巴赫金的对话理论和阐释的公共性
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摘要
巴赫金的对话理论中作为阐释对象的话语或者文本具有三层内在对话性。话语的第二层内在对话和第三层内在对话属于作者与未来理解者的对话"预演",指向实际的话语阐释活动。话语的两层内在对话关系和受话人(统觉背景)、超受话人这样的角色都是话语不可或缺的"建构要素",形成话语的"应答结构"。这一结构召唤实际阐释中积极的应答性理解,推动阐释活动由个体性转向公共性。具体来说:受话人和超受话人的复数性预设将会召唤复数性的阐释;第二层内在对话中受话人统觉背景的公共性预设将会召唤公度性和共享性的阐释;第三层内在对话中的超受话人预设将会召唤公正性和真理性的阐释。在实际阐释对话中激活内在对话性的"应答结构"还会推动阐释公共性的"确当无疑"极和"丰富多元"极之间动态平衡。巴赫金对话理论对于当代阐释理论的启示在于:话语(文本)的内在对话催生阐释的外在对话,以确保阐释公共性不会转化为绝对独白和强制统一的话语模式。
The discourse or text as the object of interpretation in the Bakhtin's theory of dialogue has three levels of inherent dialogicality. The second inherent dialogue and the third one belong to the preview of dialogue between the author and the futuristic interpreter,pointing to actual interpretation activities of discourse. Both two dialogistic inner-relations on discourse and the roles such as addressee(apperception background) and super addressee are indispensable "Constructive Elements",forming"Structure of Response"of discourse. This structure summons positive understanding of response in practical interpretation and promotes a transformation of interpretation from individuality to publicity. Specifically,the plural presupposition of role as addressee and super addressee will summon the plural interpretation;in the second inherent dialogue,the public presupposition of addressee's apperception background will summon the interpretation of commensurability and sharing;in the third one,the presupposition of super addressee will summon the interpretation of impartiality and truthfulness. In the actual explanatory dialogue,the activation of"Response Structure"of the inherent dialogicality will also promote the dynamic balance between the "Certainty"pole and the "Rich Pluralistic"one of public interpretation.The enlightenment of Bakhtin's theory of dialogue to contemporary interpretive theory lies in that the inherent dialogue of discourse(text) expedites the external one so as to ensure that the publicity of interpretation will not be transformed into discourse mode with absolute monologue and compulsory unification.
The discourse or text as the object of interpretation in the Bakhtin's theory of dialogue has three levels of inherent dialogicality. The second inherent dialogue and the third one belong to the preview of dialogue between the author and the futuristic interpreter,pointing to actual interpretation activities of discourse. Both two dialogistic inner-relations on discourse and the roles such as addressee(apperception background) and super addressee are indispensable "Constructive Elements",forming"Structure of Response"of discourse. This structure summons positive understanding of response in practical interpretation and promotes a transformation of interpretation from individuality to publicity. Specifically,the plural presupposition of role as addressee and super addressee will summon the plural interpretation;in the second inherent dialogue,the public presupposition of addressee's apperception background will summon the interpretation of commensurability and sharing;in the third one,the presupposition of super addressee will summon the interpretation of impartiality and truthfulness. In the actual explanatory dialogue,the activation of"Response Structure"of the inherent dialogicality will also promote the dynamic balance between the "Certainty"pole and the "Rich Pluralistic"one of public interpretation.The enlightenment of Bakhtin's theory of dialogue to contemporary interpretive theory lies in that the inherent dialogue of discourse(text) expedites the external one so as to ensure that the publicity of interpretation will not be transformed into discourse mode with absolute monologue and compulsory unification.
引文
(1)(2)张江:(英)约翰·汤普森:《公共阐释还是社会阐释--张江与约翰·汤普森的对话》,《学术研究》2017年第11期。
(3)严格来说,任何话语或者文本只有进入实际阐释活动之中,与阐释主体形成阐释对话关系,才算是真正的阐释对象;在阐释活动展开之前,话语或者文本只算是潜在的阐释对象。为了表达的简洁,本文中所指“阐释对象”既可以指潜在的阐释对象,也可以指真正的阐释对象。
(4)话语、文本、言语、表述这四个概念关系紧密。在巴赫金看来,作为话语的文本,就是鲜活思想的表述,而表述要以不同等级的言语和言语体裁方式呈现,比如日常交谈的言语体裁、演讲报告的言语体裁、学术论文的言语体裁、小说言语体裁、诗歌言语体裁等等。话语、文本、言语、表述是实际语用的不同呈现形式,统一于语言的对话性本质。对话性的话语(文本、言语、表述)包括作家创作、日常交谈、政治交锋、法庭论辩、宗教忏悔和内心独白等各类社会生活行为中出现的语用实践。作家创作这类语用实践可以转换为较稳定的物化产品(书面语言和口头语言的物态化的符号,比如文学文本、历史文本、宗教文本、哲学文本、政治法律文本等),成为重要阐释对象;日常交谈这类语用实践往往没有记录下来,但是仍具有重要的阐释价值。无论哪种语用实践中的话语都具有内在对话性。
(5)(9)(10)(17)(俄)巴赫金:《巴赫金全集》(第三卷),白春仁,晓河译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,1998年,第62页,第62页,第60页,第60-61页。
(6)“统觉背景”(apperception background)指作为理解者和阐释者的受话人背后的公共空间,在这个空间中各种不同价值立场的观点、意见、评价和情感形成杂语共生的阐释语境。如果说费什(Fish)的“阐释团体”(interpretive communities)指向特定价值观和阅读策略规约下的意义一致性,那么巴赫金的“统觉背景”则更加趋向于引导阐释意义走向多元性和未完成性。
(7)(8)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(18)(19)(俄)巴赫金:《巴赫金全集》(第四卷),白春仁等译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,1998年,第335页,第335页,第410-411页,第331页,第335页,第335-336页,第335页,第405页,第332页,第387页。
(20)蒋承勇:《19世纪现实主义文学经典的生成》,《浙江工商大学学报》2018年第1期。
(3)严格来说,任何话语或者文本只有进入实际阐释活动之中,与阐释主体形成阐释对话关系,才算是真正的阐释对象;在阐释活动展开之前,话语或者文本只算是潜在的阐释对象。为了表达的简洁,本文中所指“阐释对象”既可以指潜在的阐释对象,也可以指真正的阐释对象。
(4)话语、文本、言语、表述这四个概念关系紧密。在巴赫金看来,作为话语的文本,就是鲜活思想的表述,而表述要以不同等级的言语和言语体裁方式呈现,比如日常交谈的言语体裁、演讲报告的言语体裁、学术论文的言语体裁、小说言语体裁、诗歌言语体裁等等。话语、文本、言语、表述是实际语用的不同呈现形式,统一于语言的对话性本质。对话性的话语(文本、言语、表述)包括作家创作、日常交谈、政治交锋、法庭论辩、宗教忏悔和内心独白等各类社会生活行为中出现的语用实践。作家创作这类语用实践可以转换为较稳定的物化产品(书面语言和口头语言的物态化的符号,比如文学文本、历史文本、宗教文本、哲学文本、政治法律文本等),成为重要阐释对象;日常交谈这类语用实践往往没有记录下来,但是仍具有重要的阐释价值。无论哪种语用实践中的话语都具有内在对话性。
(5)(9)(10)(17)(俄)巴赫金:《巴赫金全集》(第三卷),白春仁,晓河译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,1998年,第62页,第62页,第60页,第60-61页。
(6)“统觉背景”(apperception background)指作为理解者和阐释者的受话人背后的公共空间,在这个空间中各种不同价值立场的观点、意见、评价和情感形成杂语共生的阐释语境。如果说费什(Fish)的“阐释团体”(interpretive communities)指向特定价值观和阅读策略规约下的意义一致性,那么巴赫金的“统觉背景”则更加趋向于引导阐释意义走向多元性和未完成性。
(7)(8)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(18)(19)(俄)巴赫金:《巴赫金全集》(第四卷),白春仁等译,石家庄:河北教育出版社,1998年,第335页,第335页,第410-411页,第331页,第335页,第335-336页,第335页,第405页,第332页,第387页。
(20)蒋承勇:《19世纪现实主义文学经典的生成》,《浙江工商大学学报》2018年第1期。