“全球英国”理念下英国对非洲政策的调整
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摘要
2016年6月英国举行脱欧公投,2017年3月正式启动脱欧程序。随着脱欧进程的发展,英国对其外交政策进行了一定的调整,推出了"全球英国"这一外交理念,其目的是为了在退出欧盟之后维护和加强英国作为全球大国的地位。在这一背景下,非洲作为英国重要战略伙伴的作用得到了凸显,尤其体现在贸易、投资和安全等涉及英国核心利益的领域。英国脱欧无疑为其加深与非洲的关系带来了机遇。但是,由于一系列复杂因素的影响,英国未来的非洲政策仍然面临着诸多挑战和不确定性。
After a referendum where more than a half of the voters supported the UK's exit of the EU,the UK government officially triggered the exit procedure in March 2017.At the same time,the UK has made adjustments to its foreign policy,with "Global Britain" as the core idea,in a view to safeguarding and strengthening its role as a global power after Brexit.In this context,Africa has regained the attention from the UK,who regards Africa's role as a potential partnership in the fields of trade,investment and security.These core concerns of the UK has been demonstrated clearly by PM Theresa May's visit to Africa in August 2018.Brexit has brought opportunities for widening and deepening the relationships between the UK and Africa.However,due to a series of complex factors,the future bilateral relations will still be faced with a number of uncertainties and challenges.
After a referendum where more than a half of the voters supported the UK's exit of the EU,the UK government officially triggered the exit procedure in March 2017.At the same time,the UK has made adjustments to its foreign policy,with "Global Britain" as the core idea,in a view to safeguarding and strengthening its role as a global power after Brexit.In this context,Africa has regained the attention from the UK,who regards Africa's role as a potential partnership in the fields of trade,investment and security.These core concerns of the UK has been demonstrated clearly by PM Theresa May's visit to Africa in August 2018.Brexit has brought opportunities for widening and deepening the relationships between the UK and Africa.However,due to a series of complex factors,the future bilateral relations will still be faced with a number of uncertainties and challenges.
引文
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(2)李靖堃、王振华:《列国志·英国》,社会科学文献出版社,2016年版,第461～462页。
(3)陈乐民:《战后英国外交史》,世界知识出版社,1994年版,第14页。
(4)同上书,第16页。
(5)Winston Churchill,“Perils at Abroad and at Home”,in Robert Rhodes James ed.,Winston Churchill,His Complete Speeches 1897-1963,Vol.VII,Chelesea House Publishers,1974,p.7712.
(6)李靖堃、王振华:前引书,第472页。
(7)Xinhuanet,“Brexit a Defining Moment for Britain:May”,http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/15/c_136128446.htm,2018-10-15.
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(9)Daily Mail Online,“UK’s Johnson Says Britain Wants Greater Role on Global Stage”,http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3704159/UKs-Johnson-says-Britain-wants-greater-role-global-stage.html,2018-09-23.
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(22)Sophia Price,“Securing Financial Markets:UK-Africa Relations after Brexit”,http://roape. net/2018/05/04/securing-financial-markets-uk-africa-relations-after-brexit,2018-11-04.
(23)高晋元:前引书,第105页。
(24)李靖堃、王振华:前引书,第469页。
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(27)高晋元:前引书,第283页。
(28)Christopher Clapham,“UK-African Relations:the Background to Labour’s Africa Policy”,http://www.open.ac.uk/socialsciences/bisa-africa/files/uk-africa-policy/Clapham%20speaking%20notes.pdf,2018-11-19.
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(31)DFID,“Eliminating World Poverty:A Challenge for the 21st Century”,http://webarchive. nationalarchives.gov.uk/20050404190659/http:/www.dfid.gov.uk/Pubs/files/whitepaper1997.pdf,2018-10-30.
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(33)高晋元:前引书,第299页。
(34)李鹏涛、翟珣:前引文,第185页。
(35)李菁英、黄军英:《英国对非援助政策的调整》,载《国际经济与合作》2012年第4期,第83页。
(36)张永蓬:《英国对非洲安全合作:路径、特点及启示》,载《西亚非洲》2014年第4期,第95页。
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(40)UK Parliament,“Written Evidence-Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FPW0027)”.
(41)Alex Vines & Elizabeth Donnelly,“Theresa May’s Focus on UK-Africa Ties Is Long Overdue”,https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/theresa-may-s-focus-uk-africa-ties-long-overdue,2018-09-29.
(42)Joseph Cotterill & Henry Mance,“Theresa May Seeks to Match Macron Influence in Africa”,https://www.ft.com/content/67d2b40c-aa0c-11e8-94bd-cba20d67390c,2018-09-28.
(43)英国设在英联邦成员国的大使馆正式名称为“高级专员署”(High Commission),由“高级专员”(High Commissioner)负责。
(44)HM Government,“Minister Baldwin Speech on UK-Africa Relations”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/minister-baldwin-speeh-on-uk-africa-relations,2018-09-26.
(45)Samuel Ogundipe,“UK Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson Opens Country’s New Embassy in Abuja”,https://premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/242028-uk-foreign-secretary-boris-johnson-opens-countrys-new-embassy-abjua.html,2018-08-31.
(46)斯威士兰官方已经宣布将国名更改为“The Kingdom of ESwatini”。
(47)Department for International Trade,“Preparing for Our Future UK Trade Policy”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/654714/Preparing_for_our_future_UK_trade_policy_Report_Web_Accessible.pdf,2018-10-27.
(48)HM Government,“Trade Policy Minister Sets Out Future UK-Africa Trading Relationship”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/trade-policy-minister-sets-out-future-uk-africa-trading-relationship,2018-11-06.
(49)HM Government,“Joint Statement on UK,SACU and Mozambique EPA”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-on-uk-sacu-and-mozambique-epa,2018-09-29.
(50)James Tapsfield,“Theresa May Denies Being ‘Late to the Party’ In Forging Ties With Africa as She Says Six Countries Have Agreed to ‘Roll Over’ Existing Trade Deals with The EU After Brexit”,Daily Mail,https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6102581/May-UK-aid-Africa-unashamedly-used-drive-post-Brexit-trade.html,2018-09-27.
(51)HM Government,“HM Trade Commissioner for Africa Appointed”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hm-trade-commissioner-for-africa-appointed,2018-10-20.
(52)HM Government,“PM Announces More than 300 Million Worth of Deals with African Nations”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-announces-more-than-300-million-worth-of-deals-with-african-nations,2018-09-30.
(53)Mukhisa Kituyi,“Power Dynamics and Capacity in the Negotiation of Economic Partnership Agreements between the UK and African Countries”,http://www.royalafricansociety.org/sites/default/files/files/APPG%20report%202017-%20Future%20of%20Africa%20UK%20Relations%20Post%20Brexit%20v2.pdf,2018-09-27.
(54)Peg Murray-Evans,“Return to the Commonwealth?—UK-Africa Trade after Brexit”,http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/2016/07/21/return-to-the-commonwealth-uk-africa-trade-after-brexit,2018-08-21.
(55)BBC,“Theresa May Pledges Africa Investment Boost after Brexit”,https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45325701,2018-09-28.
(56)HM Government,“PM Announces Ambition for UK to Be Largest G7 Investor in Africa by 2022”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-announces-ambition-for-uk-to-be-largest-g7-investor-in-africa-by-2022,2018-09-29.
(57)HM Government,“UK Launches Ambition to Generate Billions More Investment In Africa to Trigger Transformational Growth”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-launches-ambition-to-generate-billions-more-investment-in-africa-to-trigger-transformational-growth,2018-09-28.
(58)安春英:《英国对非洲的投资合作:概述与借鉴》,载《国际经济合作》2011年第8期,第42页。
(59)HM Government,Ambitious New Innovation Partnerships with African Countries,https://www. gov.uk/government/news/ambitious-new-innovation-partnerships-with-african-countries,2018-09-29.
(60)“UK Government Presents the Africa Infrastructure Board at the Mining Indaba”,https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2018/02/09/uk-government-presents-the-africa-infrastructure-board-at-the-mining-indaba-an-initiative-to-offer-holistic-approach-to-infrastructure-development-in-africa,2018-10-09.
(61)DFID,“Economic Development Strategy:Prosperity,Poverty and Meeting Global Challenges”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/587374 /DFID-Economic-Development-Strategy-2017.pdf,2018-11-07.
(62)HM Government,“International Development on UK aid-The Mission for Global Britain”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/international-development-secretary-on-uk-aid-the-mission-for-global-britain,2018-11-12.
(63)Development Initiatives,“Aid Spending by DAC Donors in 2017”,http://devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Aid-spending-by-DAC-donors-in-2017.pdf,2018-11-03.
(64)Anushka Asthana,“May to Resist Pressure to Cut Britain’s Foreign Aid Commitment”,https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/feb/12/theresa-may-committed-uk-foreign-aid-spending-pledge-oxfam,2018-11-12.
(65)Department for International Development,“Statistics on International Development 2017:Final 2016 UK ODA spend statistics”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/660062/SID-2017b.pdf,2018-11-12.
(66)Sorcha Bradly,“Theresa May’s ‘UNSHAMED’ Promise:Foreign Aid in Africa MUST Work for UK after Brexit”,https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1009488/Theresa-May-South-Africa-Brexit-trade-visit-latest-news-update-today,2018-09-28.
(67)HM Treasury & Department for International Trade,“UK Official Development Aid:Value for Money Guidance”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/712367/ODA_value_for_money_guidance.pdf,2018-11-13.
(68)Department for International Trade,“Economic Development Strategy:Prosperity,Poverty and Meeting Global Challenges”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/587374/DFID-Economic-Development-Strategy-2017.pdf,2018-11-08.
(69)UK Parliament,“Written Evidence-Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FPW0027)”,http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/international-relations-committee/foreign-policy-in-changed-world-conditions/written/79900.html,2018-09-28.
(70)HM Government,“Contest:The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/716907/140618_CCS207_CCS0218929798-1_CONTEST_3.0_WEB.pdf,2018-10-23.
(71)UK Parliament,“Written Evidence-Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FPW0027)”,http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/international-relations-committee/foreign-policy-in-changed-world-conditions/written/79900.html,2018-10-28.
(72)HM Government,“PM Speech at the London Somalia Conference”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-at-the-london-somalia-conference,2018-11-11.
(73)HM Government,“UK and South Africa Welcome Progress on Trade Relationship”,https://www.gov.uk.government/news/uk-and-south-africa-welcome-progress-on-trade-relationship,2018-11-14.
(74)Office for National Statistics,“The UK’s Trade and Investment Relationship with Africa:2016”,https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/articles/theukstradeandinvestmentrelationshipwithafrica/2016,2018-10-13.
(75)HM Government,“UK-South Africa Joint Trade Statement”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-south-africa-joint-trade-statement,2018-11-21.
(76)Greg Hands,“UK Likely to Be SA’s Biggest Foreign Direct Investor –even after Brexit”,https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-10-uk-likely-to-be-sas-biggest-foreign-investor-even-after-brexit,2018-11-10.
(77)Damilare Famuyiwa,“Nigeria,UK Bilateral Trade Hit 4.2 Billion Per Annum”,https://nairametrics. com/harriet-baldwin-says-nigeria-and-uk-bilateral-trade-has-hit-4-2-billion-per-annum,2018-09-31.
(78)Faith Oparaugo,“Nigeria:NBCC Projects 20 Billion Trade Volume between Nigeria,UK by 2020”,https://allafrica.com/stories/201408270381.html,2018-09-26.
(79)Edward George,“A Private Sector Perspective on Priorities for UK-Africa Trade Relations Post Brexit”,in Royal African Society:“The Future of Africa-UK Trade and Development Cooperation Relations in the Transitional and Post Brexit Period”,http://www.royalafricansociety.org/sites/default/files/files/APPG%20report%202017-%20Future%20of%20Africa%20UK%20Relations%20Post%20Brexit%20v2.pdf,2018-11-12.
(2)李靖堃、王振华:《列国志·英国》,社会科学文献出版社,2016年版,第461～462页。
(3)陈乐民:《战后英国外交史》,世界知识出版社,1994年版,第14页。
(4)同上书,第16页。
(5)Winston Churchill,“Perils at Abroad and at Home”,in Robert Rhodes James ed.,Winston Churchill,His Complete Speeches 1897-1963,Vol.VII,Chelesea House Publishers,1974,p.7712.
(6)李靖堃、王振华:前引书,第472页。
(7)Xinhuanet,“Brexit a Defining Moment for Britain:May”,http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/15/c_136128446.htm,2018-10-15.
(8)Patrick Wintour,“UK Rsks Losing Global Influence if It Quits Single Market,Says Former Civil Servant’,The Guardian,https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/nov/08/uk-risks-losing-global-influence-quits-single-market-senior-civil-servant,2018-11-08.
(9)Daily Mail Online,“UK’s Johnson Says Britain Wants Greater Role on Global Stage”,http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3704159/UKs-Johnson-says-Britain-wants-greater-role-global-stage.html,2018-09-23.
(10)The Independent,“Theresa May-Her Full Brexit Speech to Conservative Conference”,http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-conference-speech-article-50-brexit-eu-a7341926.html,2018-10-02.
(11)Theresa May,“The Government’s Negotiating Objectives for Exiting the EU”,https://www. gov.uk/government/speeches/the-governments-negotiating-objectives-for-exiting-the-eu-pm-speech,2018-10-17.
(12)Liam Fox,“Malaysia and Britain:Partners in a Post-Brexit World”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/malaysia-and-britain-partners-in-a-post-brexit-world,2018-11-05.
(13)HM Government,“PM Speech at Munich Security Conference”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-at-munich-security-conference-17-february-2018,2018-11-17.
(14)HM Government,“Minister Baldwin Speech on UK-Africa Relations”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/minister-baldwin-speech-on-uk-africa-relations,2018-09-28.
(15)Labour,“A Global Britain:Labour Will Take All Necessary Measures to Protect the Security of Our Citizens and Country”,https://labour.org.uk/issue/a-global-britain,2018-10-05.
(16)崔洪建:《脱欧进程下英国外交的变化》,载王展鹏:《英国发展报告(2016～2017)》,社会科学文献出版社,2017年版,第26页。
(17)Tim Ross,“Liam Fox:Britain Will be Great Again after Brexit”,The Telegraph,https://www. telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/24/liam-fox-britain-will-be-great-again-after-brexit,2018-09-24.
(18)HM Government,“PM Speech at Munich Security Conference”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-at-munich-security-conference-17-february-2018,2018-11-17.
(19)李靖堃:《英国与欧盟中东政策的未来走向——以英国脱欧为视角》,载《西亚非洲》2017年第5期,第35页。
(20)UK Parliament,“Written Evidence-Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FPW0027)”,http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/international-relations-committee/foreign-policy-in-changed-world-conditions/written/79900.html,2018-10-28.
(21)HM Government,“The United Kingdom’s Exit from and New Partnership with the European Union”,https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-united-kingdoms-exit-from-and-new-partnership-with-the-european-union-white-paper,2018-11-17.
(22)Sophia Price,“Securing Financial Markets:UK-Africa Relations after Brexit”,http://roape. net/2018/05/04/securing-financial-markets-uk-africa-relations-after-brexit,2018-11-04.
(23)高晋元:前引书,第105页。
(24)李靖堃、王振华:前引书,第469页。
(25)[英国]哈罗德·麦克米伦:《麦克米伦回忆录》(5),商务印书馆翻译组译,商务印书馆,1976年版,第190页。
(26)张顺洪:《论英国的非殖民化》,载《世界历史》1996年第6期,第7页。
(27)高晋元:前引书,第283页。
(28)Christopher Clapham,“UK-African Relations:the Background to Labour’s Africa Policy”,http://www.open.ac.uk/socialsciences/bisa-africa/files/uk-africa-policy/Clapham%20speaking%20notes.pdf,2018-11-19.
(29)李鹏涛、翟珣:《英国工党政府的非洲政策浅析(1997-2010)》,载《非洲研究》,中国社会科学出版社,2013年版,第181页。
(30)Julia Gallagher,“Healing the Scar? Idealizing Britain in Africa,1997-2007”,African Affairs,Vol.108,Issue 432,July 2009,p.435.
(31)DFID,“Eliminating World Poverty:A Challenge for the 21st Century”,http://webarchive. nationalarchives.gov.uk/20050404190659/http:/www.dfid.gov.uk/Pubs/files/whitepaper1997.pdf,2018-10-30.
(32)Commission for Africa,“Our Common Interest:Report of the Commission for Africa”,http://www. commissionforafrica.info/wp-content/uploads/2005-report/11-03-05_cr_report.pdf,2018-11-05.
(33)高晋元:前引书,第299页。
(34)李鹏涛、翟珣:前引文,第185页。
(35)李菁英、黄军英:《英国对非援助政策的调整》,载《国际经济与合作》2012年第4期,第83页。
(36)张永蓬:《英国对非洲安全合作:路径、特点及启示》,载《西亚非洲》2014年第4期,第95页。
(37)HM Government,“Theresa May to Lead Ambitious Three-nation Trip to Africa”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/theresa-may-to-lead-ambitious-three-nation-trip-to-africa,2018-09-26.
(38)HM Government,“UK Foreign Policy after Brexit:Engaging Africa”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/uk-foreign-policy-after-brexit-engaging-africa,2018-09-20.
(39)UK Parliament,“Written Evidence-Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FPW0027)”,http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/international-relations-committee/foreign-policy-in-changed-world-conditions/written/79900.html,2018-09-28.
(40)UK Parliament,“Written Evidence-Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FPW0027)”.
(41)Alex Vines & Elizabeth Donnelly,“Theresa May’s Focus on UK-Africa Ties Is Long Overdue”,https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/theresa-may-s-focus-uk-africa-ties-long-overdue,2018-09-29.
(42)Joseph Cotterill & Henry Mance,“Theresa May Seeks to Match Macron Influence in Africa”,https://www.ft.com/content/67d2b40c-aa0c-11e8-94bd-cba20d67390c,2018-09-28.
(43)英国设在英联邦成员国的大使馆正式名称为“高级专员署”(High Commission),由“高级专员”(High Commissioner)负责。
(44)HM Government,“Minister Baldwin Speech on UK-Africa Relations”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/minister-baldwin-speeh-on-uk-africa-relations,2018-09-26.
(45)Samuel Ogundipe,“UK Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson Opens Country’s New Embassy in Abuja”,https://premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/242028-uk-foreign-secretary-boris-johnson-opens-countrys-new-embassy-abjua.html,2018-08-31.
(46)斯威士兰官方已经宣布将国名更改为“The Kingdom of ESwatini”。
(47)Department for International Trade,“Preparing for Our Future UK Trade Policy”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/654714/Preparing_for_our_future_UK_trade_policy_Report_Web_Accessible.pdf,2018-10-27.
(48)HM Government,“Trade Policy Minister Sets Out Future UK-Africa Trading Relationship”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/trade-policy-minister-sets-out-future-uk-africa-trading-relationship,2018-11-06.
(49)HM Government,“Joint Statement on UK,SACU and Mozambique EPA”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-on-uk-sacu-and-mozambique-epa,2018-09-29.
(50)James Tapsfield,“Theresa May Denies Being ‘Late to the Party’ In Forging Ties With Africa as She Says Six Countries Have Agreed to ‘Roll Over’ Existing Trade Deals with The EU After Brexit”,Daily Mail,https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6102581/May-UK-aid-Africa-unashamedly-used-drive-post-Brexit-trade.html,2018-09-27.
(51)HM Government,“HM Trade Commissioner for Africa Appointed”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hm-trade-commissioner-for-africa-appointed,2018-10-20.
(52)HM Government,“PM Announces More than 300 Million Worth of Deals with African Nations”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-announces-more-than-300-million-worth-of-deals-with-african-nations,2018-09-30.
(53)Mukhisa Kituyi,“Power Dynamics and Capacity in the Negotiation of Economic Partnership Agreements between the UK and African Countries”,http://www.royalafricansociety.org/sites/default/files/files/APPG%20report%202017-%20Future%20of%20Africa%20UK%20Relations%20Post%20Brexit%20v2.pdf,2018-09-27.
(54)Peg Murray-Evans,“Return to the Commonwealth?—UK-Africa Trade after Brexit”,http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/2016/07/21/return-to-the-commonwealth-uk-africa-trade-after-brexit,2018-08-21.
(55)BBC,“Theresa May Pledges Africa Investment Boost after Brexit”,https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45325701,2018-09-28.
(56)HM Government,“PM Announces Ambition for UK to Be Largest G7 Investor in Africa by 2022”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-announces-ambition-for-uk-to-be-largest-g7-investor-in-africa-by-2022,2018-09-29.
(57)HM Government,“UK Launches Ambition to Generate Billions More Investment In Africa to Trigger Transformational Growth”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-launches-ambition-to-generate-billions-more-investment-in-africa-to-trigger-transformational-growth,2018-09-28.
(58)安春英:《英国对非洲的投资合作:概述与借鉴》,载《国际经济合作》2011年第8期,第42页。
(59)HM Government,Ambitious New Innovation Partnerships with African Countries,https://www. gov.uk/government/news/ambitious-new-innovation-partnerships-with-african-countries,2018-09-29.
(60)“UK Government Presents the Africa Infrastructure Board at the Mining Indaba”,https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2018/02/09/uk-government-presents-the-africa-infrastructure-board-at-the-mining-indaba-an-initiative-to-offer-holistic-approach-to-infrastructure-development-in-africa,2018-10-09.
(61)DFID,“Economic Development Strategy:Prosperity,Poverty and Meeting Global Challenges”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/587374 /DFID-Economic-Development-Strategy-2017.pdf,2018-11-07.
(62)HM Government,“International Development on UK aid-The Mission for Global Britain”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/international-development-secretary-on-uk-aid-the-mission-for-global-britain,2018-11-12.
(63)Development Initiatives,“Aid Spending by DAC Donors in 2017”,http://devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Aid-spending-by-DAC-donors-in-2017.pdf,2018-11-03.
(64)Anushka Asthana,“May to Resist Pressure to Cut Britain’s Foreign Aid Commitment”,https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/feb/12/theresa-may-committed-uk-foreign-aid-spending-pledge-oxfam,2018-11-12.
(65)Department for International Development,“Statistics on International Development 2017:Final 2016 UK ODA spend statistics”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/660062/SID-2017b.pdf,2018-11-12.
(66)Sorcha Bradly,“Theresa May’s ‘UNSHAMED’ Promise:Foreign Aid in Africa MUST Work for UK after Brexit”,https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1009488/Theresa-May-South-Africa-Brexit-trade-visit-latest-news-update-today,2018-09-28.
(67)HM Treasury & Department for International Trade,“UK Official Development Aid:Value for Money Guidance”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/712367/ODA_value_for_money_guidance.pdf,2018-11-13.
(68)Department for International Trade,“Economic Development Strategy:Prosperity,Poverty and Meeting Global Challenges”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/587374/DFID-Economic-Development-Strategy-2017.pdf,2018-11-08.
(69)UK Parliament,“Written Evidence-Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FPW0027)”,http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/international-relations-committee/foreign-policy-in-changed-world-conditions/written/79900.html,2018-09-28.
(70)HM Government,“Contest:The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/716907/140618_CCS207_CCS0218929798-1_CONTEST_3.0_WEB.pdf,2018-10-23.
(71)UK Parliament,“Written Evidence-Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FPW0027)”,http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/international-relations-committee/foreign-policy-in-changed-world-conditions/written/79900.html,2018-10-28.
(72)HM Government,“PM Speech at the London Somalia Conference”,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-at-the-london-somalia-conference,2018-11-11.
(73)HM Government,“UK and South Africa Welcome Progress on Trade Relationship”,https://www.gov.uk.government/news/uk-and-south-africa-welcome-progress-on-trade-relationship,2018-11-14.
(74)Office for National Statistics,“The UK’s Trade and Investment Relationship with Africa:2016”,https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/articles/theukstradeandinvestmentrelationshipwithafrica/2016,2018-10-13.
(75)HM Government,“UK-South Africa Joint Trade Statement”,https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-south-africa-joint-trade-statement,2018-11-21.
(76)Greg Hands,“UK Likely to Be SA’s Biggest Foreign Direct Investor –even after Brexit”,https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-10-uk-likely-to-be-sas-biggest-foreign-investor-even-after-brexit,2018-11-10.
(77)Damilare Famuyiwa,“Nigeria,UK Bilateral Trade Hit 4.2 Billion Per Annum”,https://nairametrics. com/harriet-baldwin-says-nigeria-and-uk-bilateral-trade-has-hit-4-2-billion-per-annum,2018-09-31.
(78)Faith Oparaugo,“Nigeria:NBCC Projects 20 Billion Trade Volume between Nigeria,UK by 2020”,https://allafrica.com/stories/201408270381.html,2018-09-26.
(79)Edward George,“A Private Sector Perspective on Priorities for UK-Africa Trade Relations Post Brexit”,in Royal African Society:“The Future of Africa-UK Trade and Development Cooperation Relations in the Transitional and Post Brexit Period”,http://www.royalafricansociety.org/sites/default/files/files/APPG%20report%202017-%20Future%20of%20Africa%20UK%20Relations%20Post%20Brexit%20v2.pdf,2018-11-12.