早三叠世海洋异常的碳-氮-硫同位素记录
|
摘要
早三叠世作为显生宙最大生物灭绝之后的一段特殊地质历史时期,不仅见证了海洋生物的迟缓复苏,而且记录了极其动荡的海洋环境变化,该时期异常的生物环境事件及其机制已经成为当前国际地质学者关注的重大科学问题之一.近些年来,研究学者在早三叠世的碳-氮-硫异常循环研究中取得了许多重要的进展,这对深入理解该时期的环境演变及其对生物复苏的影响十分重要.重点回顾近年来关于早三叠世古海洋碳-氮-硫循环方面的研究进展,对当前存在的科学问题及发展趋势进行分析和总结.
Early Triassic oceans recorded the delayed biotic recovery and the large perturbed environments.Hence,the environmental events and their mechanism became one of the key scientific topics for the geological scientists.In recent years,researchers have made many significant progresses in the marine carbon-nitrogen-sulfur cycles of the Early Triassic,which are important for understanding the co-evolution between the biotic recovery and environmental changes.The progress,problem and future development in the researches of carbon-nitrogen-sulfur cycles during the Early Triassic have been reviewed and summarized.
Early Triassic oceans recorded the delayed biotic recovery and the large perturbed environments.Hence,the environmental events and their mechanism became one of the key scientific topics for the geological scientists.In recent years,researchers have made many significant progresses in the marine carbon-nitrogen-sulfur cycles of the Early Triassic,which are important for understanding the co-evolution between the biotic recovery and environmental changes.The progress,problem and future development in the researches of carbon-nitrogen-sulfur cycles during the Early Triassic have been reviewed and summarized.
引文
Algeo,T.J.,Hannigan,R.,Rowe,H.,et al.,2007.Sequencing Events across the Permian-Triassic Boundary,Guryul Ravine(Kashmir,India).Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,252(1):328-346.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.050
Bernasconi,S.M.,Meier,I.,Wohlwend,S.,et al.,2017.An Evaporite-Based High-Resolution Sulfur Isotope Record of Late Permian and Triassic Seawater Sulfate.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,204:331-349.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.047
Berner,R.A.,2004.The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle:CO2and O2.Oxford University Press,New York.
Berner,R.A.,2005.The Carbon and Sulfur Cycles and Atmospheric Oxygen from Middle Permian to Middle Triassic.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,69(13):3211-3217.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.021
Berner,R.A.,2006.Geocarbsulf:A Combined Model for Phanerozoic Atmospheric O2 and CO2.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,70(23):5653-5664.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.032
Berner,R.A.,Kothavala,Z.,2001.Geocarb III:A Revised Model of Atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic Time.American Journal of Science,301(2):182-204.
Berner,R.A.,Rao,J.L.,1994.Phosphorus in Sediments of the Amazon River and Estuary:Implications for the Global Flux of Phosphorus to the Sea.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,58(10):2333-2339.https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90014-0
Bottrell,S.H.,Newton,R.J.,2006.Reconstruction of Changes in Global Sulfur Cycling from Marine Sulfate Isotopes.Earth-Science Reviews,75(1):59-83.
Brühwiler,T.,Goudemand,N.,Galfetti,T.,et al.,2009.The Lower Triassic Sedimentary and Carbon Isotope Records from Tulong(South Tibet)and Their Significance for Tethyan Palaeoceanography.Sedimentary Geology,222(3-4):314-332.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.10.003
Cao,C.Q.,Love,G.D.,Hays,L.E.,et al.,2009.Biogeochemical Evidence for Euxinic Oceans and Ecological Disturbance Presaging the End-Permian Mass Extinction Event.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,281(3-4):188-201.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.012
Cao,C.Q.,Wang,W.,Jing,Y.,2002.Carbon Isotope Changes near Permo-Triassic Boundary in Meishan,Zhejiang.Chinese Science Bulletin,47(4):302-306(in Chinese).
Caravaca,G.,Thomazo,C.,Vennin,E.,et al.,2017.Early Triassic Fluctuations of the Global Carbon Cycle:New Evidence from Paired Carbon Isotopes in the Western USABasin.Global and Planetary Change,154:10-22.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.05.005
Chen,J.S.,Chu,X.L.,1988.Sulfur Isotope Composition of Triassic Marine Sulfates of South China.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,72(2):155-161.https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(88)90063-2
Chen,J.S.,Chu,X.L.,Shao,M.R.,1986.Sulfur Isotope of the Triassic Sea.Scientia Geologica Sinica,21(4):330-338(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen,Z.Q.,Benton,M.J.,2012.The Timing and Pattern of Biotic Recovery Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Nature Geoscience,5(6):375-383.https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1475
Clarkson,M.O.,Richoz,S.,Wood,R.A.,et al.,2013.A New High-Resolutionδ13 C Record for the Early Triassic:Insights from the Arabian Platform.Gondwana Research,24(1):233-242.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.10.002
Clarkson,M.O.,Wood,R.A.,Poulton,S.W.,et al.,2016.Dynamic Anoxic Ferruginous Conditions during the End-Permian Mass Extinction and Recovery.Nature Communications,7:12236.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12236
Cortecci,G.,Reyes,E.,Berti,G.,et al.,1981.Sulfur and Oxygen Isotopes in Italian Marine Sulfates of Permian and Triassic Ages.Chemical Geology,34(1-2):65-79.
Fike,D.A.,Bradley,A.S.,Rose,C.V.,2015.Rethinking the Ancient Sulfur Cycle.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,43(1):593-622.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054802
Fike,D.A.,Grotzinger,J.P.,Pratt,L.M.,et al.,2006.Oxidation of the Ediacaran Ocean.Nature,444(7120):744-747.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05345
Galfetti,T.,Bucher,H.,Brayard,A.,et al.,2007a.Late Early Triassic Climate Change:Insights from Carbonate Carbon Isotopes,Sedimentary Evolution and Ammonoid Paleobiogeography.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,243(3-4):394-411.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.08.014
Galfetti,T.,Hochuli,P.A.,Brayard,A.,et al.,2007b.SmithianSpathian Boundary Event:Evidence for Global Climatic Change in the Wake of the End-Permian Biotic Crisis.Geology,35(4):291.https://doi.org/10.1130/g23117a.1
Gill,B.C.,Lyons,T.W.,Young,S.A.,et al.,2011.Geochemical Evidence for Widespread Euxinia in the Later Cambrian Ocean.Nature,469(7328):80-83.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09700
Grasby,S.E.,Beauchamp,B.,Embry,A.,et al.,2013.Recurrent Early Triassic Ocean Anoxia.Geology,41(2):175-178.https://doi.org/10.1130/g33599.1
Grasby,S.E.,Beauchamp,B.,Knies,J.,2016.Early Triassic Productivity Crises Delayed Recovery from World's Worst Mass Extinction.Geology,44(9):779-782.
Holser,W.T.,1977.Catastrophic Chemical Events in the History of the Ocean.Nature,267(5610):403-408.
Horacek,M.,Brandner,R.,Abart,R.,2007a.Carbon Isotope Record of the P/T Boundary and the Lower Triassic in the Southern Alps:Evidence for Rapid Changes in Storage of Organic Carbon.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,252(1-2):347-354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.049
Horacek,M.,Richoz,S.,Brandner,R.,et al.,2007b.Evidence for Recurrent Changes in Lower Triassic Oceanic Circulation of the Tethys:Theδ13 C Record from Marine Sections in Iran.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,252(1-2):355-369.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.052
Horacek,M.,Koike,T.,Richoz,S.,2009.Lower Triassicδ13 CIsotope Curve from Shallow-Marine Carbonates in Japan,Panthalassa Realm:Confirmation of the Tethysδ13C Curve.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,36(6):481-490.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.05.005
Huang,K.K.,Huang,S.J.,Lan,Y.F.,et al.,2013.Review of the Carbon Isotope of Early Triassic Carbonates.Advances in Earth Science,28(3):357-365(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang,S.J.,Huang,K.K.,Lü,J.,et al.,2012.Carbon Isotopic Composition of Early Triassic Marine Carbonates,Eastern Sichuan Basin,China.Science China Earth Sciences,42(10):1508-1522(in Chinese).
Huang,Y.G.,Chen,Z.Q.,Wignall,P.B.,et al.,2017.Latest Permian to Middle Triassic Redox Condition Variations in Ramp Settings,South China:Pyrite Framboid Evidence.Geological Society of America Bulletin,129(1-2):229-243.https://doi.org/10.1130/b31458.1
Jenkyns,H.C.,Gr9cke,D.R.,Hesselbo,S.P.,2001.Nitrogen Isotope Evidence for Water Mass Denitrification during the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.Paleoceanography,16(6):593-603.https://doi.org/10.1029/2000pa000558
Kaiho,K.,Oba,M.,Fukuda,Y.,et al.,2012.Changes in Depth-Transect Redox Conditions Spanning the EndPermian Mass Extinction and Their Impact on the Marine Extinction:Evidence from Biomarkers and Sulfur Isotopes.Global and Planetary Change,94-95:20-32.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.05.024
Kampschulte,A.,Strauss,H.,2004.The Sulfur Isotopic Evolution of Phanerozoic Seawater Based on the Analysis of Structurally Substituted Sulfate in Carbonates.Chemical Geology,204(3):255-286.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.11.013
Knies,J.,Grasby,S.E.,Beauchamp,B.,et al.,2013.Water Mass Denitrification during the Latest Permian Extinction in the Sverdrup Basin,Arctic Canada.Geology,41(2):167-170.https://doi.org/10.1130/g33816.1
Knoll,A.H.,Bambach,R.K.,Payne,J.L.,et al.,2007.Paleophysiology and End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,256(3-4):295-313.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.018
Kump,L.R.,Arthur,M.A.,1999.Interpreting Carbon-Isotope Excursions:Carbonates and Organic Matter.Chemical Geology,161(1-3):181-198.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00086-8
Lei,L.D.,2017.Marine Redox Variability and Its Coupling with Oceanic C-N Biogeochemical Cycling across the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China(Dissertation).China University of Geosciences,Wuhan(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,R.,Jones,B.,2016.Diagenetic Overprint on Negativeδ13 CExcursions across the Permian/Triassic Boundary:ACase Study from Meishan Section,China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,468:18-33.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.044
Luo,G.M.,Algeo,T.J.,Huang,J.H.,et al.,2014.Verticalδ13 Corg Gradients Record Changes in Planktonic Microbial Community Composition during the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,396:119-131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.006
Luo,G.M.,Junium,C.K.,Izon,G.,et al.,2018.Nitrogen Fixation Sustained Productivity in the Wake of the Palaeoproterozoic Great Oxygenation Event.Nature Communications,9(1):69-78.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03361-2
Luo,G.M.,Kump,L.R.,Wang,Y.B.,et al.,2010.Isotopic Evidence for an Anomalously Low Oceanic Sulfate Concentration Following End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,300(1):101-111.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.041
Luo,G.M.,Wang,Y.B.,Algeo,T.J.,et al.,2011.Enhanced Nitrogen Fixation in the Immediate Aftermath of the Latest Permian Marine Mass Extinction.Geology,39(7):647-650.https://doi.org/10.1130/g32024.1
Marenco,P.J.,Corsetti,F.A.,Hammond,D.E.,et al.,2008.Oxidation of Pyrite during Extraction of Carbonate Associated Sulfate.Chemical Geology,247(1):124-132.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.10.006
McFadden,K.A.,Huang,J.,Chu,X.,et al.,2008.Pulsed Oxidation and Biological Evolution in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,105(9):3197-3202.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708336105
Meyer,K.M.,Yu,M.,Jost,A.B.,et al.,2011.δ13 C Evidence That High Primary Productivity Delayed Recovery from End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,302(3/4):378-384.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.033
Meyer,K.M.,Yu,M.,Lehrmann,D.,et al.,2013.Constraints on Early Triassic Carbon Cycle Dynamics from Paired Organic and Inorganic Carbon Isotope Records.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,361:429-435.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.035
Minagawa,M.,Wada,E.,1986.Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Red Tide Organisms in the East China Sea:A Characterization of Biological Nitrogen Fixation.Marine Chemistry,19(3):245-259.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(86)90026-5
Newton,R.J.,Pevitt,E.L.,Wignall,P.B.,et al.,2004.Large Shifts in the Isotopic Composition of Seawater Sulphate across the Permo-Triassic Boundary in Northern Italy.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,218(3):331-345.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00676-9
Payne,J.,Kump,L.,2007.Evidence for Recurrent Early Triassic Massive Volcanism from Quantitative Interpretation of Carbon Isotope Fluctuations.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,256(1/2):264-277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.034
Payne,J.L.,Lehrmann,D.J.,Wei,J.,et al.,2004.Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle during Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction.Science,305(5683):506-509.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097023
Riccardi,A.L.,Arthur,M.A.,Kump,L.R.,2006.Sulfur Isotopic Evidence for Chemocline upward Excursions during the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,70(23):5740-5752.
Romano,C.,Goudemand,N.,Vennemann,T.W.,et al.,2013.Climatic and Biotic Upheavals Following the EndPermian Mass Extinction.Nature Geoscience,6(1):57-60.https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1667
Shen,J.,Schoepfer,S.D.,Feng,Q.L.,et al.,2015.Marine Productivity Changes during the End-Permian Crisis and Early Triassic Recovery.Earth-Science Reviews,149:136-162.
Shen,S.Z.,Crowley,J.L.,Wang,Y.,et al.,2011.Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Science,334(6061):1367-1372.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213454
Shen,S.Z.,Zhu,M.Y.,Wang,X.D.,et al.,2010.A Comparison of the Biological,Geological Events and Environmental Backgrounds between the NeoproterozoicCambrian and Permian-Triassic Transitions.Science China Earth Sciences,40(9):1228-1244(in Chinese).
Sigman,D.M.,Casdotti,K.L.,2001.Nitrogen Isotopes in the Ocean.Academic Press,London.
Song,H.J.,Tong,J.N.,2016.Mass Extinction and Survival during the Permian-Triassic Crisis.Earth Science,41(6):901-918(in Chinese with English abstract).
Song,H.J.,Wignall,P.B.,Tong,J.N.,et al.,2012.Geochemical Evidence from Bio-Apatite for Multiple Oceanic Anoxic Events during Permian-Triassic Transition and the Link with End-Permian Extinction and Recovery.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,353:12-21.
Song,H.Y.,Tong,J.N.,Algeo,T.J.,et al.,2013.Large Verticalδ13 CDICGradients in Early Triassic Seas of the South China Craton:Implications for Oceanographic Changes Related to Siberian Traps Volcanism.Global and Planetary Change,105:7-20.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.023
Song,H.Y.,Tong,J.N.,Algeo,T.J.,et al.,2014.Early Triassic Seawater Sulfate Drawdown.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,128:95-113.
Song,H.Y.,Tong,J.N.,Song,H.J.,et al.,2010.Excursion of Sulfur Isotope Compositions in the Lower Triassic of South Guizhou,China.Journal of Earth Science,21(S1):158-160.
Sun,Y.,Joachimski,M.M.,Wignall,P.B.,et al.,2012.Lethally Hot Temperatures during the Early Triassic Greenhouse.Science,338(6105):366-370.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224126
Sun,Y.D.,Wignall,P.B.,Joachimski,M.M.,et al.,2015.High Amplitude Redox Changes in the Late Early Triassic of South China and the Smithian-Spathian Extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,427:62-78.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.038
Thomazo,C.,Vennin,E.,Brayard,A.,et al.,2016.A Diagenetic Control on the Early Triassic Smithian-Spathian Carbon Isotopic Excursions Recorded in the Marine Settings of the Thaynes Group(Utah,USA).Geobiology,14(3):220-236.https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12174
Tong,J.N.,Qiu,H.,Zhao,L.,et al.,2002.Lower Triassic Inorganic Carbon Isotope Excursion in Chaohu,Anhui Province,China.Journal of Earth Science,13(2):98-106.
Tong,J.N.,Yin,H.F.,2009.Advance in the Study of Early Triassic Life and Environment.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,48(3):497-508(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tong,J.N.,Zuo,J.X.,Chen,Z.Q.,2007.Early Triassic Carbon Isotope Excursions from South China:Proxies for Devastation and Restoration of Marine Ecosystems Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Geological Journal,42(3-4):371-389.https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1084
Wada,E.,Hattori,A.,1990.Nitrogen in the Sea:Forms,Abundance,and Rate Processes.CRC Press,Boca Raton.
Wignall,P.B.,Bond,D.P.G.,Sun,Y.D.,et al.,2016.UltraShallow-Marine Anoxia in an Early Triassic ShallowMarine Clastic Ramp(Spitsbergen)and the Suppression of Benthic Radiation.Geological Magazine,153(2):316-331.https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000588
Zhou,G.S.,2003.Global Carbon Cycle.Meteorology Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
Zuo,J.X.,Tong,J.N.,Qiu,H.O.,et al.,2006.Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lower Triassic Marine Carbonates,Lower Yangtze Region,South China.Science in China(Series D),49(3):225-241.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0225-8
曹长群,王伟,金玉玕,2002.浙江煤山二叠-三叠系界线附近碳同位素变化.科学通报,47(4):302-306.
陈锦石,储雪蕾,邵茂茸,1986.三叠纪海的硫同位素.地质科学,21(4):330-338.
黄可可,黄思静,兰叶芳,等,2013.早三叠世海相碳酸盐碳同位素研究进展.地球科学进展,28(3):357-365.
黄思静,黄可可,吕杰,等,2012.早三叠世海水的碳同位素组成与演化-来自四川盆地东部的研究.中国科学(D辑),42(10):1508-1522.
雷丽丹,2017.华南古中生代之交古海洋氧化(博士学位论文).武汉:中国地质大学.
沈树忠,朱茂炎,王向东,等,2010.新元古代-寒武纪与二叠-三叠纪转折时期生物和地质事件及其环境背景之比较.中国科学,40(9):1228-1240.
宋海军,童金南,2016.二叠纪-三叠纪之交生物大灭绝与残存.地球科学,41(6):901-918.
童金南,殷鸿福,2009.早三叠世生物与环境研究进.古生物学报,48(3):497-508.
周广胜,2003.全球碳循环.北京:气象出版社.
Bernasconi,S.M.,Meier,I.,Wohlwend,S.,et al.,2017.An Evaporite-Based High-Resolution Sulfur Isotope Record of Late Permian and Triassic Seawater Sulfate.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,204:331-349.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.047
Berner,R.A.,2004.The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle:CO2and O2.Oxford University Press,New York.
Berner,R.A.,2005.The Carbon and Sulfur Cycles and Atmospheric Oxygen from Middle Permian to Middle Triassic.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,69(13):3211-3217.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.021
Berner,R.A.,2006.Geocarbsulf:A Combined Model for Phanerozoic Atmospheric O2 and CO2.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,70(23):5653-5664.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.032
Berner,R.A.,Kothavala,Z.,2001.Geocarb III:A Revised Model of Atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic Time.American Journal of Science,301(2):182-204.
Berner,R.A.,Rao,J.L.,1994.Phosphorus in Sediments of the Amazon River and Estuary:Implications for the Global Flux of Phosphorus to the Sea.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,58(10):2333-2339.https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90014-0
Bottrell,S.H.,Newton,R.J.,2006.Reconstruction of Changes in Global Sulfur Cycling from Marine Sulfate Isotopes.Earth-Science Reviews,75(1):59-83.
Brühwiler,T.,Goudemand,N.,Galfetti,T.,et al.,2009.The Lower Triassic Sedimentary and Carbon Isotope Records from Tulong(South Tibet)and Their Significance for Tethyan Palaeoceanography.Sedimentary Geology,222(3-4):314-332.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.10.003
Cao,C.Q.,Love,G.D.,Hays,L.E.,et al.,2009.Biogeochemical Evidence for Euxinic Oceans and Ecological Disturbance Presaging the End-Permian Mass Extinction Event.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,281(3-4):188-201.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.012
Cao,C.Q.,Wang,W.,Jing,Y.,2002.Carbon Isotope Changes near Permo-Triassic Boundary in Meishan,Zhejiang.Chinese Science Bulletin,47(4):302-306(in Chinese).
Caravaca,G.,Thomazo,C.,Vennin,E.,et al.,2017.Early Triassic Fluctuations of the Global Carbon Cycle:New Evidence from Paired Carbon Isotopes in the Western USABasin.Global and Planetary Change,154:10-22.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.05.005
Chen,J.S.,Chu,X.L.,1988.Sulfur Isotope Composition of Triassic Marine Sulfates of South China.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section,72(2):155-161.https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(88)90063-2
Chen,J.S.,Chu,X.L.,Shao,M.R.,1986.Sulfur Isotope of the Triassic Sea.Scientia Geologica Sinica,21(4):330-338(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen,Z.Q.,Benton,M.J.,2012.The Timing and Pattern of Biotic Recovery Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Nature Geoscience,5(6):375-383.https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1475
Clarkson,M.O.,Richoz,S.,Wood,R.A.,et al.,2013.A New High-Resolutionδ13 C Record for the Early Triassic:Insights from the Arabian Platform.Gondwana Research,24(1):233-242.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.10.002
Clarkson,M.O.,Wood,R.A.,Poulton,S.W.,et al.,2016.Dynamic Anoxic Ferruginous Conditions during the End-Permian Mass Extinction and Recovery.Nature Communications,7:12236.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12236
Cortecci,G.,Reyes,E.,Berti,G.,et al.,1981.Sulfur and Oxygen Isotopes in Italian Marine Sulfates of Permian and Triassic Ages.Chemical Geology,34(1-2):65-79.
Fike,D.A.,Bradley,A.S.,Rose,C.V.,2015.Rethinking the Ancient Sulfur Cycle.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,43(1):593-622.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054802
Fike,D.A.,Grotzinger,J.P.,Pratt,L.M.,et al.,2006.Oxidation of the Ediacaran Ocean.Nature,444(7120):744-747.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05345
Galfetti,T.,Bucher,H.,Brayard,A.,et al.,2007a.Late Early Triassic Climate Change:Insights from Carbonate Carbon Isotopes,Sedimentary Evolution and Ammonoid Paleobiogeography.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,243(3-4):394-411.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.08.014
Galfetti,T.,Hochuli,P.A.,Brayard,A.,et al.,2007b.SmithianSpathian Boundary Event:Evidence for Global Climatic Change in the Wake of the End-Permian Biotic Crisis.Geology,35(4):291.https://doi.org/10.1130/g23117a.1
Gill,B.C.,Lyons,T.W.,Young,S.A.,et al.,2011.Geochemical Evidence for Widespread Euxinia in the Later Cambrian Ocean.Nature,469(7328):80-83.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09700
Grasby,S.E.,Beauchamp,B.,Embry,A.,et al.,2013.Recurrent Early Triassic Ocean Anoxia.Geology,41(2):175-178.https://doi.org/10.1130/g33599.1
Grasby,S.E.,Beauchamp,B.,Knies,J.,2016.Early Triassic Productivity Crises Delayed Recovery from World's Worst Mass Extinction.Geology,44(9):779-782.
Holser,W.T.,1977.Catastrophic Chemical Events in the History of the Ocean.Nature,267(5610):403-408.
Horacek,M.,Brandner,R.,Abart,R.,2007a.Carbon Isotope Record of the P/T Boundary and the Lower Triassic in the Southern Alps:Evidence for Rapid Changes in Storage of Organic Carbon.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,252(1-2):347-354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.049
Horacek,M.,Richoz,S.,Brandner,R.,et al.,2007b.Evidence for Recurrent Changes in Lower Triassic Oceanic Circulation of the Tethys:Theδ13 C Record from Marine Sections in Iran.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,252(1-2):355-369.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.052
Horacek,M.,Koike,T.,Richoz,S.,2009.Lower Triassicδ13 CIsotope Curve from Shallow-Marine Carbonates in Japan,Panthalassa Realm:Confirmation of the Tethysδ13C Curve.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,36(6):481-490.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.05.005
Huang,K.K.,Huang,S.J.,Lan,Y.F.,et al.,2013.Review of the Carbon Isotope of Early Triassic Carbonates.Advances in Earth Science,28(3):357-365(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang,S.J.,Huang,K.K.,Lü,J.,et al.,2012.Carbon Isotopic Composition of Early Triassic Marine Carbonates,Eastern Sichuan Basin,China.Science China Earth Sciences,42(10):1508-1522(in Chinese).
Huang,Y.G.,Chen,Z.Q.,Wignall,P.B.,et al.,2017.Latest Permian to Middle Triassic Redox Condition Variations in Ramp Settings,South China:Pyrite Framboid Evidence.Geological Society of America Bulletin,129(1-2):229-243.https://doi.org/10.1130/b31458.1
Jenkyns,H.C.,Gr9cke,D.R.,Hesselbo,S.P.,2001.Nitrogen Isotope Evidence for Water Mass Denitrification during the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.Paleoceanography,16(6):593-603.https://doi.org/10.1029/2000pa000558
Kaiho,K.,Oba,M.,Fukuda,Y.,et al.,2012.Changes in Depth-Transect Redox Conditions Spanning the EndPermian Mass Extinction and Their Impact on the Marine Extinction:Evidence from Biomarkers and Sulfur Isotopes.Global and Planetary Change,94-95:20-32.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.05.024
Kampschulte,A.,Strauss,H.,2004.The Sulfur Isotopic Evolution of Phanerozoic Seawater Based on the Analysis of Structurally Substituted Sulfate in Carbonates.Chemical Geology,204(3):255-286.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.11.013
Knies,J.,Grasby,S.E.,Beauchamp,B.,et al.,2013.Water Mass Denitrification during the Latest Permian Extinction in the Sverdrup Basin,Arctic Canada.Geology,41(2):167-170.https://doi.org/10.1130/g33816.1
Knoll,A.H.,Bambach,R.K.,Payne,J.L.,et al.,2007.Paleophysiology and End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,256(3-4):295-313.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.018
Kump,L.R.,Arthur,M.A.,1999.Interpreting Carbon-Isotope Excursions:Carbonates and Organic Matter.Chemical Geology,161(1-3):181-198.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00086-8
Lei,L.D.,2017.Marine Redox Variability and Its Coupling with Oceanic C-N Biogeochemical Cycling across the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China(Dissertation).China University of Geosciences,Wuhan(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,R.,Jones,B.,2016.Diagenetic Overprint on Negativeδ13 CExcursions across the Permian/Triassic Boundary:ACase Study from Meishan Section,China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,468:18-33.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.044
Luo,G.M.,Algeo,T.J.,Huang,J.H.,et al.,2014.Verticalδ13 Corg Gradients Record Changes in Planktonic Microbial Community Composition during the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,396:119-131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.006
Luo,G.M.,Junium,C.K.,Izon,G.,et al.,2018.Nitrogen Fixation Sustained Productivity in the Wake of the Palaeoproterozoic Great Oxygenation Event.Nature Communications,9(1):69-78.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03361-2
Luo,G.M.,Kump,L.R.,Wang,Y.B.,et al.,2010.Isotopic Evidence for an Anomalously Low Oceanic Sulfate Concentration Following End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,300(1):101-111.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.041
Luo,G.M.,Wang,Y.B.,Algeo,T.J.,et al.,2011.Enhanced Nitrogen Fixation in the Immediate Aftermath of the Latest Permian Marine Mass Extinction.Geology,39(7):647-650.https://doi.org/10.1130/g32024.1
Marenco,P.J.,Corsetti,F.A.,Hammond,D.E.,et al.,2008.Oxidation of Pyrite during Extraction of Carbonate Associated Sulfate.Chemical Geology,247(1):124-132.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.10.006
McFadden,K.A.,Huang,J.,Chu,X.,et al.,2008.Pulsed Oxidation and Biological Evolution in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,105(9):3197-3202.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708336105
Meyer,K.M.,Yu,M.,Jost,A.B.,et al.,2011.δ13 C Evidence That High Primary Productivity Delayed Recovery from End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,302(3/4):378-384.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.033
Meyer,K.M.,Yu,M.,Lehrmann,D.,et al.,2013.Constraints on Early Triassic Carbon Cycle Dynamics from Paired Organic and Inorganic Carbon Isotope Records.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,361:429-435.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.035
Minagawa,M.,Wada,E.,1986.Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Red Tide Organisms in the East China Sea:A Characterization of Biological Nitrogen Fixation.Marine Chemistry,19(3):245-259.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(86)90026-5
Newton,R.J.,Pevitt,E.L.,Wignall,P.B.,et al.,2004.Large Shifts in the Isotopic Composition of Seawater Sulphate across the Permo-Triassic Boundary in Northern Italy.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,218(3):331-345.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00676-9
Payne,J.,Kump,L.,2007.Evidence for Recurrent Early Triassic Massive Volcanism from Quantitative Interpretation of Carbon Isotope Fluctuations.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,256(1/2):264-277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.034
Payne,J.L.,Lehrmann,D.J.,Wei,J.,et al.,2004.Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle during Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction.Science,305(5683):506-509.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097023
Riccardi,A.L.,Arthur,M.A.,Kump,L.R.,2006.Sulfur Isotopic Evidence for Chemocline upward Excursions during the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,70(23):5740-5752.
Romano,C.,Goudemand,N.,Vennemann,T.W.,et al.,2013.Climatic and Biotic Upheavals Following the EndPermian Mass Extinction.Nature Geoscience,6(1):57-60.https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1667
Shen,J.,Schoepfer,S.D.,Feng,Q.L.,et al.,2015.Marine Productivity Changes during the End-Permian Crisis and Early Triassic Recovery.Earth-Science Reviews,149:136-162.
Shen,S.Z.,Crowley,J.L.,Wang,Y.,et al.,2011.Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Science,334(6061):1367-1372.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213454
Shen,S.Z.,Zhu,M.Y.,Wang,X.D.,et al.,2010.A Comparison of the Biological,Geological Events and Environmental Backgrounds between the NeoproterozoicCambrian and Permian-Triassic Transitions.Science China Earth Sciences,40(9):1228-1244(in Chinese).
Sigman,D.M.,Casdotti,K.L.,2001.Nitrogen Isotopes in the Ocean.Academic Press,London.
Song,H.J.,Tong,J.N.,2016.Mass Extinction and Survival during the Permian-Triassic Crisis.Earth Science,41(6):901-918(in Chinese with English abstract).
Song,H.J.,Wignall,P.B.,Tong,J.N.,et al.,2012.Geochemical Evidence from Bio-Apatite for Multiple Oceanic Anoxic Events during Permian-Triassic Transition and the Link with End-Permian Extinction and Recovery.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,353:12-21.
Song,H.Y.,Tong,J.N.,Algeo,T.J.,et al.,2013.Large Verticalδ13 CDICGradients in Early Triassic Seas of the South China Craton:Implications for Oceanographic Changes Related to Siberian Traps Volcanism.Global and Planetary Change,105:7-20.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.023
Song,H.Y.,Tong,J.N.,Algeo,T.J.,et al.,2014.Early Triassic Seawater Sulfate Drawdown.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,128:95-113.
Song,H.Y.,Tong,J.N.,Song,H.J.,et al.,2010.Excursion of Sulfur Isotope Compositions in the Lower Triassic of South Guizhou,China.Journal of Earth Science,21(S1):158-160.
Sun,Y.,Joachimski,M.M.,Wignall,P.B.,et al.,2012.Lethally Hot Temperatures during the Early Triassic Greenhouse.Science,338(6105):366-370.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224126
Sun,Y.D.,Wignall,P.B.,Joachimski,M.M.,et al.,2015.High Amplitude Redox Changes in the Late Early Triassic of South China and the Smithian-Spathian Extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,427:62-78.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.038
Thomazo,C.,Vennin,E.,Brayard,A.,et al.,2016.A Diagenetic Control on the Early Triassic Smithian-Spathian Carbon Isotopic Excursions Recorded in the Marine Settings of the Thaynes Group(Utah,USA).Geobiology,14(3):220-236.https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12174
Tong,J.N.,Qiu,H.,Zhao,L.,et al.,2002.Lower Triassic Inorganic Carbon Isotope Excursion in Chaohu,Anhui Province,China.Journal of Earth Science,13(2):98-106.
Tong,J.N.,Yin,H.F.,2009.Advance in the Study of Early Triassic Life and Environment.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,48(3):497-508(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tong,J.N.,Zuo,J.X.,Chen,Z.Q.,2007.Early Triassic Carbon Isotope Excursions from South China:Proxies for Devastation and Restoration of Marine Ecosystems Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Geological Journal,42(3-4):371-389.https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1084
Wada,E.,Hattori,A.,1990.Nitrogen in the Sea:Forms,Abundance,and Rate Processes.CRC Press,Boca Raton.
Wignall,P.B.,Bond,D.P.G.,Sun,Y.D.,et al.,2016.UltraShallow-Marine Anoxia in an Early Triassic ShallowMarine Clastic Ramp(Spitsbergen)and the Suppression of Benthic Radiation.Geological Magazine,153(2):316-331.https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000588
Zhou,G.S.,2003.Global Carbon Cycle.Meteorology Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
Zuo,J.X.,Tong,J.N.,Qiu,H.O.,et al.,2006.Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lower Triassic Marine Carbonates,Lower Yangtze Region,South China.Science in China(Series D),49(3):225-241.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0225-8
曹长群,王伟,金玉玕,2002.浙江煤山二叠-三叠系界线附近碳同位素变化.科学通报,47(4):302-306.
陈锦石,储雪蕾,邵茂茸,1986.三叠纪海的硫同位素.地质科学,21(4):330-338.
黄可可,黄思静,兰叶芳,等,2013.早三叠世海相碳酸盐碳同位素研究进展.地球科学进展,28(3):357-365.
黄思静,黄可可,吕杰,等,2012.早三叠世海水的碳同位素组成与演化-来自四川盆地东部的研究.中国科学(D辑),42(10):1508-1522.
雷丽丹,2017.华南古中生代之交古海洋氧化(博士学位论文).武汉:中国地质大学.
沈树忠,朱茂炎,王向东,等,2010.新元古代-寒武纪与二叠-三叠纪转折时期生物和地质事件及其环境背景之比较.中国科学,40(9):1228-1240.
宋海军,童金南,2016.二叠纪-三叠纪之交生物大灭绝与残存.地球科学,41(6):901-918.
童金南,殷鸿福,2009.早三叠世生物与环境研究进.古生物学报,48(3):497-508.
周广胜,2003.全球碳循环.北京:气象出版社.