农户认知、农地确权与农地制度变迁——基于中国5省758农户调查的实证分析
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摘要
本文分析了农户认知对农户参与确权行为及农地制度变迁的作用机制,并应用5省农地调查数据进行实证检验。研究表明:(1)农地确权中的农户认知可具体显化为农户对农地政策的理解、对确权作用的预期以及对参与确权难易的评价等,三者共同决定了农户确权意愿,进而影响其参与确权的行为以及农地制度变迁。(2)农户对确权作用的预期以及对参与确权难易的评价直接影响农户确权意愿;对农地政策理解的影响则包括直接效应和间接效应,后者又通过对农户确权作用的预期间接影响确权意愿。(3)农户意愿越强,实际参与确权各环节的数量就越多;并且农户对确权作用预期对制度变迁影响最大,其次是对农地政策的理解,最后是对参与确权难易评价。因此,应深入了解农民确权认知结构,有针对性地提高农民认知水平;加强宣传和教育,提高农户对政策的理解以及对确权作用的预期;进行民意调查,重视农户对参与确权难易的评价,保证确权公平并降低农民参与确权的成本。
Cognition is the key to understand institutional change. The objective of this paper is to manifest and quantify individual cognition in the real world,and analyze the mechanism of farmers' cognition on behavior of land registration and institutional change. This paper applies the theory of planned behavior to analyze the mechanism of farmers' cognition on behavior of land registration and institutional change by constructing a structural equation modeling and testing empirically with five provinces' rural land survey data. It shows that:(1)Farmers' cognition on rural land registration can be manifested into three parts,including understanding ofrural land policies,expectation of rural land registration,and evaluation of the difficulty in participating. All these three jointly determine the willingness of rural land registration,and then affect farmers' behavior and institutional change;(2)The willingness is directly affected by expectation and evaluation. The willingness of the understanding about rural land policies can influence behaviors directly and indirectly,and the latter is through the expectation;(3)The willingness to rural land registration affects behavior of farmers. The stronger willingness the farmers have,the more they actually participate in land registration. What's more,the influence of cognitions on institutional change is various,which means expectation shows the greatest influence,followed by understanding and evaluation. Therefore,we should understand the structure of farmers' cognition more deeply,and raise the cognition level pertinently;Strengthen publicity and education to improve understanding of rural land policies and expectation of rural land registration;Conduct polls to ensure the fairness of land registration and reduce the time and cost of farmers' participation.
Cognition is the key to understand institutional change. The objective of this paper is to manifest and quantify individual cognition in the real world,and analyze the mechanism of farmers' cognition on behavior of land registration and institutional change. This paper applies the theory of planned behavior to analyze the mechanism of farmers' cognition on behavior of land registration and institutional change by constructing a structural equation modeling and testing empirically with five provinces' rural land survey data. It shows that:(1)Farmers' cognition on rural land registration can be manifested into three parts,including understanding ofrural land policies,expectation of rural land registration,and evaluation of the difficulty in participating. All these three jointly determine the willingness of rural land registration,and then affect farmers' behavior and institutional change;(2)The willingness is directly affected by expectation and evaluation. The willingness of the understanding about rural land policies can influence behaviors directly and indirectly,and the latter is through the expectation;(3)The willingness to rural land registration affects behavior of farmers. The stronger willingness the farmers have,the more they actually participate in land registration. What's more,the influence of cognitions on institutional change is various,which means expectation shows the greatest influence,followed by understanding and evaluation. Therefore,we should understand the structure of farmers' cognition more deeply,and raise the cognition level pertinently;Strengthen publicity and education to improve understanding of rural land policies and expectation of rural land registration;Conduct polls to ensure the fairness of land registration and reduce the time and cost of farmers' participation.
引文
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(1)《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于进一步稳定和完善农村土地承包关系的通知》(中办发[1997]16号)明确提出:“延长土地承包期后,乡(镇)人民政府农业承包合同主管部门要及时向农户颁发由县或县级以上人民政府统一印制的土地承包经营权证书。”2008年十七届三中全会《中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》明确提出“搞好农村土地确权、登记、颁证工作”,标志着新一轮农村大规模土地确权的开始。并陆续在2009和2010年的两个中央一号文件,以及2009年国土资源部《关于促进农业稳定发展农民持续增收推动城乡统筹发展的若干意见》(国土资发[2009]27号)中多次提出农地确权登记的改革要求。2013年,中央一号文件进一步提出了改革期限---“用5年时间基本完成农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作”。2015年1月,农业部联合中央农办等六部门联合下发的《关于认真做好农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作的意见》再一次强调了确权的重要作用,指出“作为全面深化农村改革的重要任务”,确权是“一件非做不可,必须做好的大事”。
(1)这里特别感谢匿名审稿人指出认知变量可能存在的内生性问题,并给出明确的改进意见。我们基于现有调查数据,增加了家庭人口数、农户教育水平、网络覆盖程度以及到最近乡镇或县城的距离等控制变量,以控制个人特征、家庭特征和地区特征。将四个变量分别纳入模型作为农户对农地政策的理解、对参与确权难易的评价以及对确权作用的预期等三项认知的控制变量,重新测算分析后得知:三种认知及其对确权意愿和制度变迁影响的标准化系数变化都较小,影响方向和显著性均不变(控制变量的样本数据及统计量、引入控制变量前后模型计算结果对比因版面所限此处省略,有需要的读者可与作者联系索取)。因此,可以排除模型认知变量的内生性问题。
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(1)《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于进一步稳定和完善农村土地承包关系的通知》(中办发[1997]16号)明确提出:“延长土地承包期后,乡(镇)人民政府农业承包合同主管部门要及时向农户颁发由县或县级以上人民政府统一印制的土地承包经营权证书。”2008年十七届三中全会《中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》明确提出“搞好农村土地确权、登记、颁证工作”,标志着新一轮农村大规模土地确权的开始。并陆续在2009和2010年的两个中央一号文件,以及2009年国土资源部《关于促进农业稳定发展农民持续增收推动城乡统筹发展的若干意见》(国土资发[2009]27号)中多次提出农地确权登记的改革要求。2013年,中央一号文件进一步提出了改革期限---“用5年时间基本完成农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作”。2015年1月,农业部联合中央农办等六部门联合下发的《关于认真做好农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作的意见》再一次强调了确权的重要作用,指出“作为全面深化农村改革的重要任务”,确权是“一件非做不可,必须做好的大事”。
(1)这里特别感谢匿名审稿人指出认知变量可能存在的内生性问题,并给出明确的改进意见。我们基于现有调查数据,增加了家庭人口数、农户教育水平、网络覆盖程度以及到最近乡镇或县城的距离等控制变量,以控制个人特征、家庭特征和地区特征。将四个变量分别纳入模型作为农户对农地政策的理解、对参与确权难易的评价以及对确权作用的预期等三项认知的控制变量,重新测算分析后得知:三种认知及其对确权意愿和制度变迁影响的标准化系数变化都较小,影响方向和显著性均不变(控制变量的样本数据及统计量、引入控制变量前后模型计算结果对比因版面所限此处省略,有需要的读者可与作者联系索取)。因此,可以排除模型认知变量的内生性问题。