唐宋时期制笔技术的传承与革新
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摘要
制笔技术史是中国古代科技史的重要内容之一,而唐宋时期正是中国古代制笔技术体系发展的完备阶段。唐宋以前,笔头的制作原料多为动物毫毛。唐宋时期,笔头的制作原料更加丰富和多样化,尤其是北宋时期开始以植物纤维制作笔头,创造性地开拓了原料来源,成为制笔史上的重要革新。这一时期,制笔过程中既重视笔头的选料和加工,又关注笔管的大小与制作,还突出风格及式样的创新,最终形成精选笔毛、精制笔芯、精雕笔管、精创式样的成熟且完善的技术体系。由唐到宋,制笔技术的传承与革新,无疑从一个侧面生动地反映着唐宋时代社会文化的发展与变迁。
The history of technology on manufacturing of writing brush is an important component of the history of ancient science and technology in China, and the Tang and Song Dynasties witnessed the full-fledged development of ancient Chinese technology system on manufacturing of writing brush. Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, the raw materials used as brush heads were mostly animal hair. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, these materials became more abundant and diversified, and especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, plant fiber was used to make writing brush, which creatively explored the source of raw materials and became an important innovation in the history of manufacturing of writing brush. During this period, the selection and processing of writing brush head, the size and manufacturing of writing brush tube, and the innovation of form and style were paid attention to in the process of manufacturing of writing brush. Besides, a mature and improved technical system of selecting raw materials, refining writing brush heads, carving writing brush tubes and creating unique styles was finally established. The inheritance and innovation of technology on manufacturing of writing brush undoubtedly and vividly reflected the development and change of society in the Tang and Song dynasties.
The history of technology on manufacturing of writing brush is an important component of the history of ancient science and technology in China, and the Tang and Song Dynasties witnessed the full-fledged development of ancient Chinese technology system on manufacturing of writing brush. Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, the raw materials used as brush heads were mostly animal hair. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, these materials became more abundant and diversified, and especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, plant fiber was used to make writing brush, which creatively explored the source of raw materials and became an important innovation in the history of manufacturing of writing brush. During this period, the selection and processing of writing brush head, the size and manufacturing of writing brush tube, and the innovation of form and style were paid attention to in the process of manufacturing of writing brush. Besides, a mature and improved technical system of selecting raw materials, refining writing brush heads, carving writing brush tubes and creating unique styles was finally established. The inheritance and innovation of technology on manufacturing of writing brush undoubtedly and vividly reflected the development and change of society in the Tang and Song dynasties.
引文
[1]陈涛.秦汉魏晋南北朝时期制笔业考述[J].南都学坛,2012(4):23-26.
[2]陈涛.隋唐五代的制笔业[J].聊城大学学报(社科版),2015(3):60-67.
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①参见陈涛:《从考古资料看文具的出现》,载《中原文物》2013年第5期,第61～64页;《秦汉魏晋南北朝时期制笔业考述》,载《南都学坛》2012年第4期,第23～26页;《隋唐五代的制笔业》,载《聊城大学学报(社科版)》2015年第3期,第60～67页;《宋代制笔业考述》,载《南都学坛》2013年第4期,第26～32页。
[2]陈涛.隋唐五代的制笔业[J].聊城大学学报(社科版),2015(3):60-67.
[3]陈涛.宋代制笔业考述[J].南都学坛,2013(4):26-32.
[4]段公路.北户录[M].北京:中华书局,1985:21.
[5]苏易简.文房四谱[M].北京:中华书局,1985.
[6]佚名.锦绣万花谷[M].台北:台湾商务印书馆,1985:410.
[7]蔡襄.蔡襄全集[M].福州:福建人民出版社,1999.
[8]辛更儒.杨万里集笺校[M].北京:中华书局,2007:3751-3752.
[9]合肥市文物管理处.合肥北宋马绍庭夫妻合葬墓[J].文物,1991(3):35.
[10]陈晶,陈丽华.江苏武进村前南宋墓清理纪要[J].考古,1986(3):258.
[11]冯贽.云仙散录[M].北京:中华书局,2008:17.
[12]北京大学古文学研究所.全宋诗:第15册[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1993:10273.
[13]欧阳询.艺文类聚[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1982:1055.
[14]甘肃省博物馆.武威磨咀子三座汉墓发掘简报[J].文物,1972(12):15-16.
[15]吴曾.能改斋漫录[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1979:433.
[16]中国社会科学院历史研究所,等.英藏敦煌文献:第7卷[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1992:23.
[17]郭若虚.图画见闻志[M].南京:江苏美术出版社,2007:213-214.
[18]缪启愉.四时纂要校释[M].北京:农业出版社,1981:205.
[19]董诰,等.全唐文[M].北京:中华书局,1983.
[20]朱金城.白居易集笺校[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1988.
[21]田渊实夫.笔[M].东京:法政大学出版局,1978:20-22.
[22]陈槱.负暄野录[M].北京:中华书局,1985.
[23]江少虞.宋朝事实类苑[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1981:654.
[24]李昉,等.文苑英华[M].北京:中华书局,1982:484.
[25]瞿蜕园.刘禹锡集笺证[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1989:1331.
[26]洪迈.容斋随笔[M].北京:中华书局,2005:913.
[27]黄庭坚.黄庭坚全集[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2001.
[28]叶寘.爱日斋丛抄[M].北京:中华书局,2010:106.
[29]北京大学古文学研究所.全宋诗:第24册[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995:15809.
[30]蔡絛.铁围山丛谈[M].北京:中华书局,1983.
①参见陈涛:《从考古资料看文具的出现》,载《中原文物》2013年第5期,第61～64页;《秦汉魏晋南北朝时期制笔业考述》,载《南都学坛》2012年第4期,第23～26页;《隋唐五代的制笔业》,载《聊城大学学报(社科版)》2015年第3期,第60～67页;《宋代制笔业考述》,载《南都学坛》2013年第4期,第26～32页。