生态视角下的重庆照母山森林公园夜间光环境设计
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摘要
以重庆照母山森林公园的夜间光环境设计全过程为例,探讨灯光对城市生活与生态环境耦合关系的影响。通过对园内鸟类、植物的分布区域及趋光属性进行调查分类,沿着对动植物干扰最小路径,考虑夜间骑行与步行的安全,以园中花、草、树、月为素材,开发出具有自主知识产权、低能耗、无侵扰光的"月光"照明投影系统,解决了人工光对动植物侵扰这一难题;以"星光"照明为题,通过布光优化、精确控光及智能控制系统的运用,大幅度降低了山脊照明的整体亮度及能耗、延长了照明设施的使用寿命。在保证视看效果的前提下,避免了城市地标高亮度照明所引发的光污染;为城市森林公园夜间光环境设计中如何平衡人与生态的关系提供了参考。
Taking the whole process of night light environment design in a mountainous urban forest park as an example, this thesis discusses the influence of lighting on the coupling relationship between urban life and ecological environment. After investigating the distribution region of birds and plants of Chongqing Zhaomu Mountain Forest Park, and classifying the photo-taxis in plants, the design group found out an optimal night tour path with minimal light trespass on plants and animals. This path was also safe for walking and riding at night. The design group developed a low energy consumption, non-intrusive optical "moonlight" lighting projection system possessing independent intellectual property rights. This system solves the problem of artificial light disturbing animals and plants. The concept of "star lighting" is adopted in the mountain ridge lighting design. By improving the lighting arrangement and intelligent control system, the overall brightness of the ridge is greatly reduced and the service life of light facilities is prolonged. At the same time, the light pollution is avoided. This project provides a sample of dealing with the relationship between human and ecology in urban forest park lighting design.
Taking the whole process of night light environment design in a mountainous urban forest park as an example, this thesis discusses the influence of lighting on the coupling relationship between urban life and ecological environment. After investigating the distribution region of birds and plants of Chongqing Zhaomu Mountain Forest Park, and classifying the photo-taxis in plants, the design group found out an optimal night tour path with minimal light trespass on plants and animals. This path was also safe for walking and riding at night. The design group developed a low energy consumption, non-intrusive optical "moonlight" lighting projection system possessing independent intellectual property rights. This system solves the problem of artificial light disturbing animals and plants. The concept of "star lighting" is adopted in the mountain ridge lighting design. By improving the lighting arrangement and intelligent control system, the overall brightness of the ridge is greatly reduced and the service life of light facilities is prolonged. At the same time, the light pollution is avoided. This project provides a sample of dealing with the relationship between human and ecology in urban forest park lighting design.
引文
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[3]武晓,严永红.鸿恩寺森林公园鸿恩阁夜景照明设计:地域性照明设计手法探索[J].灯与照明,2012,36(1):16-19;51.
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[11]宋艳,朱晓,苏徐丽,等.光照和温度影响昆虫昼夜节律生物钟的分子机制[J].蚕业生产,2009,35(2):451-456.
[12]李农,王钧锐植物照明的生态环保研究[J].照明工程学报,2013,24(2):5-9.
[13]姜汉侨,侯昌群,等.植物生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
[14]Boldt J,Erwin J.李平,译.光照强度对植物光合作用的影响[J].中国花卉园艺,2011(12):50.
[15]孙爽.解读植物培育人工照明光谱与植物需求效率[J].光源与照明,2014(3):12-16.
[16]Shinkle J.Basic photomorphogenesis.Photobiological Sciences Online[EB/OL].[2011-01-08].http://www.photobiology.info/Shinkle.html.
[17]Wiltschko W,Munro U,Ford H,et al.Red light disrupts magnetic orientation of migratory birds[J].Nature,1993(6437):525-527.
[18]Wiltschko W,Wiltscho R,Munro U.Lightdependent magnetoreception in birds:the effect of intensity of 565-nm green light[J].Die Naturwissenschaften,2000,87(8):366-369.
[19]Wiltschko W,Wiltscho R.The effect of yellow and blue light on magnetic compass orientation in European robins,Erithacus rubecula[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology A,1999,184(3):295-299.
[20]Poot H,Ens B J,Han D V,et al.Green light for nocturnally migrating birds[J].Ecology&Society,2008,13(2):582-592.
[21]CIE Technical Report.Recommendations for the Lighting of Road for motor and pedestrian traffic[R].1995.
[22]Merle E K.A New Visibility Criterion for Roadway Lighting[J].Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society,2001,30(1):84-89.
[23]Verheijen F J.Photopollution:artificial light optic spatial control systems fail to cope with.Incidents,causation,remedies[J].Experimental Biology,1985,44(1):1-18.
[24]刘博,马剑,刘刚,等.颐和园夜间照明对雨燕影响的试验研究[J].照明工程学报,2009,20(2):1-5.
[25]Kempenaers B,et al.Artificial Night Lighting Affects Dawn Song,Extra-Pair Siring Success,and Lay Date in Songbirds[J].Current Biology,2010,20(19):1735-1739.
[26]马剑.颐和园夜景照明生态环境保护研究[D].天津:天津大学,2008:24.
[27]孙晓飞.城市景观照明总体(专项)规划编制研究[D].天津:天津大学,2007:46.
[28]H?lker F,Wolter C,Perkin E K.Light pollution as a biodiversity threat[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2010,25(12):681.
[29]李凯历,徐浩,陆琦,等.上海夜公园游人活动照度需求研究[J].中国园林,2015,31(8):105-109.
[30]李忠明.基于行为心理分析的山地城市公园游步道照明规划设计策略研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2017:94-99.
[31]严永红,胡宗光,刘相乾,等.照母山森林公园夜间光环境建成后评价报告[R].2017:4-5.
[2]张凯旋,董亮.城市公园延长开放适宜性的评价研究:以上海市公园为例[J].中国园林,2016,32(7):67-72.
[3]武晓,严永红.鸿恩寺森林公园鸿恩阁夜景照明设计:地域性照明设计手法探索[J].灯与照明,2012,36(1):16-19;51.
[4]360百度.照母山森林公园[EB/OL].[2018-01-08].https://baike.so.com/doc/7042776-7265681.html.
[5]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.城市道路照明设计标准CJJ 45-2015[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2015.
[6]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.城市夜景照明设计规范JGJ/T 163-2008[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[7]照母山森林公园吸引1 4 0种鸟类栖息[E B/O L].[2012-11-23].http://www.ljxqzw.gov.cn/zhaomushan/2012-11/23/content_2624025.html.
[8]Borowski E,Micha?ek S,Rubinowska K,et al.The effects of light quality on photosynthetic parameters and yield of lettuce plants[J].Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Hortorum Cultus,2015,14(5):177-188.
[9]Torres A P.Photosynthetic Daily LightIntegral Propagation Tecoma stans Influences Seedling Rooting and Growth[J].Hortscience A Publication of the American Society for Science,2011,46(2):282-286.
[10]李媛,刘刚,马剑.基于鸟类保护的夜间人工照明光生态研究综述[C]//中国科协第249次青年科学家论坛报告文集,2012:137-144.
[11]宋艳,朱晓,苏徐丽,等.光照和温度影响昆虫昼夜节律生物钟的分子机制[J].蚕业生产,2009,35(2):451-456.
[12]李农,王钧锐植物照明的生态环保研究[J].照明工程学报,2013,24(2):5-9.
[13]姜汉侨,侯昌群,等.植物生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
[14]Boldt J,Erwin J.李平,译.光照强度对植物光合作用的影响[J].中国花卉园艺,2011(12):50.
[15]孙爽.解读植物培育人工照明光谱与植物需求效率[J].光源与照明,2014(3):12-16.
[16]Shinkle J.Basic photomorphogenesis.Photobiological Sciences Online[EB/OL].[2011-01-08].http://www.photobiology.info/Shinkle.html.
[17]Wiltschko W,Munro U,Ford H,et al.Red light disrupts magnetic orientation of migratory birds[J].Nature,1993(6437):525-527.
[18]Wiltschko W,Wiltscho R,Munro U.Lightdependent magnetoreception in birds:the effect of intensity of 565-nm green light[J].Die Naturwissenschaften,2000,87(8):366-369.
[19]Wiltschko W,Wiltscho R.The effect of yellow and blue light on magnetic compass orientation in European robins,Erithacus rubecula[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology A,1999,184(3):295-299.
[20]Poot H,Ens B J,Han D V,et al.Green light for nocturnally migrating birds[J].Ecology&Society,2008,13(2):582-592.
[21]CIE Technical Report.Recommendations for the Lighting of Road for motor and pedestrian traffic[R].1995.
[22]Merle E K.A New Visibility Criterion for Roadway Lighting[J].Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society,2001,30(1):84-89.
[23]Verheijen F J.Photopollution:artificial light optic spatial control systems fail to cope with.Incidents,causation,remedies[J].Experimental Biology,1985,44(1):1-18.
[24]刘博,马剑,刘刚,等.颐和园夜间照明对雨燕影响的试验研究[J].照明工程学报,2009,20(2):1-5.
[25]Kempenaers B,et al.Artificial Night Lighting Affects Dawn Song,Extra-Pair Siring Success,and Lay Date in Songbirds[J].Current Biology,2010,20(19):1735-1739.
[26]马剑.颐和园夜景照明生态环境保护研究[D].天津:天津大学,2008:24.
[27]孙晓飞.城市景观照明总体(专项)规划编制研究[D].天津:天津大学,2007:46.
[28]H?lker F,Wolter C,Perkin E K.Light pollution as a biodiversity threat[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2010,25(12):681.
[29]李凯历,徐浩,陆琦,等.上海夜公园游人活动照度需求研究[J].中国园林,2015,31(8):105-109.
[30]李忠明.基于行为心理分析的山地城市公园游步道照明规划设计策略研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2017:94-99.
[31]严永红,胡宗光,刘相乾,等.照母山森林公园夜间光环境建成后评价报告[R].2017:4-5.