四溴双酚A和镉复合污染对不同生物体的安全阈值
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摘要
以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)、斑马鱼(Zebrafish)作为受试生物,进行急性毒性试验,死亡率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)为效应指标,采用基准剂量(BMD)法推导四溴双酚A(TBBPA)和镉(Cd)单一及联合暴露对不同生物体的安全阈值.结果表明,在本研究的试验剂量范围内,蚯蚓、斑马鱼TBBPA、Cd暴露剂量与死亡率、SOD、CAT活性效应指标存在明显剂量-效应关系.单一暴露下,CAT、SOD活性指标最敏感,蚯蚓和斑马鱼的TBBPA安全阈值分别为0.95,0.44mg/L,Cd安全阈值分别为71.17,0.42mg/L.联合暴露下安全阈值小于单一暴露.蚯蚓、斑马鱼TBBPA安全阈值分别为0.33,0.024mg/L,Cd为6.45,0.176mg/L.
Acute toxicity test of Eisenia foetida and Zebrafish was carried out, the toxicity data of mortality, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were obtained. The BMD method was used to derive the safety threshold of tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) and cadmium(Cd) for different organisms under single and combined exposure conditions. The results showed that there were significant dose-effect relationships between the exposure doses of TBBPA, Cd and the mortality, SOD and CAT indicators in the experimental dose range of this study. CAT and SOD indicators were most sensitive to single exposure, and the safety thresholds of TBBPA for Eisenia fetida and Zebrafish were 0.95, 0.44 mg/L, Cd were 71.17, 0.42 mg/L, respectively. The safety threshold of combined exposure was less than single exposure. The safety threshold of TBBPA for Eisenia fetida and Zebrafish were 0.33,0.024 mg/L, and Cd were 6.45, 0.176 mg/L, respectively.
Acute toxicity test of Eisenia foetida and Zebrafish was carried out, the toxicity data of mortality, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were obtained. The BMD method was used to derive the safety threshold of tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) and cadmium(Cd) for different organisms under single and combined exposure conditions. The results showed that there were significant dose-effect relationships between the exposure doses of TBBPA, Cd and the mortality, SOD and CAT indicators in the experimental dose range of this study. CAT and SOD indicators were most sensitive to single exposure, and the safety thresholds of TBBPA for Eisenia fetida and Zebrafish were 0.95, 0.44 mg/L, Cd were 71.17, 0.42 mg/L, respectively. The safety threshold of combined exposure was less than single exposure. The safety threshold of TBBPA for Eisenia fetida and Zebrafish were 0.33,0.024 mg/L, and Cd were 6.45, 0.176 mg/L, respectively.
引文
[1]乙楠楠,吴惠,何贤松,等.敌敌畏对大鼠乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制作用的基准剂量和未观察到有害作用水平比较[J].环境与健康杂志,2013,30(6):486-489.Yi N N,Wu H,He X S,et al.Comparison of dichlorvos’s BMD and NOAEL in inhibition effect of acetylcholinesterase in rats[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2013,30(6):486-489.
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[5]杨苏文,王圣瑞,闫振广,等.四溴双酚A在5种巢湖鱼类体内的组织分布与生物浓缩因子研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(6):1852-1857.Yang S W,Wang S R,Yan Z G,et al.Tissue distribution and bioconcentration factors of tetrabromobisphenol A in five fishes in Lake Chaohu[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(6):1852-1857.
[6]张圣虎,张易曦,吉贵祥,等.高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定儿童和成人尿液中双酚A、四溴双酚A和辛基酚[J].分析化学,2016,44(1):19-24.Zhang S H,Zhang Y X,Ji G X,et al.Determination of bisphenol A,tetrabromobisphenol A and 4-tert-octylphenol in child and adult urine samples using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2016,44(1):19-24.
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[8]Zhang S X,Liu J N,Lei W,et al.Endocrine Disrupting Effects of TBBPA and TBP on Pelteobagrus fulvidraco[J].Journal of Ecology&Rural Environment,2016,32(6):1012-1017.
[9]Watanabe W,Hirose A,Takeshita T,et al.Perinatal exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA),a brominated flame retardant,exacerbated the pneumonia in respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)-infected offspring mice[J].Journal of Toxicological Sciences,2017,42(6):789-795.
[10]梁元媛.解读挪威PoHS禁令[J].电子质量,2008,(4):78-80.Liang Y Y.Deciperment of Norwegian product regulation:PoHS[J].Electronics Quality,2008,(4):78-80.
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[12]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Test No.203:Fish,Acute Toxicity Test[S].Paris:OECD,1992.
[13]Marklund S,Marklund G.Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase[J].European Journal of Biochemistry,1974,47(3):469-474.
[14]徐镜波,袁晓凡,郎佩珍.过氧化氢酶活性及活性抑制的紫外分光光度测定[J].环境化学,1997,16(1):73-76.Xu J B,Yuan X F,Lang P Z,et al.The determination of enzymic activity and its inhibition on catalase by ultraviolet spectrophotometry[J].Environmental Chemistry,1997,16(1):73-76.
[15]吴本丽,曹岩,罗思,等.封闭群稀有鮈鲫对几种常见化学品的敏感性[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(4):1059-1066.Wu B L,Cao Y,Luo S,et al.Sensitivity of rare minnow(Gobiocypris rarus,IHB)to several common chemicals[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(4):1059-1066.
[16]刘娜,金小伟,王业耀,等.三唑酮对青鳉鱼和大型溞不同测试终点的毒性效应评价[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):2205-2211.Liu N,Jing X W,Wang Y Y,et al.Toxicity effect of Triadimefon based on Oryzias latipes and Daphnia magna with different test endpoints[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):2205-2211.
[17]Kubo K,Nogawa K,Kido T,et al.Estimation of benchmark dose of lifetime cadmium intake for adverse renal effects using hybrid approach in inhabitants of an environmentally exposed river basin in Japan[J].Risk Analysis,2017,37(1):20-26.
[18]Yang G,Li J,Wang Y,et al.Quantitative ecotoxicity analysis for pesticide mixtures using benchmark dose methodology[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2018,159:94-101.
[19]?ur?i?M,Ja?evi?V,Antonijevi?B,et al.Use of PROAST software to assess the influence of decabrominated diphenyl ether and/or cadmium on thyroid hormones homeostasis in rats[J].Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society,2012,77(4):549-561.
[20]曾奇兵,刘云,洪峰,等.氟砷致骨代谢损伤生物暴露限值基准剂量法分析[J].中国公共卫生,2012,28(5):631-632.Zeng Q B,Liu Y,Hong F,et al.Determination of damage in bone metabolism caused by co-exposure to fluoride and arsenic using benchmark dose method in Chinese population[J].Chinese Journal of Public Health,2012,28(5):631-632.
[21]Hong F,Jin T,Zhang A.Risk assessment on renal dysfunction caused by co-exposure to arsenic and cadmium using benchmark dose calculation in a Chinese population[J].Biometals,2004,17(5):573-580.
[22]李定龙,李晓芳,李敏,等.四溴双酚A和镉联合暴露对蚯蚓和斑马鱼毒性作用特征研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2016,33(7):577-584.Li D L,Li X F,Li M,et al.Joint toxic effect of tetrabromobisphenol Aand cadmium on Eisenia foetida and Zebrafish[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2016,33(7):577-584.
[23]Sverdrup L E,Hartnik T,Mariussen E,et al.Toxicity of three halogenated flame retardants to nitrifying bacteria,red clover(Trifolium pratense),and a soil invertebrate(Enchytraeus crypticus)[J].Chemosphere,2006,64(1):96-103.
[24]Yang S W,Yan Z G,Xu F F,et al.Development of freshwater aquatic life criteria for tetrabromobisphenol A in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,169(15):59-63.
[25]Chain E P O C I.Scientific opinion on tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)and its derivatives in food[J].Efsa Journal,2011,9(12):2477.
[26]Ven L T M V D,Kuil T V D,Verhoef A,et al.Endocrine effects of tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)in Wistar rats as tested in a one-generation reproduction study and a subacute toxicity study[J].Toxicology,2008,245(1):76-89.
[27]吴丰昌,冯承莲,张瑞卿,等.我国典型污染物水质基准研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2012,42(5):665-672.Wu F C,Feng C L,Zhang R Q,et al.Aquatic Criteria for typical pollutants in China[J].Scientia Sinica(Terrae),2012,42(5):665-672.
[28]朱岩,覃璐玫,张亚辉,等.浑河沈阳河段重金属镉的水质基准阈值探讨[J].环境化学,2016,35(8):1578-1583.Zhu Y,Qin L M,Zhang Y H,et al.Development of aquatic criteria for cadmium for Shenyang reach of Hunhe in China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(8):1578-1583.
[29]陈璐璐,周北海,徐冰冰,等.太湖水体典型重金属镉和铬含量及其生态风险[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(10):2290-2296.Chen L L,Zhou B H,Xu B B,et al.Cadmium and chromium concentrations and their ecological risks in the water body of Taihu Lake,East China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(10):2290-2296.
[30]刘智敏,顾雪元,王晓蓉,等.化学提取法预测土壤中镉对蚯蚓的毒性效应[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(10):1971-1978.Liu Z M,Gu X Y,Wang X R,et al.The relationship between chemical extractable cadmium levels in soil and toxic responses of earthworms[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(10):1971-1978.
[31]丁龙,李冬冬,汪承润,等.土壤镉诱导赤子爱胜蚓的氧化损伤、防御反应及其致毒阈值[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1115-1122.Ding L,Li D D,Wang C R,et al.Oxidative damage,defense response and toxicity threshold in Eisenia foetida exposed to cadmium-polluted soils[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(7):1115-1122.
[32]Aoyagi T,Hayakawa K,Miyaji K,et al.Cadmium nephrotoxicity and evacuation from the body in a rat modeled subchronic intoxication[J].International Journal of Urology,2010,10(6):332-338.
[33]Wang X,Wang Y,Feng L,et al.Application of the benchmark dose(BMD)method to identify thresholds of cadmium-induced renal effects in non-polluted areas in China[J].Plos One,2016,11(8):e0161240.
[2]向明灯,于云江,李琴,等.四溴双酚A对HepG2细胞的毒性作用及其剂量-反应关系评估[J].环境卫生学杂志,2013(6):481-485.Xiang M D,Yu Y J,Li Q,et al.Assessment on cytotoxicity of HepG2cells induced by tetrabromobisphenol A and its dose-response relationship[J].Journal of Environmental Hygiene,2013(6):481-485.
[3]郑敏,赵文锦,程娟,等.生殖和发育毒性筛选试验中基准剂量法的应用[J].卫生研究,2017,46(2):291-297.Zheng M,Zhao W J,Cheng J,et al.Application of benchmark dose method in reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test[J].Journal of Hygiene Research,2017,46(2):291-297.
[4]Tang J,Feng J,Li X,et al.Levels of flame retardants HBCD,TBBPAand TBC in surface soils from an industrialized region of East China[J].Environmental Science Processes&Impacts,2014,16(5):1015-1021.
[5]杨苏文,王圣瑞,闫振广,等.四溴双酚A在5种巢湖鱼类体内的组织分布与生物浓缩因子研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(6):1852-1857.Yang S W,Wang S R,Yan Z G,et al.Tissue distribution and bioconcentration factors of tetrabromobisphenol A in five fishes in Lake Chaohu[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(6):1852-1857.
[6]张圣虎,张易曦,吉贵祥,等.高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定儿童和成人尿液中双酚A、四溴双酚A和辛基酚[J].分析化学,2016,44(1):19-24.Zhang S H,Zhang Y X,Ji G X,et al.Determination of bisphenol A,tetrabromobisphenol A and 4-tert-octylphenol in child and adult urine samples using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2016,44(1):19-24.
[7]Yang Y,Ni W W,Yu L,et al.Toxic Effects of tetrabromobisphen-ol Aon thyroid hormones in SD rats and the derived-reference dose[J].Biomedical and Environmental Sciences,2016,29(4):295-299.
[8]Zhang S X,Liu J N,Lei W,et al.Endocrine Disrupting Effects of TBBPA and TBP on Pelteobagrus fulvidraco[J].Journal of Ecology&Rural Environment,2016,32(6):1012-1017.
[9]Watanabe W,Hirose A,Takeshita T,et al.Perinatal exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA),a brominated flame retardant,exacerbated the pneumonia in respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)-infected offspring mice[J].Journal of Toxicological Sciences,2017,42(6):789-795.
[10]梁元媛.解读挪威PoHS禁令[J].电子质量,2008,(4):78-80.Liang Y Y.Deciperment of Norwegian product regulation:PoHS[J].Electronics Quality,2008,(4):78-80.
[11]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Test No.207:Earthworm,Acute Toxicity Tests.Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals[S].Paris:OECD,1984.
[12]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Test No.203:Fish,Acute Toxicity Test[S].Paris:OECD,1992.
[13]Marklund S,Marklund G.Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase[J].European Journal of Biochemistry,1974,47(3):469-474.
[14]徐镜波,袁晓凡,郎佩珍.过氧化氢酶活性及活性抑制的紫外分光光度测定[J].环境化学,1997,16(1):73-76.Xu J B,Yuan X F,Lang P Z,et al.The determination of enzymic activity and its inhibition on catalase by ultraviolet spectrophotometry[J].Environmental Chemistry,1997,16(1):73-76.
[15]吴本丽,曹岩,罗思,等.封闭群稀有鮈鲫对几种常见化学品的敏感性[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(4):1059-1066.Wu B L,Cao Y,Luo S,et al.Sensitivity of rare minnow(Gobiocypris rarus,IHB)to several common chemicals[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(4):1059-1066.
[16]刘娜,金小伟,王业耀,等.三唑酮对青鳉鱼和大型溞不同测试终点的毒性效应评价[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):2205-2211.Liu N,Jing X W,Wang Y Y,et al.Toxicity effect of Triadimefon based on Oryzias latipes and Daphnia magna with different test endpoints[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):2205-2211.
[17]Kubo K,Nogawa K,Kido T,et al.Estimation of benchmark dose of lifetime cadmium intake for adverse renal effects using hybrid approach in inhabitants of an environmentally exposed river basin in Japan[J].Risk Analysis,2017,37(1):20-26.
[18]Yang G,Li J,Wang Y,et al.Quantitative ecotoxicity analysis for pesticide mixtures using benchmark dose methodology[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2018,159:94-101.
[19]?ur?i?M,Ja?evi?V,Antonijevi?B,et al.Use of PROAST software to assess the influence of decabrominated diphenyl ether and/or cadmium on thyroid hormones homeostasis in rats[J].Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society,2012,77(4):549-561.
[20]曾奇兵,刘云,洪峰,等.氟砷致骨代谢损伤生物暴露限值基准剂量法分析[J].中国公共卫生,2012,28(5):631-632.Zeng Q B,Liu Y,Hong F,et al.Determination of damage in bone metabolism caused by co-exposure to fluoride and arsenic using benchmark dose method in Chinese population[J].Chinese Journal of Public Health,2012,28(5):631-632.
[21]Hong F,Jin T,Zhang A.Risk assessment on renal dysfunction caused by co-exposure to arsenic and cadmium using benchmark dose calculation in a Chinese population[J].Biometals,2004,17(5):573-580.
[22]李定龙,李晓芳,李敏,等.四溴双酚A和镉联合暴露对蚯蚓和斑马鱼毒性作用特征研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2016,33(7):577-584.Li D L,Li X F,Li M,et al.Joint toxic effect of tetrabromobisphenol Aand cadmium on Eisenia foetida and Zebrafish[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2016,33(7):577-584.
[23]Sverdrup L E,Hartnik T,Mariussen E,et al.Toxicity of three halogenated flame retardants to nitrifying bacteria,red clover(Trifolium pratense),and a soil invertebrate(Enchytraeus crypticus)[J].Chemosphere,2006,64(1):96-103.
[24]Yang S W,Yan Z G,Xu F F,et al.Development of freshwater aquatic life criteria for tetrabromobisphenol A in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,169(15):59-63.
[25]Chain E P O C I.Scientific opinion on tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)and its derivatives in food[J].Efsa Journal,2011,9(12):2477.
[26]Ven L T M V D,Kuil T V D,Verhoef A,et al.Endocrine effects of tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)in Wistar rats as tested in a one-generation reproduction study and a subacute toxicity study[J].Toxicology,2008,245(1):76-89.
[27]吴丰昌,冯承莲,张瑞卿,等.我国典型污染物水质基准研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2012,42(5):665-672.Wu F C,Feng C L,Zhang R Q,et al.Aquatic Criteria for typical pollutants in China[J].Scientia Sinica(Terrae),2012,42(5):665-672.
[28]朱岩,覃璐玫,张亚辉,等.浑河沈阳河段重金属镉的水质基准阈值探讨[J].环境化学,2016,35(8):1578-1583.Zhu Y,Qin L M,Zhang Y H,et al.Development of aquatic criteria for cadmium for Shenyang reach of Hunhe in China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(8):1578-1583.
[29]陈璐璐,周北海,徐冰冰,等.太湖水体典型重金属镉和铬含量及其生态风险[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(10):2290-2296.Chen L L,Zhou B H,Xu B B,et al.Cadmium and chromium concentrations and their ecological risks in the water body of Taihu Lake,East China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(10):2290-2296.
[30]刘智敏,顾雪元,王晓蓉,等.化学提取法预测土壤中镉对蚯蚓的毒性效应[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(10):1971-1978.Liu Z M,Gu X Y,Wang X R,et al.The relationship between chemical extractable cadmium levels in soil and toxic responses of earthworms[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(10):1971-1978.
[31]丁龙,李冬冬,汪承润,等.土壤镉诱导赤子爱胜蚓的氧化损伤、防御反应及其致毒阈值[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1115-1122.Ding L,Li D D,Wang C R,et al.Oxidative damage,defense response and toxicity threshold in Eisenia foetida exposed to cadmium-polluted soils[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(7):1115-1122.
[32]Aoyagi T,Hayakawa K,Miyaji K,et al.Cadmium nephrotoxicity and evacuation from the body in a rat modeled subchronic intoxication[J].International Journal of Urology,2010,10(6):332-338.
[33]Wang X,Wang Y,Feng L,et al.Application of the benchmark dose(BMD)method to identify thresholds of cadmium-induced renal effects in non-polluted areas in China[J].Plos One,2016,11(8):e0161240.