北方典型城市地区水质评价及污染源分析
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摘要
近年来伴随着城市化的快速发展,城市地区水质污染情况愈加严重。为有效诊断北方典型城市地区的水质问题并提出适用于北方城市地区的水质污染治理对策,采用单指标评价法、综合污染指数法及模糊数学法研究分析了北京市丰台区河流地表水及地下水水质类别、超标情况及空间分布特征,结果表明:整体地表水水质属于重度污染,主要污染河流集中在中东部已建区,水质类别均为劣V类,超标水质指标主要为NH3—N、COD、CODMn、BOD5及TP等有机污染因子;地下水超标水质指标主要有总硬度、细菌总数、硝酸盐氮、总大肠杆菌群、溶解性固体及硫酸盐,研究区东部建成区主要为总硬度、硝酸盐氮及溶解性总固体,西部山区和农村地区主要为细菌总数及总大肠杆菌群。由现状评价结果可得,地表水与地下水水质污染指标化学成分具有一定相关性,研究区污染源主要为工业、生活废水点源污染及降雨径流面源污染,对此提出了将海绵设施对污染物的削减、净化作用应用到地表水及地下水水质污染治理方面的新思路。
Under the background of rapid urbanization,the pollution of water quality of urban areas is becoming more and more serious. In order to effectively diagnose the current situation of water quality in typical urban areas of northern China,this research puts forward universal countermeasures for water pollution control. The single-index evaluation method,comprehensive pollution index and fuzzy mathematics method were adopted. The results showed that the overall surface water quality is heavily polluted,and the main polluted rivers are concentrated in the built areas of central and eastern region. The water quality categories are inferior V and the main organic pollution factors are NH3—N,COD,CODMn,BOD5 and TP. Groundwater quality indicators are mainly total hardness,total bacteria,nitrate nitrogen,total coliform bacteria,soluble solids and sulphate. In the eastern part of the research area,total hardness,nitrate nitrogen and total soluble solids are the main indicators. In the western mountainous and rural areas,total bacteria and total coliform bacteria are the main indicators. Based on the results of current situation evaluation,the chemical composition of pollution indicators of surface water and groundwater are correlated. The main sources of pollution are point source pollution of industrial and domestic wastewater,nonpoint source pollution of urban and rural rainfall runoff. This paper proposes a new idea to apply the reduction and purification of non-point source pollution by sponge facilities to the treatment of water pollution in rivers and groundwater.
Under the background of rapid urbanization,the pollution of water quality of urban areas is becoming more and more serious. In order to effectively diagnose the current situation of water quality in typical urban areas of northern China,this research puts forward universal countermeasures for water pollution control. The single-index evaluation method,comprehensive pollution index and fuzzy mathematics method were adopted. The results showed that the overall surface water quality is heavily polluted,and the main polluted rivers are concentrated in the built areas of central and eastern region. The water quality categories are inferior V and the main organic pollution factors are NH3—N,COD,CODMn,BOD5 and TP. Groundwater quality indicators are mainly total hardness,total bacteria,nitrate nitrogen,total coliform bacteria,soluble solids and sulphate. In the eastern part of the research area,total hardness,nitrate nitrogen and total soluble solids are the main indicators. In the western mountainous and rural areas,total bacteria and total coliform bacteria are the main indicators. Based on the results of current situation evaluation,the chemical composition of pollution indicators of surface water and groundwater are correlated. The main sources of pollution are point source pollution of industrial and domestic wastewater,nonpoint source pollution of urban and rural rainfall runoff. This paper proposes a new idea to apply the reduction and purification of non-point source pollution by sponge facilities to the treatment of water pollution in rivers and groundwater.
引文
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[24]曹锡军,张英明,崔延松,等.南通市濠河水环境容量评价和提升措施[J].水电能源科学,2018,36(7):37-39+27.
[25]陈言菲,李翠梅,齐国远,等.基于GMS的江南某地区浅层地下水溶质迁移规律分析[J].水电能源科学,2018,36(8):33-38.
[26]汪顺生,黄天元,陈豪,等.基于CRITIC赋权的模糊综合评判模型在水质评价中的应用[J].水电能源科学,2018,36(6):48-51.
[27]崔学慧,李炳华,陈鸿汉.太湖平原城近郊区浅层地下水中多环芳烃污染特征及污染源分析[J].环境科学,2008,29(7):1806-1810.
[28]马越,姬国强,石战航,等.西咸新区沣西新城秦皇大道低影响开发雨水系统改造[J].给水排水,2017,53(3):59-67.
[2]HU Yuanan,CHENG Hefa. Water pollution during China's industrial transition[J]. Environmental Development,2013,8:57:73.
[3] YAN Zhenguang,WANG Weili,ZHOU Junli,et al.Screening of high phytotoxicity priority pollutants and their ecological risk assessment in China's surface waters[J].Chemosphere,2015,128:28-35.
[4]JIANG Yong. China's water scarcity[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(11):3185-3196.
[5]徐舒,张璐,付晓,等.河南泌阳县域地表水质特征及污染控制对策研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(S1):278-284.
[6]郭怀成,王金凤,刘永,等.城市水系功能治理方法及应用[J].地理研究,2006(4):596-605.
[7]刘灿.基于B样条小波的反演方法及地下水污染源识别应用研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2016.
[8]刘博,肖长来,梁秀娟,等.吉林市城区浅层地下水污染源识别及空间分布[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):457-464.
[9]左锐,韦宝玺,王金生,等.基于多元统计分析的地下水水源地污染源识别[J].水文地质工程地质,2012,39(6):17-21.
[10]谷天雪,卞建民,杨广森,等.大庆市浅层地下水化学特征及污染源解析[J].人民黄河,2016,38(7):68-72.
[11]徐庆勇,陈忠荣,杨巧凤,等.北京北运河流域平原区地下水水质空间分布特征[J].水资源与水工程学报,2017,28(3):61-65+71.
[12]高玉琴,赖丽娟,姚敏,等.基于正态云-模糊可变耦合模型的水环境质量评价[J].水资源与水工程学报,2018,29(5):1-7.
[13]王彦丽,赵敏宁.近10年辽河干流水质综合评价[J].水资源与水工程学报,2018,29(5):53-59.
[14]于洪涛,吴泽宁.灰色关联分析在南水北调中线澧河水质评价中的应用[J].节水灌溉,2010(3):39-41+45.
[15]徐华山,徐宗学,唐芳芳,等.漳卫南运河流域水质时空变化特征及其污染源识别[J].环境科学,2012,33(2):359-369.
[16]朱世丹,张飞,张海威,等.新疆艾比湖主要入湖河流同位素及水化学特征的季节变化[J].湖泊科学,2018,30(6):1707-1721.
[17] CHEN Xiqing,YAN Yixin,FU Renshou,et al. Sediment transport from the Yangtze River,China,into the sea over the Post-Three Gorge Dam Period:A discussion[J].Quaternary International,2008,186(1):55-64.
[18]董维红,林学钰,张博,等.鄂尔多斯苏里格南区块浅层地下水水化学分布特征及污染源分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(3):103-108.
[19]高彦芳,沈立成,杨平恒.重庆金佛山地下水的氮污染源研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2007,18(6):23-26+31.
[20]陈亚峰,杨彪山,贾志宏,等.成都市红层地下水水质特征研究[J].地下水,2017,39(6):33-37.
[21]王石,陈丽媛,孙翔,等.从“大截排”到清源和低影响开发———基于水质目标约束的情景模拟与规划[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(10):3981-3990.
[22]曾思育,董欣.城市降雨径流污染控制技术的发展与实践[J].给水排水,2015,51(10):1-3.
[23]荆红卫,张志刚,郭婧.北京北运河水系水质污染特征及污染来源分析[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(2):319-327.
[24]曹锡军,张英明,崔延松,等.南通市濠河水环境容量评价和提升措施[J].水电能源科学,2018,36(7):37-39+27.
[25]陈言菲,李翠梅,齐国远,等.基于GMS的江南某地区浅层地下水溶质迁移规律分析[J].水电能源科学,2018,36(8):33-38.
[26]汪顺生,黄天元,陈豪,等.基于CRITIC赋权的模糊综合评判模型在水质评价中的应用[J].水电能源科学,2018,36(6):48-51.
[27]崔学慧,李炳华,陈鸿汉.太湖平原城近郊区浅层地下水中多环芳烃污染特征及污染源分析[J].环境科学,2008,29(7):1806-1810.
[28]马越,姬国强,石战航,等.西咸新区沣西新城秦皇大道低影响开发雨水系统改造[J].给水排水,2017,53(3):59-67.