制造过程中的广义碳排放计量方法研究
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摘要
本文拟在综合广义火用计量和传统碳排放方法的基础上,构建广义碳排放计量模型,将其应用于制造系统的环境效益评价中,其值由要素消耗量与相应广义排放因子乘积后累加得到。首先,通过人均基本碳排放量、人口总量、年工作时数、工资总量及广义货币M_2等,构建模型并求解得到劳动力和资本的广义碳排放因子。其次,基于物料、能源、产品和废弃物等的碳排放因子得到相应广义碳排放因子,实现制造系统全要素的广义碳排放因子建模。最后,通过监测所有要素的消耗量,由消耗量与广义碳排放因子乘积累加得到制造系统的广义碳排放值。板材切割加工工艺案例表明,广义碳排放计量方法实现了对制造要素统一计量,有利于避免对劳动密集型和资本密集型制造业的环境效益最优的误判,可作为可持续制造的判断依据。
An Extended Carbon-Emission Accounting(ECEA) method is proposed by referring Extended Energy Accounting method in this paper. The extended carbon dioxide emissions factors of labor and capital are proposed to calculate based on the basic CDE per capita, total population, annual working hours, intermediate money M_2 and the total wage S, etc. The extended carbon dioxide emissions(Ex-CDE) of a manufacturing process can be calculated through these factors. By using the ECEA method, a case of comparatively analyzing on a sheet metal part′s cutting process is studied. The result shows ECEA method accounts these production factors in a uniform unit, which is suitable as a basis for judging the sustainability of manufacturing processes and it can help to avoid miscalculation of the best environmental benefits for labor-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing industries.
An Extended Carbon-Emission Accounting(ECEA) method is proposed by referring Extended Energy Accounting method in this paper. The extended carbon dioxide emissions factors of labor and capital are proposed to calculate based on the basic CDE per capita, total population, annual working hours, intermediate money M_2 and the total wage S, etc. The extended carbon dioxide emissions(Ex-CDE) of a manufacturing process can be calculated through these factors. By using the ECEA method, a case of comparatively analyzing on a sheet metal part′s cutting process is studied. The result shows ECEA method accounts these production factors in a uniform unit, which is suitable as a basis for judging the sustainability of manufacturing processes and it can help to avoid miscalculation of the best environmental benefits for labor-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing industries.
引文
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[2] CDIAC. Global carbon project-full global carbon budget[EB/OL]. (2018-05-10). http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/GCP/
[3] Global Carbon Project. Carbon budget[EB/OL]. (2017-11-13). http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/index.htm
[4] Le Quéré C, Andrew R M, Friedlingstein P, et al. Global carbon budget 2017[J]. Earth System Science Data, 2018,10(1):405-448
[5] Smit B, Pilifosova O, Huq S, et al. Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity[R]. Islamabad, Pakistan: Sustainable Development, 2001:153-173
[6] Hopwood B, Mellor M, O′Brien G. Sustainable development: mapping different approaches[J]. Sustainable Development, 2005,13(1):38-52
[7] EPA. Air emissions factors and quantification[EB/OL]. (2018-03-14). https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-factors-and-quantification/ap-42-compilation-air-emission-factors
[8] Wiedmann T, Minx J. A definition of ′carbon footprint′[R]. Hauppauge NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, 2008:1-11
[9] Wright L A, Kemp S, Williams I. ′Carbon footprinting′: towards a universally accepted definition[J]. Carbon Management, 2011,2(1):61-72
[10] 曹华军,李洪丞,宋胜利,等.基于生命周期评价的机床生命周期碳排放评估方法及应用[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(11):2432-2437Cao H J, Li H C, Song S L, et al. Evaluation method and application for carbon emissions of machine tool based on life cycle assessment[J]. Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 2011,17(11):2432-2437 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhang T W, Dornfeld D A. Quantifying the environmental impacts of labor[C]//Proceedings of 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. San Francisco, CA, USA: IEEE, 2008
[12] Sciubba E. Beyond thermoeconomics? The concept of Extended Exergy Accounting and its application to the analysis and design of thermal systems[J]. Exergy, An International Journal, 2001,1(2):68-84
[13] Chen G Q, Chen B. Extended-exergy analysis of the Chinese society[J]. Energy, 2009,34(9):1127-1144
[14] 陈华山.试论社会主义资本[J].广东商学院学报东,1995,(4):9-16,44Chen H S. A tentative comment on socialist capital[J]. Journal of Guangdong University of Business Studies, 1995,(4):9-16,44 (in Chinese)
[15] Carbon-Trust. Personal carbon allowances white paper[EB/OL]. (2018-03-15). https://www.carbontrust.com/resources/reports/footprinting/personal-carbon-allowances-white-paper/
[16] Bin S, Dowlatabadi H. Consumer lifestyle approach to US energy use and the related CO2 emissions[J]. Energy Policy, 2005,33(2):197-208
[17] 朱莉.个人碳排放标准值的估算研究[D].成都:西南财经大学,2012Zhu L. The study on estimation of personal carbon allowance[D]. Chengdu: Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, 2012 (in Chinese)
[18] Xu X K, Han L Y, Lü X F. Household carbon inequality in urban China, its sources and determinants[J]. Ecological Economics, 2016,128:77-86
[19] Rocco M V, Colombo E, Sciubba E. Advances in exergy analysis: a novel assessment of the extended exergy accounting method[J]. Applied Energy, 2014,113:1405-1420
[20] Sinden G . The contribution of PAS 2050 to the evolution of international greenhouse gas emission standards[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2009,14(3):195-203
[21] 中国国家统计局.2016中国统计年鉴[EB/OL].(2018-12-30).http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj%20/2016/indexch.htmNational Bureau of Statistics of China. 2016 China statistical yearbook[EB/OL]. (2018-12-30). http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj%20/2016/indexch.htm (in Chinese)
[22] Deng Z H, Lü L S, Li S C, et al. Study on the model of high efficiency and low carbon for grinding parameters optimization and its application[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,137:1672-1681
[23] Narita H, Kawamura H, Norihisa T, et al. Development of prediction system for environmental burden for machine tool operation[J]. JSME International Journal Series C, 2007,49(4):1188-1195
[24] 国家发展改革委应对气候变化司.关于就《2016年中国区域电网基准线排放因子(征求意见稿)》公开征求意见的公告[EB/OL].(2017-04-14).http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/gzdt/201704/t20170414-844347.htmlNational Development and Reform Commission Department of Climate Change. Announcement on public consultation on the “2016 China regional power grid baseline emission factors (draft for comment)”[EB/OL](2017-04-14). http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/gzdt/201704/t20170414-844347