枣缩果病发生与矿质元素含量的关系
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摘要
【目的】揭示矿质元素与枣缩果病发生的关系,提出防治枣缩果病的技术措施,为指导枣缩果病这一枣树重大果实病害的科学防治提供理论和技术支撑。【方法】系统比较重病区、轻病区及针对性施肥后枣树叶片和果实中9种主要矿质元素含量在枣缩果病发病过程中的动态变化。【结果】轻病区枣树叶片中K、Mn、Cu和B含量显著高于重病区,而Ca含量显著低于重病区;果实中K、Mn含量高于重病区,Ca含量显著低于重病区。针对性土施K、Mn肥后,叶片和果实中K、Mn含量显著增高,Ca含量显著降低,枣缩果病的发病率显著降低,由57%降低到15%以下;在补充关键元素(K、Mn)基础上喷施杀菌剂和生长调节剂防治缩果病的效果更好。通过主成分分析,初步确定河北省太行山枣区有效防控枣缩果病的叶片营养指标,即叶片中K含量高于2.06±0.23 mg·g~(-1)、Mn含量高于261.83±21.54 mg·kg~(-1)、Ca含量低于1.07±0.11 mg·g~(-1)。【结论】枣缩果病的发生与K、Mn含量低和Ca含量高有密切关系,补充K、Mn可有效防控枣缩果病。该研究可提供通过土壤施用K、Mn有效防控枣缩果病的新途径。
【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the relationships between soil mineral element contents and fruit shrinking disease(FSD) in Chinese jujube(Ziziphus jujuba) and explore effective control methods of FSD, in order to provide theoretical and technological support for the prevention of the serious jujube fruit disease. 【Method】This study systematically compared the dynamic changes of nine main mineral elements in leaves and fruits of jujube in the course of occurrence of jujube fruit shrinkage disease in severe and light FSD area as well as targeted fertilization areas. 【Result】The contents of potassium, manganese, copper and boron in leaves in light disease area were significantly higher than those in severe disease area, while the calcium content in leaves in light disease area was significantly lower than that in severe disease area. The potassium and manganese contents in fruits in light disease area were significantly higher than those in severe disease area, and the calcium content in fruits in light disease area is significantly lower than that in severe disease area. After targeted fertilization of potassium and manganese, FSD incidence was significantly reduced from 57% to 15%, meanwhile potassium and manganese contents in leaves and fruits significantly increased but calcium contents significantly reduced. Spraying fungicides and growth regulators on the basis of supplementing K and Mn is more effective in controlling fruit shrinkage. The optimal nutritional index in leaves for controlling FSD in Taihang Mountains jujube growing regions was preliminarily determined by using the principal component analysis, i.e., potassium content in leaves was higher than 2.06±0.23 mg·g~(-1), manganese content was higher than 261.83±21.54 mg·kg~(-1), and calcium content was lower than 1.07±0.11 mg·g~(-1). 【Conclusion】 The occurrence of FSD is closely related to lower contents of potassium and manganese and higher content of calcium. This study provides a new effective way to prevent and cure fruit shrinking disease via soil potassium and manganese application in Chinese jujube.
【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the relationships between soil mineral element contents and fruit shrinking disease(FSD) in Chinese jujube(Ziziphus jujuba) and explore effective control methods of FSD, in order to provide theoretical and technological support for the prevention of the serious jujube fruit disease. 【Method】This study systematically compared the dynamic changes of nine main mineral elements in leaves and fruits of jujube in the course of occurrence of jujube fruit shrinkage disease in severe and light FSD area as well as targeted fertilization areas. 【Result】The contents of potassium, manganese, copper and boron in leaves in light disease area were significantly higher than those in severe disease area, while the calcium content in leaves in light disease area was significantly lower than that in severe disease area. The potassium and manganese contents in fruits in light disease area were significantly higher than those in severe disease area, and the calcium content in fruits in light disease area is significantly lower than that in severe disease area. After targeted fertilization of potassium and manganese, FSD incidence was significantly reduced from 57% to 15%, meanwhile potassium and manganese contents in leaves and fruits significantly increased but calcium contents significantly reduced. Spraying fungicides and growth regulators on the basis of supplementing K and Mn is more effective in controlling fruit shrinkage. The optimal nutritional index in leaves for controlling FSD in Taihang Mountains jujube growing regions was preliminarily determined by using the principal component analysis, i.e., potassium content in leaves was higher than 2.06±0.23 mg·g~(-1), manganese content was higher than 261.83±21.54 mg·kg~(-1), and calcium content was lower than 1.07±0.11 mg·g~(-1). 【Conclusion】 The occurrence of FSD is closely related to lower contents of potassium and manganese and higher content of calcium. This study provides a new effective way to prevent and cure fruit shrinking disease via soil potassium and manganese application in Chinese jujube.
引文
陈欢,曹承富,张存岭,等. 2014. 基于主成分-聚类分析评价长期施肥对砂姜黑土肥力的影响. 土壤学报,51(3):609 -617.(Chen H,Cao C F,Zhang C L,et al. 2014. Principal component-cluster analysis of long-term fertilization on fertility of lime concretion black soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica,51(3):609 -617. [in Chinese])
董向丽,李海燕,孙丽娟,等. 2013. 苹果锈病防治药剂筛选及施药适期研究. 植物保护,39(2):174 -179.(Dong X L,Li H Y,Sun L J,et al. 2013. Control effects and optimal spraying time of fungicides to apple rust caused by Gymnosporangium yamadae. Plant Protection,39(2):174 -179. [in Chinese])
高惠璇. 2005. 应用多元统计分析. 北京: 北京大学出版社.(Gao H X. 2005. Applied multivariate statistical analysis. Beijing: Peking University Press. [in Chinese])
龚鹏,车玉红,杨波,等. 2008. 不同钙肥对红富士苹果光合作用及营养元素互作效应研究. 北方园艺,(5):31 -34.(Gong P,Che Y H,Yang B,et al. 2008. Research on photosynthesis of the red Fuji apple by different calcium fertilizers and interactive effects of nutrient elements. Northern Horticulture,(5): 31-34. [in Chinese])
郭巨先,刘玉涛,杨暹. 2012. 钾营养对菜薹(菜心)炭疽病发生和植株防御酶活性的影响. 中国蔬菜,(14):86 -89.(Guo J X,Liu Y T,Yang X. 2012. Effect of potassium nutrition on anthracnose occurrence and defense enzyme activity in flowering Chinese cabbage. China Vegetables,(14):86 -89. [in Chinese])
郝美萍. 2015. 不同钾肥用量对寒地水稻产量及抗病性的影响. 现代化农业,(3):14 -15.(Hao M P. 2015. Effects of different potassium fertilizer on yield and disease resistance of rice in cold region. Modernizing Agriculture,(3):14 -15. [in Chinese])
冀爱青,朱超,彭功波,等. 2013. 不同早实核桃品种叶片矿质元素含量变化及其与产量的关系. 植物营养与肥料学报, 19(5): 1234 -1240.(Ji A Q,Zhu C,Peng G B,et al. 2013. Relationship between yield and mineral element contents in leaves of four early walnut cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 19(5): 1234-1240. [in Chinese])
金为民. 2001. 土壤肥料. 北京: 中国农业出版社.(Jin W M. 2001. Soils and Fertilizers. Beijing: China Agriculture Press. [in Chinese])
李明悦,朱静华,廉晓娟,等. 2013. 钾钙钠交互作用对小白菜生长和养分吸收的影响. 安徽农业科学,41(5):2031-2032,2160.(Li M Y,Zhu J H,Lian X J,et al. 2013. Effect of interaction of potassium, calcium and sodium on cabbage growth and nutrient absorption. Agricultural Science & Technology,41(5):2031-2032,2160. [in Chinese])
李娜. 2014. 营养元素对烟草疫霉生长发育及硼对产孢期基因转录的影响. 西南大学硕士学位论文.(Li N. 2014. Effects of nutrient elements on the growth of Phytophthora nicotianae and gene differential transcription in the sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae by boron. Congqing:MS thesis of Southwest University. [in Chinese])
刘孟军,汪民. 2009. 中国枣种质资源. 北京: 中国林业出版社.(Liu M J,Wang M. 2009. Germplasm resources of Chinese jujube. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House. [in Chinese])
刘孟军,王文江,刘平,等. 2014. 一种枣缩果病治疗康复方法. CN103814749A.(Liu M J,Wang W J,Liu P,et al. 2014. A kind of formula fertilizer for treatment fruit shrink disease in Chinese jujube. CN103814749A. [in Chinese])
刘孟军,王玖瑞,刘平,等. 2015. 中国枣生产与科研成就及前沿进展. 园艺学报,42(9):1683 -1698.(Liu M J,Wang J R,Liu P,et al. 2015. Historical achievements and frontier advances in the production and research of Chinese Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba)in China. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,42(9): 1683 -1698. [in Chinese])
刘晓燕,何萍,金继运. 2006. 钾在植物抗病性中的作用及机理的研究进展. 植物营养与肥料学报,12(3):445 -450.(Liu X Y,He P,Jin J Y. 2006. Advances in effect of potassium nutrition on plant disease resistance and its mechanism. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,12(3):445 -450. [in Chinese])
马俊青,宋宏伟,卢绍辉,等. 2012. 河南省枣缩果病与微量元素关系研究. 河南林业科技,32(3):6-7,30.(Ma J Q,Song H W,Lu S H,et al. 2012. Henan jujube fruit shrink disease and trace element relationship research. Journal of Henan Forestry Science and Technology,32(3):6-7,30. [in Chinese])
马希纳. 1991. 高等植物的矿质营养. 北京: 北京农业大学出版社.(Petra M. 1991. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Beijing: Beijing Agricultural University Press. [in Chinese])
宋韬亮. 2014. 枣缩果病与矿质元素关系及其防治研究. 保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文.(Song T L. 2014. Relationships between fruit shrink disease and mineral elements and its prevention in Chinese jujube. Baoding:MS Thesis of Agricultural University of Hebei. [in Chinese])
孙刚,杨庆根,张文学,等. 2011. 麻沙泥田增施钙镁肥对烤烟生长和产量的影响. 江西农业学报,23(6):97 -100.(Sun G,Yang Q G,Zhang W X,et al. 2011. Effect of calcium and magnesium fertilizer on growth and yield of flue-cured tobacco in alluvial sandy soil. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,23(6):97 -100. [in Chinese])
王丽丽. 2011. 枣缩果病的病害生理研究. 保定:河北农业大学硕士学位毕业论文.(Wang L L. 2011. Path-physiology research of Jujube fruit shrink disease. Baoding: MS Thesis of Agricultural University of Hebei. [in Chinese])
王玉祥. 2012. 矿质营养与植物病害的关系研究. 农业灾害研究,2(6):25 -27.(Wang Y X. 2012. Study on relationship between mineral nutrition and plant diseases. Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology,2(6):25-27. [in Chinese])
邢艺林,张敏,申红妙,等. 2016. 五种杀菌剂和二种诱导剂防治枣缩果病研究. 北方园艺,(20):122 -126.(Xing Y L,Zhang M,Shen H M,et al. 2016. Control of jujube fruit shrink disease with five fungicides and two inducing agents. Northern Horticulture,(20):122 -126. [in Chinese])
徐叶挺,龚鹏,杨磊,等. 2016. 扁桃叶片矿质元素在不同生长时期的含量变化及相关性分析. 新疆农业科学,53(11):2015 -2022.(Xu Y T,Gong P,Yang L,et al. 2016. Almond leaf mineral and trace element content changes and correlation analysis at different growth stages. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,53(11):2015 -2022. [in Chinese])
杨振. 2015. 钙对人参生长发育影响的研究.北京:中国农业科学院硕士学位论文.(Yang Z. 2015. Study on the effect of calcium to ginseng. Beijing:MS thesis of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. [in Chinese])
张朝红,刘孟军,孔得仓,等. 2011. 枣种质缩果病抗性多样性研究. 植物遗传资源学报,12(4):539 -545.(Zhang C H,Liu M J,Kong D C,et al. 2011. Diversification of resistance to fruit shrink disease in Chinese jujube germplasm. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,12(4):539 -545. [in Chinese])
张清华,班战军,刘淑红,等. 2016. 施用钾肥对转基因棉花邯棉559黄萎病及产量的影响. 河北农业科学, 20(4): 34-36.(Zhang Q H,Ban Z J,Liu S H,et al. 2016. Effect of potassium fertilizer on Verticillium wilt and yield of transgenic cotton Hanmian 559. Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences, 20(4): 34-36. [in Chinese])
赵燕. 2014. 新疆红枣病害种类调查及枣缩果病病原的相关研究.乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学硕士学位论文.(Zhao Y. 2014. Investigation of Chinese Jujube Disease in Xinjiang and research on the pathogen of jujube fruit shrink disease. Urumqi:MS Thesis of Xinjiang Agricultural University. [in Chinese])
张中社,江世发. 2005. 园林植物病虫害防治. 北京: 高等教育出版社.(Zhang Z S,Jiang S F. 2005. Garden plant pest control. Beijing: China Higher Education Press. [in Chinese])
周沁沁,栾文楼,宋泽锋,等. 2016. 太行山大枣主产区土壤元素背景值及影响因素分析. 江苏农业科学,44(11):478 -481.(Zhou Q Q,Luan W L,Song Z F,et al. 2016. Analysis of soil element background value and influencing factors of jujube in main producing areas of Taihang Mountain. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,44(11):478-481. [in Chinese])
Mirzaee M R. 2014. An overview of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba) diseases. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection,47(1):82 -89.
CH,Liu M J,Kong D C. 2011. Occurrence and pathogens of fruit shrink disease in Ziziphus jujuba mill. Frontiers of Agriculture in China,5(3): 351 -355.
董向丽,李海燕,孙丽娟,等. 2013. 苹果锈病防治药剂筛选及施药适期研究. 植物保护,39(2):174 -179.(Dong X L,Li H Y,Sun L J,et al. 2013. Control effects and optimal spraying time of fungicides to apple rust caused by Gymnosporangium yamadae. Plant Protection,39(2):174 -179. [in Chinese])
高惠璇. 2005. 应用多元统计分析. 北京: 北京大学出版社.(Gao H X. 2005. Applied multivariate statistical analysis. Beijing: Peking University Press. [in Chinese])
龚鹏,车玉红,杨波,等. 2008. 不同钙肥对红富士苹果光合作用及营养元素互作效应研究. 北方园艺,(5):31 -34.(Gong P,Che Y H,Yang B,et al. 2008. Research on photosynthesis of the red Fuji apple by different calcium fertilizers and interactive effects of nutrient elements. Northern Horticulture,(5): 31-34. [in Chinese])
郭巨先,刘玉涛,杨暹. 2012. 钾营养对菜薹(菜心)炭疽病发生和植株防御酶活性的影响. 中国蔬菜,(14):86 -89.(Guo J X,Liu Y T,Yang X. 2012. Effect of potassium nutrition on anthracnose occurrence and defense enzyme activity in flowering Chinese cabbage. China Vegetables,(14):86 -89. [in Chinese])
郝美萍. 2015. 不同钾肥用量对寒地水稻产量及抗病性的影响. 现代化农业,(3):14 -15.(Hao M P. 2015. Effects of different potassium fertilizer on yield and disease resistance of rice in cold region. Modernizing Agriculture,(3):14 -15. [in Chinese])
冀爱青,朱超,彭功波,等. 2013. 不同早实核桃品种叶片矿质元素含量变化及其与产量的关系. 植物营养与肥料学报, 19(5): 1234 -1240.(Ji A Q,Zhu C,Peng G B,et al. 2013. Relationship between yield and mineral element contents in leaves of four early walnut cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 19(5): 1234-1240. [in Chinese])
金为民. 2001. 土壤肥料. 北京: 中国农业出版社.(Jin W M. 2001. Soils and Fertilizers. Beijing: China Agriculture Press. [in Chinese])
李明悦,朱静华,廉晓娟,等. 2013. 钾钙钠交互作用对小白菜生长和养分吸收的影响. 安徽农业科学,41(5):2031-2032,2160.(Li M Y,Zhu J H,Lian X J,et al. 2013. Effect of interaction of potassium, calcium and sodium on cabbage growth and nutrient absorption. Agricultural Science & Technology,41(5):2031-2032,2160. [in Chinese])
李娜. 2014. 营养元素对烟草疫霉生长发育及硼对产孢期基因转录的影响. 西南大学硕士学位论文.(Li N. 2014. Effects of nutrient elements on the growth of Phytophthora nicotianae and gene differential transcription in the sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae by boron. Congqing:MS thesis of Southwest University. [in Chinese])
刘孟军,汪民. 2009. 中国枣种质资源. 北京: 中国林业出版社.(Liu M J,Wang M. 2009. Germplasm resources of Chinese jujube. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House. [in Chinese])
刘孟军,王文江,刘平,等. 2014. 一种枣缩果病治疗康复方法. CN103814749A.(Liu M J,Wang W J,Liu P,et al. 2014. A kind of formula fertilizer for treatment fruit shrink disease in Chinese jujube. CN103814749A. [in Chinese])
刘孟军,王玖瑞,刘平,等. 2015. 中国枣生产与科研成就及前沿进展. 园艺学报,42(9):1683 -1698.(Liu M J,Wang J R,Liu P,et al. 2015. Historical achievements and frontier advances in the production and research of Chinese Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba)in China. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,42(9): 1683 -1698. [in Chinese])
刘晓燕,何萍,金继运. 2006. 钾在植物抗病性中的作用及机理的研究进展. 植物营养与肥料学报,12(3):445 -450.(Liu X Y,He P,Jin J Y. 2006. Advances in effect of potassium nutrition on plant disease resistance and its mechanism. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,12(3):445 -450. [in Chinese])
马俊青,宋宏伟,卢绍辉,等. 2012. 河南省枣缩果病与微量元素关系研究. 河南林业科技,32(3):6-7,30.(Ma J Q,Song H W,Lu S H,et al. 2012. Henan jujube fruit shrink disease and trace element relationship research. Journal of Henan Forestry Science and Technology,32(3):6-7,30. [in Chinese])
马希纳. 1991. 高等植物的矿质营养. 北京: 北京农业大学出版社.(Petra M. 1991. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Beijing: Beijing Agricultural University Press. [in Chinese])
宋韬亮. 2014. 枣缩果病与矿质元素关系及其防治研究. 保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文.(Song T L. 2014. Relationships between fruit shrink disease and mineral elements and its prevention in Chinese jujube. Baoding:MS Thesis of Agricultural University of Hebei. [in Chinese])
孙刚,杨庆根,张文学,等. 2011. 麻沙泥田增施钙镁肥对烤烟生长和产量的影响. 江西农业学报,23(6):97 -100.(Sun G,Yang Q G,Zhang W X,et al. 2011. Effect of calcium and magnesium fertilizer on growth and yield of flue-cured tobacco in alluvial sandy soil. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,23(6):97 -100. [in Chinese])
王丽丽. 2011. 枣缩果病的病害生理研究. 保定:河北农业大学硕士学位毕业论文.(Wang L L. 2011. Path-physiology research of Jujube fruit shrink disease. Baoding: MS Thesis of Agricultural University of Hebei. [in Chinese])
王玉祥. 2012. 矿质营养与植物病害的关系研究. 农业灾害研究,2(6):25 -27.(Wang Y X. 2012. Study on relationship between mineral nutrition and plant diseases. Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology,2(6):25-27. [in Chinese])
邢艺林,张敏,申红妙,等. 2016. 五种杀菌剂和二种诱导剂防治枣缩果病研究. 北方园艺,(20):122 -126.(Xing Y L,Zhang M,Shen H M,et al. 2016. Control of jujube fruit shrink disease with five fungicides and two inducing agents. Northern Horticulture,(20):122 -126. [in Chinese])
徐叶挺,龚鹏,杨磊,等. 2016. 扁桃叶片矿质元素在不同生长时期的含量变化及相关性分析. 新疆农业科学,53(11):2015 -2022.(Xu Y T,Gong P,Yang L,et al. 2016. Almond leaf mineral and trace element content changes and correlation analysis at different growth stages. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,53(11):2015 -2022. [in Chinese])
杨振. 2015. 钙对人参生长发育影响的研究.北京:中国农业科学院硕士学位论文.(Yang Z. 2015. Study on the effect of calcium to ginseng. Beijing:MS thesis of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. [in Chinese])
张朝红,刘孟军,孔得仓,等. 2011. 枣种质缩果病抗性多样性研究. 植物遗传资源学报,12(4):539 -545.(Zhang C H,Liu M J,Kong D C,et al. 2011. Diversification of resistance to fruit shrink disease in Chinese jujube germplasm. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,12(4):539 -545. [in Chinese])
张清华,班战军,刘淑红,等. 2016. 施用钾肥对转基因棉花邯棉559黄萎病及产量的影响. 河北农业科学, 20(4): 34-36.(Zhang Q H,Ban Z J,Liu S H,et al. 2016. Effect of potassium fertilizer on Verticillium wilt and yield of transgenic cotton Hanmian 559. Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences, 20(4): 34-36. [in Chinese])
赵燕. 2014. 新疆红枣病害种类调查及枣缩果病病原的相关研究.乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学硕士学位论文.(Zhao Y. 2014. Investigation of Chinese Jujube Disease in Xinjiang and research on the pathogen of jujube fruit shrink disease. Urumqi:MS Thesis of Xinjiang Agricultural University. [in Chinese])
张中社,江世发. 2005. 园林植物病虫害防治. 北京: 高等教育出版社.(Zhang Z S,Jiang S F. 2005. Garden plant pest control. Beijing: China Higher Education Press. [in Chinese])
周沁沁,栾文楼,宋泽锋,等. 2016. 太行山大枣主产区土壤元素背景值及影响因素分析. 江苏农业科学,44(11):478 -481.(Zhou Q Q,Luan W L,Song Z F,et al. 2016. Analysis of soil element background value and influencing factors of jujube in main producing areas of Taihang Mountain. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,44(11):478-481. [in Chinese])
Mirzaee M R. 2014. An overview of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba) diseases. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection,47(1):82 -89.
CH,Liu M J,Kong D C. 2011. Occurrence and pathogens of fruit shrink disease in Ziziphus jujuba mill. Frontiers of Agriculture in China,5(3): 351 -355.