贵州织金浅煤层地震勘探技术的实践与认识
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摘要
贵州织金地区二叠系龙潭组煤层连片稳定分布、累计厚度大,为中高阶煤煤层气重点有利目标区;但主力煤层地震反射资料信噪比低、剖面成像效果差,制约了该区煤层气勘探开发工作。工区内灰岩大面积裸露、目的层埋藏浅是导致该区地震资料信噪比低的最主要因素。实践表明:基于数字盒子波调查的模拟检波器多道组合接收技术具有较好的噪声压制效果,基于煤层反射最大信噪比的岩性–井深–药量匹配激发技术提高了地震激发效率,宽线观测、小道距数字检波道组合技术是改善二维地震成像的有效方法,小道距、小线距、高炮密度及高横纵比的三维地震观测技术显著提升了煤层资料品质。该技术系列适用于山地灰岩出露地区浅煤层地震采集。
Seismic data from Zhijin area have the characteristics of low signal-to-noise ratio, poor consistency of events, restricting the exploration and development of coalbed methane. The extensively distributed carbonate and shallow burial depth of Longtan Formation of Permian are the main causes for the poor seismic imaging quality. Practice shows that the multiple channel array receiving technology of analog geophones, based on digital box wave survey, had good noise suppression effect, the excitation technology matched with lithology, well depth and charge mass, based on the maximum SNR of coal seam reflection, enhanced the seismic excitation efficiency, observation of broad lines, configuration technique of geophone traces with small interval were the effective methods to improve 2 D seismic imaging, 3 D seismic observation technology with small trace interval, small line interval, dense shooting and high horizontal-vertical ratio enhanced significantly the quality of seam data. The technology is suitable for seismic acquisition of shallow coal seams in mountainous limestone-exposed areas.
Seismic data from Zhijin area have the characteristics of low signal-to-noise ratio, poor consistency of events, restricting the exploration and development of coalbed methane. The extensively distributed carbonate and shallow burial depth of Longtan Formation of Permian are the main causes for the poor seismic imaging quality. Practice shows that the multiple channel array receiving technology of analog geophones, based on digital box wave survey, had good noise suppression effect, the excitation technology matched with lithology, well depth and charge mass, based on the maximum SNR of coal seam reflection, enhanced the seismic excitation efficiency, observation of broad lines, configuration technique of geophone traces with small interval were the effective methods to improve 2 D seismic imaging, 3 D seismic observation technology with small trace interval, small line interval, dense shooting and high horizontal-vertical ratio enhanced significantly the quality of seam data. The technology is suitable for seismic acquisition of shallow coal seams in mountainous limestone-exposed areas.
引文
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[2]邸志欣,丁伟,王增明,等.复杂山前带地震勘探采集技术的实践与认识[J].石油物探,2012,51(6):548–562.DI Zhixin,DING Wei,WANG Zengming,et al.Practice and understanding of seismic acquisition technology in foot hill area[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2012,51(6):548–562.
[3]张军华,王静,梁晓腾,等.单点数字检波器地震资料中弱信号特征分析及识别方法[J].地震学报,2011,33(6):788–799.ZHANG Junhua,WANG Jing,LIANG Xiaoteng,et al.Weak signal characteristics and its identification in high-density single sensor data[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2011,33(6):788–799.
[4]金丹,程建远,张宪旭,等.高密度全数字检波器地震资料处理的关键技术研究[J].中国煤炭地质,2015,27(3):64–69.JIN Dan,CHENG Jianyuan,ZHANG Xianxu,et al.Studies on high density digital geophone seismic data processing key technologies[J].Coal Geology of China,2015,27(3):64–69.
[5]魏继东,丁伟.检波器野外组合因素对地震资料品质的影响分析[J].石油物探,2010,49(3):312–318.WEI Jidong,DING Wei.Impact analysis of geophone array factors on seismic data quality[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2010,49(3):312–318
[6]韩文功,于静,张怀榜,等.干扰波调查方法在高密度地震采集中的应用[J].石油物探,2011,50(5):499–508.HAN Wengong,YU Jing,ZHANG Huaibang,et al.Application of interference wave investigation methods in high-density seismic acquisition[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2011,50(5):499–508.
[7]王文攀,段天友,高文博,等.盒子波在调查干扰波中的应用[J].石油天然气学报,2011,33(5):91–93.WANG Wenpan,DUAN Tianyou,GAO Wenbo,et al.Testing interference waves with box-wave[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2011,33(5):91–93.
[8]李林新.南方海相碳酸盐岩油气区地震采集面临的问题和对策[J].石油物探,2005,44(5):529–537.LI Linxin.The problem and countermeasure in seismic survey in southern marine carbonate area of China[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2005,44(5):529–537.
[9]肖鹏,陈传仁.川东南灰岩出露区激发条件分析[J].石油天然气学报,2005,27(4):592–594.XIAO Peng,CHEN Chuanren.Analysis of excitation condition in limestone outcropped area of the southeast Sichuan[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2005,27(4):592–594.
[10]吕公河.宽线地震勘探观测系统参数对信噪比的影响作用分析探讨[J].石油物探,2013,52(5):495–501.LYU Gonghe.Discussion on the influence of geometry parameters of wideline seismic survey on S/N[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2013,52(5):495–501.
[11]张春贺,乔德武,李世臻,等.复杂地区油气地球物理勘探技术集成[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):374–387.ZHANG Chunhe,QIAO Dewu,LI Shizhen,et al.Integration of oil and gas geophysical exploration for geologically complex areas[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2011,54(2):374–387.
[12]韦瑞表,刘兵,谭勇,等.弯宽线采集技术在桂中山区的应用与效果[J].中国石油勘探,2014,19(2):53–58.WEI Ruibiao,LIU Bing,TAN Yong,et al.Application of crooked wide-line seismic acquisition technique in Guizhong mountainous area[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2014,19(2):53–58.
[13]杨照海,凡正才,赵前华,等.单点数字检波器道组合技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(增刊2):88–93.YANG Zhaohai,FAN Zhengcai,ZHAO Qianhua,et al.Overlapping technique of single-point digital geophone[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2008,43(S2):88–93.
[14]董世泰,高红霞.单点单检波器地震勘探技术[J].石油仪器,2005,19(2):66–68.DONG Shitai,GAO Hongxia.Seismic exploration technology of single point with one geophone[J].Petroleum Instruments,2005,19(2):66–68.
[15]申振华,于光明,杨振,等.面波压制方法与道间距关系的数值分析[J].煤田地质与勘探,2012,40(1):72–75.SHEN Zhenhua,YU Guangming,YANG Zhen,et al.Numerical analysis of surface wave suppression and channel interval[J].Coal Geology&Exploration,2012,40(1):72–75.