谁动了创业团队的“奶酪”?——基于fsQCA的团队异质性、团队互动及领导风格比较分析
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摘要
以往团队研究文献大多采用回归分析方法对团队绩效的影响因素进行探究,忽略了变量间的相互作用。文章通过实验观察法和问卷调查法对23个创业团队的案例数据进行跟踪搜集,在IPO(Input-Process-Output)团队互动一体化模型框架下,借助模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA)从两个阶段研究团队异质性、团队互动和领导风格三类变量组合对团队绩效的影响,结果表明成员价值观同质性、良好的人际关系、合作行为以及变革型领导风格是促进团队绩效提升的核心要素,而且领导风格对团队绩效的促进作用依赖于团队成员合作行为,为团队构建以及绩效提升提供了新的研究视角和决策依据。
Most of the previous team studies used regression analysis methods to explore the influencing factors of entrepreneurial team performance, ignoring the interactions among variables. This paper draws on the experimental observation method and questionnaire survey method to track and collect the case data of 23 entrepreneurial teams. Under the framework of the IPO(Input-Process-Output) team interaction integration model, the study is conducted from two stages by means of fuzzy-sets qualitative comparative analysis method(fsQCA) to analyze the influences of the configurations of team heterogeneity, team interaction, and the leadership style on the team performance. The results show that the values homogeneity of members, good interpersonal relationships, cooperation behavior and transformational leadership style are the core elements of the team performance improvement, and the promotional effect of the leadership style on the team performance depends on the team members' cooperative behavior. This paper provides new research perspectives and decision-making basis for team building and performance improvement.
Most of the previous team studies used regression analysis methods to explore the influencing factors of entrepreneurial team performance, ignoring the interactions among variables. This paper draws on the experimental observation method and questionnaire survey method to track and collect the case data of 23 entrepreneurial teams. Under the framework of the IPO(Input-Process-Output) team interaction integration model, the study is conducted from two stages by means of fuzzy-sets qualitative comparative analysis method(fsQCA) to analyze the influences of the configurations of team heterogeneity, team interaction, and the leadership style on the team performance. The results show that the values homogeneity of members, good interpersonal relationships, cooperation behavior and transformational leadership style are the core elements of the team performance improvement, and the promotional effect of the leadership style on the team performance depends on the team members' cooperative behavior. This paper provides new research perspectives and decision-making basis for team building and performance improvement.
引文
[1] [美] 彼得·德鲁克著, 朱雁斌. 巨变时代的管理[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2018.82-87.
[2] Hambrick D. C. & P. A. Mason. Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1984, 9(2):193-206.
[3] Ulrich Kaiser & Bettina Muller. Skill Heterogeneity in Startups and Its Development over Time[J]. Small Business Economics, 2015, 45(4): 787- 804.
[4] 樊传浩, 王济干.创业团队异质性与团队效能的关系研究[J]. 科研管理, 2013, 34(8): 35-41.
[5] Zhang Ping. Top Management Team Heterogeneity and Firm Performance: An Empirical Research on Chinese Listed Companies[J]. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 2007, 1(1):123-134 .
[6] Rihoux, B., álamos-Concha, P., Bol, D., Marx, A., & Rezs?hazy, I.. From Niche to Mainstream Method? a Comprehensive Mapping of QCA Applications in Journal Articles from 1984 to 2011[J]. Political Research Quarterly, 2013, 66(1):175-184.
[7] 金永生, 季桓永, 许冠南.互动导向对企业绩效有多重要——基于模糊集的定性比较分析[J]. 经济经纬, 2017,34(2): 111-115.
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[9] Solow D., Vairaktarakis G., Piderit S.K., & Ming-chi Tsai. Managerial Insights into the Effects of Interactions on Replacing Members of a Team[J]. Management Science, 2002, 48(8): 1060-1073.
[10] Jackson S. E., Joshi A, Erhardt N. L. Recent Research on Team and Organizational Diversity: SWOT Analysis and Implications[J]. Journal of Management, 2003, 29 (6 ):801-830.
[11] Dempster R.J., Hart S.D. The Relative Utility of Fixed and Variable Risk Factors in Discriminating Sexual Recidivists and Non-recidivists[J]. Sexual Abuse: a Journal of Research and Treatment, 2002, 14(2):121-138.
[12] 任颋, 王峥.女性参与高层团队对企业绩效的影响——基于中国民营企业的实证研究[J]. 南开管理评论, 2010,13(5): 81-91.
[13] 张秀娥, 孙中博, 王冰. 创业团队异质性对创业绩效的影响——基于对七省市264家创业企业的调研分析[J]. 华东经济管理, 2013,27(7): 112-115.
[14] 陶建宏.企业高层管理团队行为特征对创新绩效的影响研究[D]. 西安: 西北大学博士学位论文, 2013.
[15] Chowdhury S. Demographic Diversity for Building an Effective Entrepreneurial Team: Is it Important?[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2005, 20(6):727-746.
[16] Harrison D., Price K., Gavin J. Time, Teams and Task Performance: Changing Effects of Surface and Deep-level Diversity on Group Functioning[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2002,45(5):1029-1045.
[17] 张宏.创业团队价值观异质性、团队冲突与团队凝聚力关系研究[J]. 科学管理研究, 2014,32(2): 90-93.
[18] Stewart G.L. & Barrick M.R. Team Structure and Performance: Assessing the Mediating Role of Intra Team Process and the Moderating Role of Task Type[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2000, 43(2): 135-148.
[19] Butler J.K. Trust Expectations, Information Sharing, Climate of Trust and Negotiation Effectiveness and Efficiency[J]. Group and Organization Management, 2009, 24(2): 217-238.
[20] De Dreu C.K.W & Weingart L. R. Task Versus Relationship Conflict, Team Performance and Team Member Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2003, 88(4): 741-749.
[21] Amason A.C. Distinguishing the Effects of Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict on Strategic Decision Making: Resolving a Paradox for Top Management Teams[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1996, 39(1): 123-148.
[22] Jehn K.A. A Multi-method Examination of the Benefits and Detriments of Intra Group Conflict[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1995, 40(2): 256-282.
[23] 卢俊义, 程刚. 创业团队内认知冲突、合作行为与公司绩效关系的实证研究[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理, 2009, 30(5):117-123.
[24] 曾伏娥, 王克卫, 池韵佳, 夏晶. 领导风格对团队常规绩效和创新绩效的影响及机理研究——团队执行力与组织认同的中介效应[J]. 科技进步与对策, 2016, 33(8): 133-139.
[25] Ouchi W. G. & Maguire M. A. Organizational Control: Two Functions [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1975, 20 (4):559-561.
[26] Burns J. M. Leadership[M]. New York: Harper and Row, 1978.
[27] Ensley M. D., Hmieleski K. M. & Pearce C. L. The Importance of Vertical and Shared Leadership Within New Venture Top Management Teams: Implications for the Performance of Startups[J]. Leadership Quarterly, 2006, 17(3): 217-231.
[28] 朱少英, 齐二石, 徐渝. 变革型领导、团队氛围、知识共享与团队创新绩效的关系[J] .软科学, 2008, 22(11):1-9.
[29] 罗瑾琏, 赵莉, 韩杨, 等. 双元领导研究进展述评[J]. 管理学报, 2016, 13(12): 1882-1889.
[30] Blatt R. Tough Love: How Communal Schemas and Contracting Practices Build Relational Capital in Entrepreneurial Teams[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2009, 34( 3): 533-551.
[31] 刘牧. 创业者领导风格、创业团队互动行为对团队效能的影响研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学博士学位论文, 2014.
[32] Ellis, D.C. & Fisher, B.A. Small Group Decision Making Communication and Group Precess(4th ed)[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1994.
[33] McCleskey J. A. Situational, Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Leadership Development [J]. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 2014, 5(4):117-130.
[34] [比] 伯努瓦·里豪克斯,[美] 查尔斯 C.拉金著. 超越定性与定量研究的新方法[M]. 杜运周和李永发等译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2017.1-17.
[35] 刘嘉, 许燕. 团队异质性研究回顾与展望[J]. 心理科学进展, 2006, 14(4): 636-640.
[36] Jehn K.A., Northcraft G.B., Neale M.A.. Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Diversity, Conflict and Performance in Workgroups[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1999, 44(4):741-763.
[37] Tjosvold, D. Cooperative and competitive interdependence: Collaboration between departments to serve customers[J]. Group and Organization Studies, 1988, 13(3): 274-289.
[38] Lee-men Lee, Li-fei Chen. Boosting Employee Retention Through CSR: A Configurational Analysis[J]. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. 2018, 25(1): 948–960.
[2] Hambrick D. C. & P. A. Mason. Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1984, 9(2):193-206.
[3] Ulrich Kaiser & Bettina Muller. Skill Heterogeneity in Startups and Its Development over Time[J]. Small Business Economics, 2015, 45(4): 787- 804.
[4] 樊传浩, 王济干.创业团队异质性与团队效能的关系研究[J]. 科研管理, 2013, 34(8): 35-41.
[5] Zhang Ping. Top Management Team Heterogeneity and Firm Performance: An Empirical Research on Chinese Listed Companies[J]. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 2007, 1(1):123-134 .
[6] Rihoux, B., álamos-Concha, P., Bol, D., Marx, A., & Rezs?hazy, I.. From Niche to Mainstream Method? a Comprehensive Mapping of QCA Applications in Journal Articles from 1984 to 2011[J]. Political Research Quarterly, 2013, 66(1):175-184.
[7] 金永生, 季桓永, 许冠南.互动导向对企业绩效有多重要——基于模糊集的定性比较分析[J]. 经济经纬, 2017,34(2): 111-115.
[8] Mc Grath, J.E. Social Psychology: A Brief introduction[M]. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1964.
[9] Solow D., Vairaktarakis G., Piderit S.K., & Ming-chi Tsai. Managerial Insights into the Effects of Interactions on Replacing Members of a Team[J]. Management Science, 2002, 48(8): 1060-1073.
[10] Jackson S. E., Joshi A, Erhardt N. L. Recent Research on Team and Organizational Diversity: SWOT Analysis and Implications[J]. Journal of Management, 2003, 29 (6 ):801-830.
[11] Dempster R.J., Hart S.D. The Relative Utility of Fixed and Variable Risk Factors in Discriminating Sexual Recidivists and Non-recidivists[J]. Sexual Abuse: a Journal of Research and Treatment, 2002, 14(2):121-138.
[12] 任颋, 王峥.女性参与高层团队对企业绩效的影响——基于中国民营企业的实证研究[J]. 南开管理评论, 2010,13(5): 81-91.
[13] 张秀娥, 孙中博, 王冰. 创业团队异质性对创业绩效的影响——基于对七省市264家创业企业的调研分析[J]. 华东经济管理, 2013,27(7): 112-115.
[14] 陶建宏.企业高层管理团队行为特征对创新绩效的影响研究[D]. 西安: 西北大学博士学位论文, 2013.
[15] Chowdhury S. Demographic Diversity for Building an Effective Entrepreneurial Team: Is it Important?[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2005, 20(6):727-746.
[16] Harrison D., Price K., Gavin J. Time, Teams and Task Performance: Changing Effects of Surface and Deep-level Diversity on Group Functioning[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2002,45(5):1029-1045.
[17] 张宏.创业团队价值观异质性、团队冲突与团队凝聚力关系研究[J]. 科学管理研究, 2014,32(2): 90-93.
[18] Stewart G.L. & Barrick M.R. Team Structure and Performance: Assessing the Mediating Role of Intra Team Process and the Moderating Role of Task Type[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2000, 43(2): 135-148.
[19] Butler J.K. Trust Expectations, Information Sharing, Climate of Trust and Negotiation Effectiveness and Efficiency[J]. Group and Organization Management, 2009, 24(2): 217-238.
[20] De Dreu C.K.W & Weingart L. R. Task Versus Relationship Conflict, Team Performance and Team Member Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2003, 88(4): 741-749.
[21] Amason A.C. Distinguishing the Effects of Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict on Strategic Decision Making: Resolving a Paradox for Top Management Teams[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1996, 39(1): 123-148.
[22] Jehn K.A. A Multi-method Examination of the Benefits and Detriments of Intra Group Conflict[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1995, 40(2): 256-282.
[23] 卢俊义, 程刚. 创业团队内认知冲突、合作行为与公司绩效关系的实证研究[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理, 2009, 30(5):117-123.
[24] 曾伏娥, 王克卫, 池韵佳, 夏晶. 领导风格对团队常规绩效和创新绩效的影响及机理研究——团队执行力与组织认同的中介效应[J]. 科技进步与对策, 2016, 33(8): 133-139.
[25] Ouchi W. G. & Maguire M. A. Organizational Control: Two Functions [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1975, 20 (4):559-561.
[26] Burns J. M. Leadership[M]. New York: Harper and Row, 1978.
[27] Ensley M. D., Hmieleski K. M. & Pearce C. L. The Importance of Vertical and Shared Leadership Within New Venture Top Management Teams: Implications for the Performance of Startups[J]. Leadership Quarterly, 2006, 17(3): 217-231.
[28] 朱少英, 齐二石, 徐渝. 变革型领导、团队氛围、知识共享与团队创新绩效的关系[J] .软科学, 2008, 22(11):1-9.
[29] 罗瑾琏, 赵莉, 韩杨, 等. 双元领导研究进展述评[J]. 管理学报, 2016, 13(12): 1882-1889.
[30] Blatt R. Tough Love: How Communal Schemas and Contracting Practices Build Relational Capital in Entrepreneurial Teams[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2009, 34( 3): 533-551.
[31] 刘牧. 创业者领导风格、创业团队互动行为对团队效能的影响研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学博士学位论文, 2014.
[32] Ellis, D.C. & Fisher, B.A. Small Group Decision Making Communication and Group Precess(4th ed)[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1994.
[33] McCleskey J. A. Situational, Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Leadership Development [J]. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 2014, 5(4):117-130.
[34] [比] 伯努瓦·里豪克斯,[美] 查尔斯 C.拉金著. 超越定性与定量研究的新方法[M]. 杜运周和李永发等译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2017.1-17.
[35] 刘嘉, 许燕. 团队异质性研究回顾与展望[J]. 心理科学进展, 2006, 14(4): 636-640.
[36] Jehn K.A., Northcraft G.B., Neale M.A.. Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Diversity, Conflict and Performance in Workgroups[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1999, 44(4):741-763.
[37] Tjosvold, D. Cooperative and competitive interdependence: Collaboration between departments to serve customers[J]. Group and Organization Studies, 1988, 13(3): 274-289.
[38] Lee-men Lee, Li-fei Chen. Boosting Employee Retention Through CSR: A Configurational Analysis[J]. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. 2018, 25(1): 948–960.