西北太平洋和汤加俯冲地区深震特殊聚簇的特性及成因探究
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摘要
对比研究了具有不同热参数、不同俯冲形态的西北太平洋俯冲地区和汤加俯冲地区的深震特殊聚簇的地震学特性和成因.利用单键群方法探测到两个特殊的深震聚簇G1N和G1T.聚簇G1N位于地震空区下方,具有极低的b值(～0.54),完全不同于具有高b值(～1.04)的汤加俯冲地区聚簇G1T.通过对聚簇地区板块形态、地震主应力轴、地震深度分布特征的分析,以及和汤加典型的板片折曲处地震活动性的对比,我们认为深震聚簇G1N附近的板块表现出板片折曲的特征,板块俯冲到地幔过渡带底部受到下地幔的黏性阻力,板片局部向上凸起发生折曲,产生局部的拉张应力,叠加在俯冲造成的压缩构造背景上,应力状态发生改变,从而影响该深震聚簇的地震活动性.汤加地区G1T聚簇深震的成因则完全不同,没有体现出板片折曲、应力变化的特征;相反,这些深震发生在较冷的Vitiza-Fiji俯冲板块上,该板块在5～8Ma年前先行俯冲到G1T区域并与Tonga板块发生拆离,G1T聚簇深震就发生在这些温度依然很低、滞留于～500km深度处的高速板片残留体上.
We comparatively study the characteristics of isolated clusters of deep earthquakes in the Northwest Pacific subduction zone and Tonga region,which have different thermal parameters and subduction morphology in the earth′s interior.By using Single Link Cluster method,we identify two special deep earthquake clusters G1 Nand G1 T.The cluster G1 Nin NWP is located below a seismic gap,and has a lowb value(～0.54),totally different from that of G1 Tin Tonga with a rather high b value(～1.04).Based on detailed analysis of slab morphology,seismic principal stress axes,depth distribution of deep earthquakes,as well as a comparison of seismicity around hinge zones detected in Tonga,we propose that cluster G1 Nis controlled by slab buckling,which might be the consequence of the resistance to subduction caused by the viscosity jump across the upper-lower mantle boundary.With the formation of convex-up folds in the slab,a local tensional stress is generated,and superimposed on the background of a compressive tectonic stress field caused by subduction,which changes the seismic activity of G1 N.The feature of G1 T in Tonga,however,does not show any characteristics of slab buckling.Instead,the isolated cluster belongs to a kind of outboard earthquakes,occurring on the cold but ancient Vitiza-Fiji subduction plate.This plate system had subducted to the region around G1 T5～8 Ma years ago,residing above the depth～500 km,and separated from the ongoing active Tongaplate.
We comparatively study the characteristics of isolated clusters of deep earthquakes in the Northwest Pacific subduction zone and Tonga region,which have different thermal parameters and subduction morphology in the earth′s interior.By using Single Link Cluster method,we identify two special deep earthquake clusters G1 Nand G1 T.The cluster G1 Nin NWP is located below a seismic gap,and has a lowb value(～0.54),totally different from that of G1 Tin Tonga with a rather high b value(～1.04).Based on detailed analysis of slab morphology,seismic principal stress axes,depth distribution of deep earthquakes,as well as a comparison of seismicity around hinge zones detected in Tonga,we propose that cluster G1 Nis controlled by slab buckling,which might be the consequence of the resistance to subduction caused by the viscosity jump across the upper-lower mantle boundary.With the formation of convex-up folds in the slab,a local tensional stress is generated,and superimposed on the background of a compressive tectonic stress field caused by subduction,which changes the seismic activity of G1 N.The feature of G1 T in Tonga,however,does not show any characteristics of slab buckling.Instead,the isolated cluster belongs to a kind of outboard earthquakes,occurring on the cold but ancient Vitiza-Fiji subduction plate.This plate system had subducted to the region around G1 T5～8 Ma years ago,residing above the depth～500 km,and separated from the ongoing active Tongaplate.
引文
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Brudzinski M R,Chen W P.2003.A petrologic anomaly accompanying outboard earthquakes beneath Fiji-Tonga:corresponding evidence from broadband P and S waveforms.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,108(B6):ESE 2,doi:10.1029/2002jb002012.
Brudzinski M R,Chen W P.2005.Earthquakes and strain in subhorizontal slabs.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,110(B8):B08303,doi:10.1029/2004jb003470.
Chen W P,Brudzinski M R.2001.Evidence for a large-scale remnant of subducted lithosphere beneath Fiji.Science,292(5526):2475-2479,doi:10.1126/science.292.5526.2475.
Chen W P,Brudzinski M R.2003.Seismic anisotropy in the mantle transition zone beneath Fiji-Tonga.Geophysical Research Letters,30(13):15,doi:10.1029/2002gl016330.
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Frohlich C.2006.Deep Earthquakes.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,100-101.
Fukao Y,Widiyantoro S,Obayashi M.2001.Stagnant slabs in the upper and lower mantle transition region.Reviews of Geophysics,39(3):291-323,doi:10.1029/1999rg000068.
Fukao Y,Obayashi M.2013.Subducted slabs stagnant above,penetrating through,and trapped below the 660km discontinuity.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,118(11):5920-5938,doi:10.1002/2013JB010466.
Gan W,Jin Z M,Wu Y,et al.2012.A review of the mechanism of deep earthquakes:current situation and problems.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),19(4):15-29.
Gan W,Frohlich C,Jin Z M.2015.Origin and significance of deep earthquake clusters surrounding apronounced seismic gap in northeast China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,100:91-97,doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.01.002.
Gao Y,Zhou H L,Liu Z,et al.1998.Earthquake activities and seismic source characteristics in the neighboring zone of Sichuan Qinghai Xizang(Tibet),China.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),20(3):413-422.
Gao Y,Zhou H L,Ma Y L.2000.SLC analysis on earthquake activity in the regions of Sichuan and Yunnan,China.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),16(1):86-91,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-4683.2000.01.011.
Giardini D,Dziewonski A M,Woodhouse J H.1985.Centroidmoment tensor solutions for 113large earthquakes in 1977-1980.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,40(4):259-272,doi:10.1016/0031-9201(85)90037-8.
Goes S,Agrusta R,van Hunen J,et al.2017.Subduction-transition zone interaction:a review.Geosphere,13(3):644-664,doi:10.1130/GES01476.1.
Green II H W,Houston H.1995.The mechanics of deep earthquakes.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,23:169-213,doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.001125.
Green II H W.2007.Shearing instabilities accompanying highpressure phase transformations and the mechanics of deep earthquakes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,104(22):9133-9138,doi:10.1073/pnas.0608045104.
Green II H W,Chen W P,Brudzinski M R.2010.Seismic evidence of negligible water carried below 400-km depth in subducting lithosphere.Nature,467(7317):828-831,doi:10.1038/nature09401.
Hasegawa A,Umino N,Takagi A,et al.1979.Double-planed deep seismic zone and anomalous structure in the upper mantle beneath northeastern Honshu(Japan).Tectonophysics,57(1):1-6,doi:10.1016/0040-1951(79)90098-2.
Hayes G P,Moore G L,Portner D E,et al.2018.Slab2,a comprehensive subduction zone geometry model.Science,362(6410):58-61,doi:10.1126/science.aat4723.
Huang J L,Zhao D P.2006.High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,111(B9):B09305,doi:10.1029/2005jb004066.
Huang Y L,Zhou S Y,Zhuang J C.2016.Numerical tests on catalog-based methods to estimate magnitude of completeness.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),59(4):1350-1358,doi:10.6038/cjg20160416.
Isacks B,Molnar P.1971.Distribution of stresses in the descending lithosphere from a global survey of focal-mechanism solutions of mantle earthquakes.Reviews of Geophysics,9(1):103-174,doi:10.1029/RG009i001p00103.
Kagan Y Y.2003.Accuracy of modern global earthquake catalogs.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,135(2-3):173-209,doi:10.1016/s0031-9201(02)00214-5.
Karato S I,Riedel M R,Yuen D A.2001.Rheological structure and deformation of subducted Slabs in the mantle transition zone:implications for mantle circulation and deep earthquakes.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,127(1-4):83-108,doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(01)00223-0.
Kirby S H,Stein S,Okal E A,et al.1996.Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere.Reviews of Geophysics,34(2):261-306,doi:10.1029/96rg01050.
Li C,van der Hilst R D,Engdahl E R,et al.2008.A new global model for P wave speed variations in Earth′s mantle.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9(5):Q05018,doi:10.1029/2007gc001806.
Li J,Wang X,Wang X J,et al.2013.P and SH velocity structure in the upper mantle beneath Northeast China:evidence for a stagnant Slab in hydrous mantle transition zone.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,367:71-81,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.026.
Li J,Tosi N,MaierováP,et al.2016.Evidence from caustic waveform modeling for long slab thickening above the 660-km discontinuity under northeast Asia:dynamic implications.∥Morra G,Yuen D A,King S D,et al eds.Subduction Dynamics:From Mantle Flow to Mega Disasters.Washington,DC:American Geophysical Union,211:5-18,doi:10.1002/9781118888865.ch1.
Liu L J,Zhang J S.2015.Differential contraction of subducted lithosphere layers generates deep earthquakes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,421:98-106,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.053.
Long F,Wen X Z,Ni S D.2009.Determination of temporal-spatial distribution of the regional minimum magnitudes of completeness:application to the Longmenshan fault zone.Earthquake(in Chinese),29(3):27-36,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3274.2009.03.004.
Müller R D,Sdrolias M,Gaina C,et al.2008.Age,spreading rates,and spreading asymmetry of the world′s ocean crust.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9(4):Q04006,doi:10.1029/2007gc001743.
Myhill R.2013.Slab buckling and its effect on the distributions and focal mechanisms of deep-focus earthquakes.Geophysical Journal International,192(2):837-853,doi:10.1093/gji/ggs054.
Narteau C,Byrdina S,Shebalin P,et al.2009.Common dependence on stress for the two fundamental laws of statistical seismology.Nature,462(7273):642-645,doi:10.1038/nature08553.
Ogata Y,Katsura K.1993.Analysis of temporal and spatial heterogeneity of magnitude frequency distribution inferred from earthquake catalogues.Geophysical Journal International,113(3):727-738,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb04663.x.
Peacock S M.2001.Are the lower planes of double seismic zones caused by serpentine dehydration in subducting oceanic mantle?Geology,29(4):299-302,doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029〈0299:Atlpod〉2.0.Co;2.
Pelletier B,Calmant S,Pillet R.1998.Current tectonics of the Tonga-New Hebrides region.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,164(1-2):263-276,doi:10.1016/S0012-821x(98)00212-X.
Rydelek P A,Sacks I S.1989.Testing the completeness of earthquake catalogues and the hypothesis of self-similarity.Nature,337(6204):251-253,doi:10.1038/337251a0.
Schorlemmer D,Wiemer S,Wyss M.2005.Variations in earthquakesize distribution across different stress regimes.Nature,437(7058):539-542,doi:10.1038/nature04094.
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