(2):233-238
王志富,俞志明,宋秀贤等,2014b.改性粘土治理有害藻华方法对虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)稚贝的影响.海洋环境科学,33(6):817-821,836
中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB 17378.7-2007海洋监测规范第7部分:近海污染生态调查和生物监测.北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
左骁,曹善茂,刘鹏亮,2009.饵料种类、盐度、pH和规格对曼氏皮海鞘摄食率的影响.大连水产学院学报,24(S1):113-117
刘扬,俞志明,曹西华等,2014.悬浮液中硫酸根对改性粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响.海洋与湖沼,45(4):734-740
刘建魁,刘立志,赵文等,2014.非离子氨和氨氮对不同规格史氏鲟幼鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价.大连海洋大学学报,29(2):175-178
邱丽霞,俞志明,曹西华等,2017.改性粘土对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除作用.海洋与湖沼,48(5):982-989
张涛,杨红生,刘保忠等,2003.环境因子对硬壳蛤Mercenaria mercenaria稚贝成活率和生长率的影响.海洋与湖沼,34(2):142-149
陈坚,胡一箫,许丰瑞等,2010.氨氮和硫化物对文蛤幼体及成体的急性毒性试验.现代农业科技,(3):324-325,331
俞志明,邹景忠,马锡年,1994.一种提高粘土矿物去除赤潮生物能力的新方法.海洋与湖沼,25(2):226-232
徐镜波,2000.环境毒理学.长春:东北师范大学出版社,138-139
高咏卉,俞志明,宋秀贤等,2007.改性粘土絮凝法对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)稚贝的影响.海洋通报,26(3):53-60
曹西华,宋秀贤,俞志明,2004.改性粘土去除赤潮生物及其对养殖生物的影响.环境科学,25(5):148-152
曾艳艺,赖子尼,杨婉玲等,2014.铜和镉对珠江天然仔鱼和幼鱼的毒性效应及其潜在生态风险.生态毒理学报,9(1):49-55
Anderson D M,1997.Turning back the harmful red tide.Nature,388(6642):513-514
Anderson D M,Cembella A D,Hallegraeff G M,2012.Progress in understanding harmful algal blooms:Paradigm shifts and new technologies for research,monitoring,and management.Annual Review of Marine Science,4:143-176
Archambault M C,Bricelj V M,Grant J et al,2004.Effects of suspended and sedimented clays on juvenile hard clams,Mercenaria mercenaria,within the context of harmful algal bloom mitigation.Marine Biology,144(3):553-565
Bamber R N,1990.The effects of acidic seawater on three species of lamellibranch mollusc.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,143(3):181-191
Bricelj V M,Malouf R E,De Quillfeldt C,1984.Growth of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria and the effect of resuspended bottom sediments.Marine Biology,84(2):167-173
Coughlan J,1969.The estimation of filtering rate from the clearance of suspensions.Marine Biology,2(4):356-358
Hedtke J L,Robinson-Wilson E,Weber L J,1982.Influence of body size and developmental stage of coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch)on lethality of several toxicants.Fundamental and Applied Toxicology,2(2):67-72
Lee Y C,Jin E S,Jung S W et al,2013.Utilizing the algicidal activity of aminoclay as a practical treatment for toxic red tides.Scientific Reports,3:1292
Leverone J R,1995.Growth and survival of caged adult bay scallops(Argopecten irradians concentricus)in Tampa Bay with respect to levels of turbidity,suspended solids and chlorophyll A.Florida Science,58:216-227
Lewis M A,Darrin D D,Walker C C et al,2003.Toxicity of clay flocculation of the toxic dinoflagellate,Karenia brevis,to estuarine invertebrates and fish.Harmful Algae,2(4):235-246
Maruyama T Y,Yamada R,Usui K et al,1987.Removal of marine red tide planktons with acid treated clay.Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,53(10):1811-1819
Maurer D,Keck R T,Tinsman J C et al,1981.Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material-part I:Mollusca.Marine Environmental Research,4(4):299-319
Na G H,Choi W J,Chu Y Y,1996.A study on red tide control with Loess suspension.Korean Journal of Aquaculture,9:239-245
Rosa M,Ward J E,Shumway S E et al,2013.Effects of particle surface properties on feeding selectivity in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica and the blue mussel Mytilus edulis.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,446:320-327
Sengco M R,Li A S,Tugend K et al,2001.Removal of red-and brown-tide cells using clay flocculation.I.Laboratory culture experiments with Gymnodinium breve and Aureococcus anophagefferens.Marine Ecology Progress Series,210:41-53
Sengco M R,Anderson D M,2004.Controlling harmful algal blooms through clay flocculation.The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology,51(2):169-172
Shumway S E,Frank D M,Ewart L M et al,2003.Effect of yellow loess on clearance rate in seven species of benthic,filter-feeding invertebrates.Aquaculture Research,34(15):1391-1402
Stevens A M,Gobler C J,2018.Interactive effects of acidification,hypoxia,and thermal stress on growth,respiration,and survival of four North Atlantic bivalves.Marine Ecology Progress Series,604:143-161
Waldbusser G G,Bergschneider H,Green M A,2010.Size-dependent pH effect on calcification in post-larval hard clam Mercenaria spp.Marine Ecology Progress Series,417:171-182
Yu Z M,Song X X,Cao X H et al,2017.Mitigation of harmful algal blooms using modified clays:Theory,mechanisms,and applications.Harmful Algae,69:48-64
Yu Z M,Zou J Z,Ma X N,1994.Application of clays to removal of red tide organismsⅡ.Coagulation of different species of red tide organisms with montmorillonite and effect of clay pretreatment.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,12(4):316-324
王志富,俞志明,宋秀贤等,2014a.有害藻华治理过程中改性粘土对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)稚参的影响.海洋与湖沼,45(2):233-238
王志富,俞志明,宋秀贤等,2014b.改性粘土治理有害藻华方法对虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)稚贝的影响.海洋环境科学,33(6):817-821,836
中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB 17378.7-2007海洋监测规范第7部分:近海污染生态调查和生物监测.北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
左骁,曹善茂,刘鹏亮,2009.饵料种类、盐度、pH和规格对曼氏皮海鞘摄食率的影响.大连水产学院学报,24(S1):113-117
刘扬,俞志明,曹西华等,2014.悬浮液中硫酸根对改性粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响.海洋与湖沼,45(4):734-740
刘建魁,刘立志,赵文等,2014.非离子氨和氨氮对不同规格史氏鲟幼鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价.大连海洋大学学报,29(2):175-178
邱丽霞,俞志明,曹西华等,2017.改性粘土对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除作用.海洋与湖沼,48(5):982-989
张涛,杨红生,刘保忠等,2003.环境因子对硬壳蛤Mercenaria mercenaria稚贝成活率和生长率的影响.海洋与湖沼,34(2):142-149
陈坚,胡一箫,许丰瑞等,2010.氨氮和硫化物对文蛤幼体及成体的急性毒性试验.现代农业科技,(3):324-325,331
俞志明,邹景忠,马锡年,1994.一种提高粘土矿物去除赤潮生物能力的新方法.海洋与湖沼,25(2):226-232
徐镜波,2000.环境毒理学.长春:东北师范大学出版社,138-139
高咏卉,俞志明,宋秀贤等,2007.改性粘土絮凝法对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)稚贝的影响.海洋通报,26(3):53-60
曹西华,宋秀贤,俞志明,2004.改性粘土去除赤潮生物及其对养殖生物的影响.环境科学,25(5):148-152
曾艳艺,赖子尼,杨婉玲等,2014.铜和镉对珠江天然仔鱼和幼鱼的毒性效应及其潜在生态风险.生态毒理学报,9(1):49-55
Anderson D M,1997.Turning back the harmful red tide.Nature,388(6642):513-514
Anderson D M,Cembella A D,Hallegraeff G M,2012.Progress in understanding harmful algal blooms:Paradigm shifts and new technologies for research,monitoring,and management.Annual Review of Marine Science,4:143-176
Archambault M C,Bricelj V M,Grant J et al,2004.Effects of suspended and sedimented clays on juvenile hard clams,Mercenaria mercenaria,within the context of harmful algal bloom mitigation.Marine Biology,144(3):553-565
Bamber R N,1990.The effects of acidic seawater on three species of lamellibranch mollusc.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,143(3):181-191
Bricelj V M,Malouf R E,De Quillfeldt C,1984.Growth of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria and the effect of resuspended bottom sediments.Marine Biology,84(2):167-173
Coughlan J,1969.The estimation of filtering rate from the clearance of suspensions.Marine Biology,2(4):356-358
Hedtke J L,Robinson-Wilson E,Weber L J,1982.Influence of body size and developmental stage of coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch)on lethality of several toxicants.Fundamental and Applied Toxicology,2(2):67-72
Lee Y C,Jin E S,Jung S W et al,2013.Utilizing the algicidal activity of aminoclay as a practical treatment for toxic red tides.Scientific Reports,3:1292
Leverone J R,1995.Growth and survival of caged adult bay scallops(Argopecten irradians concentricus)in Tampa Bay with respect to levels of turbidity,suspended solids and chlorophyll A.Florida Science,58:216-227
Lewis M A,Darrin D D,Walker C C et al,2003.Toxicity of clay flocculation of the toxic dinoflagellate,Karenia brevis,to estuarine invertebrates and fish.Harmful Algae,2(4):235-246
Maruyama T Y,Yamada R,Usui K et al,1987.Removal of marine red tide planktons with acid treated clay.Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,53(10):1811-1819
Maurer D,Keck R T,Tinsman J C et al,1981.Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material-part I:Mollusca.Marine Environmental Research,4(4):299-319
Na G H,Choi W J,Chu Y Y,1996.A study on red tide control with Loess suspension.Korean Journal of Aquaculture,9:239-245
Rosa M,Ward J E,Shumway S E et al,2013.Effects of particle surface properties on feeding selectivity in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica and the blue mussel Mytilus edulis.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,446:320-327
Sengco M R,Li A S,Tugend K et al,2001.Removal of red-and brown-tide cells using clay flocculation.I.Laboratory culture experiments with Gymnodinium breve and Aureococcus anophagefferens.Marine Ecology Progress Series,210:41-53
Sengco M R,Anderson D M,2004.Controlling harmful algal blooms through clay flocculation.The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology,51(2):169-172
Shumway S E,Frank D M,Ewart L M et al,2003.Effect of yellow loess on clearance rate in seven species of benthic,filter-feeding invertebrates.Aquaculture Research,34(15):1391-1402
Stevens A M,Gobler C J,2018.Interactive effects of acidification,hypoxia,and thermal stress on growth,respiration,and survival of four North Atlantic bivalves.Marine Ecology Progress Series,604:143-161
Waldbusser G G,Bergschneider H,Green M A,2010.Size-dependent pH effect on calcification in post-larval hard clam Mercenaria spp.Marine Ecology Progress Series,417:171-182
Yu Z M,Song X X,Cao X H et al,2017.Mitigation of harmful algal blooms using modified clays:Theory,mechanisms,and applications.Harmful Algae,69:48-64
Yu Z M,Zou J Z,Ma X N,1994.Application of clays to removal of red tide organismsⅡ.Coagulation of different species of red tide organisms with montmorillonite and effect of clay pretreatment.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,12(4):316-324