中国北方地区旧石器时代末次盛冰期人类对植物性食物的利用
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摘要
为了探索末次盛冰期人类对环境的适应,本文对出土于黄河中游柿子滩遗址第十四地点(距今约23,000年-19,500年)的三件研磨器作了使用痕迹和残留物的分析。在末次盛冰期,资源普遍匮乏,植物性食物在人类的日常食谱中可能变得越来越重要。研究结果表明,这三件工具是用来加工包括小麦族(Triticeae)和黍族(Paniceae)植物、豇豆属(Vigna sp.)、薯蓣山药(Dioscorea opposita)以及栝楼根(Trichosanthes kirilowii)在内的多种植物。块茎类植物是旧石器时代狩猎采集者的重要食物资源,黍族植物在被驯化前就已经被开发利用了约12,000年。对一些特定植物群的长期强化利用的传统使旧石器时代的人类更好地掌握了这些植物的性能以及药用价值,也最终让这些植物被人类所驯化。本研究使我们更清楚地了解了在农业起源之前,中国北方地区晚更新世人类的广谱生计策略的悠久历史。
引文
(1)Flannery KV(1969)Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East.The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals,eds Ucko PJ,Dimbleby GW(Duckworth,London),pp 73-100.
(2)Weiss E,Wetterstrom W,Nadel D,Bar-Yosef O(2004)The broad spectrum revisited:Evidence from plant remains.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(26):9551-9555.
(3)Piperno DR,Weiss E,Holst I,Nadel D(2004)Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis.Nature 430(7000):670-673.
(4)Revedin A,et al.(2010)Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(44):18815-18819.
(5)Fullagar R,Field J(1997)Pleistocene seed grinding implements from the Pleistocene Australian arid zone.Antiquity71(272):300-307.
(6)Zhang J-F,et al.(2011)The Paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the middle Yellow River,China:Chronology,paleoenviornment and implications.J Archaeol Sci38(7):1537-1550.
(7)山西省临汾行署文化局:《山西吉县柿子滩中石器文化遗址》,《考古学报》1989年第3期。
(8)柿子滩考古队:《山西吉县柿子滩旧石器时代遗址S14地点》,《考古》2002年第4期。
(9)柿子滩考古队:《柿子滩遗址第十四地点2002-2005年发掘简报》,《考古》2013年第2期。
(10)Liu L,et al.(2011)Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China:Evidence from grinding stones.J Archaeol Sci 38(12):3524-3532.
(11)石金鸣:《山西重要考古发现:吉县柿子滩旧石器时代遗址》,《中国文物报》2011年1月7日。
(12)宋艳花:《山西吉县柿子滩遗址石英岩石制品研究》,中国科学院博士学位论文,2011年。
(13)Xia Z,Chen G,Zheng G,Chen F,Han J(2002)Climate background of the evolution from Paleolithic to Neolithic cultural transition during the last deglaciation in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Chin Sci Bull 47(1):71-75.
(14)Liu L,et al.(2010)What did grinding stones grind?New light on Early Neolithic subsistence economy in the Middle Yellow River Valley,China.Antiquity 84(325):816-833.
(15)Liu L,et al.(2010)A functional analysis of grinding stones from Donghulin,north China.J Archaeol Sci 37(10):2630-2639.
(16)Dubreuil L(2004)Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence:A use-wear analysis of ground stone tools.JArchaeol Sci 31(11):1613-1629.
(17)Fullagar R(2006)Residues and usewear.Archaeology in Practice:A Student Guide to Archaeological Analyses,eds Balme J,Paterson A(Blackwell,Malden,MA),pp 207-234.
(18)Fullagar R(1991)The role of silica in polish formation.J Archaeol Sci 18(1):1-25.
(19)Field J,Fullagar R(1998)Grinding and pounding stones from Cuddie Springs and Jinmium.A Close Look:Recent Australian Studies of Stone Tools,Archaeological Methods Series6,ed Fullagar R(Univ of Sydney,Sydney).
(20)Fullagar R,et al.Stone tool-use experiments to determine the function of grinding stones and denticulate sickles.Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association,in press.
(21)Fullagar R(2006)Starch on artifacts.Ancient Starch Research,eds Torrence R,Barton H(Left Coast Press,Walnut Creek,CA),pp 177-203.
(22)Loy T,Fullagar R(2006)Residue extraction.Ancient Starch Research,eds Torrence R,Barton H(Left Coast Press,Walnut Creek,CA),pp 197-198.
(23)Babot Md P(2003)Starch grain damage as an indicator of food processing.Phytolith and Starch Research in the Australian-Pacific-Asian Regions:The State of the Art,Terra Australis,eds Hart DM,Wallis LA(Australian National Univ,Canberra,Australia),Vol 19,pp 69-81.
(24)Haslam M(2004)The decomposition of starch grains in soils:Implications for archaeological residue analyses.J Archaeol Sci 31(12):1715-1734.
(25)Barton H,Matthews PJ(2006)Taphonomy.Ancient Starch Research,eds Torrence R,Barton H(Left Coast Press,Walnut Creek,CA),pp 75-94.
(26)Piperno DR,Ranere AJ,Holst I,Iriarte J,Dickau R(2009)Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P.maize from the Central Balsas River Valley,Mexico.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(13):5019-5024.
(27)刘天慰、岳建英主编:《山西植物志(第五卷)》,中国科学技术出版社,2004年。
(28)Yang X,et al.(2012)From the modern to the archaeological:Starch grains from millets and their wild relatives in China.J Archaeol Sci 39(2):247-254.
(29)葛威、刘莉、金正耀:《禾本科植物淀粉粒形态比较及其考古学意义》,《第四纪研究》2010年第2期。
(30)Yang X,et al.(2012)Early millet use in northern China.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(10):3726-3730.
(31)Babot Md P(2006)Damage on starch from processing Andean food plants.Ancient Starch Research,eds Torrence R,Barton H(Left Coast Press,Walnut Creek,CA),pp 66-70.
(32)Yang X,et al.(2009)Starch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone tools at Shangzhai site,Beijing.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences 52(8):1164-1171.
(33)Crawford GW,et al.(2005)Late Neolithic plant remains from northern China:Preliminary results from Liangchengzhen,Shandong.Curr Anthropol 46(2):309-317.
(34)关莹:《水洞沟旧石器时代晚期遗址古人类植物资源利用的个案研究》,中国科学院博士学位论文,2011年。
(35)葛威:《淀粉粒分析在考古学中的应用》,中国科学技术大学博士学位论文,2010年。
(36)路安民、陈书坤:《中国植物志(第73.1卷)》,科学出版社,1986年。
(37)裴鉴、丁志遵:《中国植物志(第16.1卷)》,科学出版社,1985年。
(38)朱橚:《救荒本草(第4卷)》,见《四库全书(第730册)》,商务出版社,1983年。
(39)Mason SLR(1996)Acornutopia?Determining the role of acorns in past human subsistence.Food in Antiquity,eds Wilkins J,Harvey D,Dobson M(Univ of Exeter Press,Exeter,UK),pp 12-24.
(40)Crawford GW(2006)East Asian plant domestication.Archaeology of Asia,ed Stark M(Blackwell,Malden,MA),pp77-95.
(41)Zhao Z(2011)New archaeobotanic data for the study of the origins of agriculture in China.Curr Anthropol 52(S4):S295-S306.
(42)北京大学考古文博学院、北京大学考古学研究中心:《北京东胡林》,文物出版社,待版。
(2)Weiss E,Wetterstrom W,Nadel D,Bar-Yosef O(2004)The broad spectrum revisited:Evidence from plant remains.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(26):9551-9555.
(3)Piperno DR,Weiss E,Holst I,Nadel D(2004)Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis.Nature 430(7000):670-673.
(4)Revedin A,et al.(2010)Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(44):18815-18819.
(5)Fullagar R,Field J(1997)Pleistocene seed grinding implements from the Pleistocene Australian arid zone.Antiquity71(272):300-307.
(6)Zhang J-F,et al.(2011)The Paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the middle Yellow River,China:Chronology,paleoenviornment and implications.J Archaeol Sci38(7):1537-1550.
(7)山西省临汾行署文化局:《山西吉县柿子滩中石器文化遗址》,《考古学报》1989年第3期。
(8)柿子滩考古队:《山西吉县柿子滩旧石器时代遗址S14地点》,《考古》2002年第4期。
(9)柿子滩考古队:《柿子滩遗址第十四地点2002-2005年发掘简报》,《考古》2013年第2期。
(10)Liu L,et al.(2011)Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China:Evidence from grinding stones.J Archaeol Sci 38(12):3524-3532.
(11)石金鸣:《山西重要考古发现:吉县柿子滩旧石器时代遗址》,《中国文物报》2011年1月7日。
(12)宋艳花:《山西吉县柿子滩遗址石英岩石制品研究》,中国科学院博士学位论文,2011年。
(13)Xia Z,Chen G,Zheng G,Chen F,Han J(2002)Climate background of the evolution from Paleolithic to Neolithic cultural transition during the last deglaciation in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Chin Sci Bull 47(1):71-75.
(14)Liu L,et al.(2010)What did grinding stones grind?New light on Early Neolithic subsistence economy in the Middle Yellow River Valley,China.Antiquity 84(325):816-833.
(15)Liu L,et al.(2010)A functional analysis of grinding stones from Donghulin,north China.J Archaeol Sci 37(10):2630-2639.
(16)Dubreuil L(2004)Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence:A use-wear analysis of ground stone tools.JArchaeol Sci 31(11):1613-1629.
(17)Fullagar R(2006)Residues and usewear.Archaeology in Practice:A Student Guide to Archaeological Analyses,eds Balme J,Paterson A(Blackwell,Malden,MA),pp 207-234.
(18)Fullagar R(1991)The role of silica in polish formation.J Archaeol Sci 18(1):1-25.
(19)Field J,Fullagar R(1998)Grinding and pounding stones from Cuddie Springs and Jinmium.A Close Look:Recent Australian Studies of Stone Tools,Archaeological Methods Series6,ed Fullagar R(Univ of Sydney,Sydney).
(20)Fullagar R,et al.Stone tool-use experiments to determine the function of grinding stones and denticulate sickles.Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association,in press.
(21)Fullagar R(2006)Starch on artifacts.Ancient Starch Research,eds Torrence R,Barton H(Left Coast Press,Walnut Creek,CA),pp 177-203.
(22)Loy T,Fullagar R(2006)Residue extraction.Ancient Starch Research,eds Torrence R,Barton H(Left Coast Press,Walnut Creek,CA),pp 197-198.
(23)Babot Md P(2003)Starch grain damage as an indicator of food processing.Phytolith and Starch Research in the Australian-Pacific-Asian Regions:The State of the Art,Terra Australis,eds Hart DM,Wallis LA(Australian National Univ,Canberra,Australia),Vol 19,pp 69-81.
(24)Haslam M(2004)The decomposition of starch grains in soils:Implications for archaeological residue analyses.J Archaeol Sci 31(12):1715-1734.
(25)Barton H,Matthews PJ(2006)Taphonomy.Ancient Starch Research,eds Torrence R,Barton H(Left Coast Press,Walnut Creek,CA),pp 75-94.
(26)Piperno DR,Ranere AJ,Holst I,Iriarte J,Dickau R(2009)Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P.maize from the Central Balsas River Valley,Mexico.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(13):5019-5024.
(27)刘天慰、岳建英主编:《山西植物志(第五卷)》,中国科学技术出版社,2004年。
(28)Yang X,et al.(2012)From the modern to the archaeological:Starch grains from millets and their wild relatives in China.J Archaeol Sci 39(2):247-254.
(29)葛威、刘莉、金正耀:《禾本科植物淀粉粒形态比较及其考古学意义》,《第四纪研究》2010年第2期。
(30)Yang X,et al.(2012)Early millet use in northern China.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(10):3726-3730.
(31)Babot Md P(2006)Damage on starch from processing Andean food plants.Ancient Starch Research,eds Torrence R,Barton H(Left Coast Press,Walnut Creek,CA),pp 66-70.
(32)Yang X,et al.(2009)Starch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone tools at Shangzhai site,Beijing.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences 52(8):1164-1171.
(33)Crawford GW,et al.(2005)Late Neolithic plant remains from northern China:Preliminary results from Liangchengzhen,Shandong.Curr Anthropol 46(2):309-317.
(34)关莹:《水洞沟旧石器时代晚期遗址古人类植物资源利用的个案研究》,中国科学院博士学位论文,2011年。
(35)葛威:《淀粉粒分析在考古学中的应用》,中国科学技术大学博士学位论文,2010年。
(36)路安民、陈书坤:《中国植物志(第73.1卷)》,科学出版社,1986年。
(37)裴鉴、丁志遵:《中国植物志(第16.1卷)》,科学出版社,1985年。
(38)朱橚:《救荒本草(第4卷)》,见《四库全书(第730册)》,商务出版社,1983年。
(39)Mason SLR(1996)Acornutopia?Determining the role of acorns in past human subsistence.Food in Antiquity,eds Wilkins J,Harvey D,Dobson M(Univ of Exeter Press,Exeter,UK),pp 12-24.
(40)Crawford GW(2006)East Asian plant domestication.Archaeology of Asia,ed Stark M(Blackwell,Malden,MA),pp77-95.
(41)Zhao Z(2011)New archaeobotanic data for the study of the origins of agriculture in China.Curr Anthropol 52(S4):S295-S306.
(42)北京大学考古文博学院、北京大学考古学研究中心:《北京东胡林》,文物出版社,待版。