苹果蠹蛾不同虫态体征及雌雄个体的快速鉴别方法
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摘要
【目的】通过对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella (L.)不同虫态的形态特征进行识别描述和定量观测,比较分析并研究提出苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫雌雄个体的快速、准确鉴别特征与方法。【方法】利用体式显微镜拍照、测量记录苹果蠹蛾不同虫态雌雄个体间的形态特征、体征参数等。【结果】苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄性腹节背面有明显肾形斑,雌性无斑。蛹雌雄个体的体征差异:雄蛹腹面翅尖后有4条明显体节线,第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,裂缝两侧各有一半圆形的瘤状突起;而雌蛹翅尖后有3条明显体节线,第8腹节腹面前缘有一纵裂缝,与腹节线相连形成类似"Y"形,裂缝两侧平坦无突起。成虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄虫前翅反面中室后缘有一黑褐色条斑,雌虫无此条斑;雄虫腹部狭长,抱器瓣常开张,呈钳状,雌虫腹部圆筒状,末端较细。【结论】研究结果揭示了苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫等不同虫态雌雄个体间的体征差异,比较研究并提出了便于快速鉴别雌雄个体的典型特征和识别方法。
[Objectives] To develop a fast, accurate method for sexing the mature larvae, pupae and adults, of the Codling moth, Cydia pomonella(L.). [Methods] Sexually dimorphic features of mature C. pomonella larvae, pupae and adults were photographed and measured under a microscope. [Results] A distinguishing feature of mature male larvae was the obvious renal spots on the dorsum of the 5~(th) abdominal segment, which are absent in female larvae. Distinguishing features of male pupae include 4 distinct somatic lines behind the wing tip, and a longitudinal crack in the center of the ventral surface of the 9~(th) abdominal segment with half round knobs on either side. Female pupae can be distinguished by 3 distinct somatic lines behind the wing tip and a lengthways crack in the front edge of the abdomen on the 8~(th) abdominal segment that connects to the abdominal line to form a "Y" shape. The sides of female pupae are also flat without protuberances. A distinguishing feature of adult males is a dark brown streak on the posterior edge of the ventral surface anterior of the ventral mid-chamber which is absent in females. The male abdomen is also long and narrow, and the valvae are often open, like a pair of pliers. In contrast,the female has a cylindrical abdomen with a tapered end. [Conclusion] Sexually dimorphic features of mature larvae, pupae and adults of C. pomonella allow these developmental stages to be rapidly, and reliably, sexed.
[Objectives] To develop a fast, accurate method for sexing the mature larvae, pupae and adults, of the Codling moth, Cydia pomonella(L.). [Methods] Sexually dimorphic features of mature C. pomonella larvae, pupae and adults were photographed and measured under a microscope. [Results] A distinguishing feature of mature male larvae was the obvious renal spots on the dorsum of the 5~(th) abdominal segment, which are absent in female larvae. Distinguishing features of male pupae include 4 distinct somatic lines behind the wing tip, and a longitudinal crack in the center of the ventral surface of the 9~(th) abdominal segment with half round knobs on either side. Female pupae can be distinguished by 3 distinct somatic lines behind the wing tip and a lengthways crack in the front edge of the abdomen on the 8~(th) abdominal segment that connects to the abdominal line to form a "Y" shape. The sides of female pupae are also flat without protuberances. A distinguishing feature of adult males is a dark brown streak on the posterior edge of the ventral surface anterior of the ventral mid-chamber which is absent in females. The male abdomen is also long and narrow, and the valvae are often open, like a pair of pliers. In contrast,the female has a cylindrical abdomen with a tapered end. [Conclusion] Sexually dimorphic features of mature larvae, pupae and adults of C. pomonella allow these developmental stages to be rapidly, and reliably, sexed.
引文
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Li DW,Wu YJ,Jiang XJ,Qin YL,Zhao CJ,2008.A method for identifying the sex of Lasiognatha cellifera larva,pupa and adult.Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,45(3):489-491.[李德伟,吴耀军,蒋学建,秦元丽,赵程劼,2008.鉴别桐花树毛颚小卷蛾幼虫、蛹及成虫雌雄的方法.昆虫知识,45(3):489-491.]
Li LL,Lu J,Liu Y,Zhang M,Wen XJ,Li YZ,Xu ZC,2015.Distinguishing the pupae and adults of Homona coffearia Meyrick.China Plant Protection,35(2):82-85.[李莉玲,卢进,刘怡,张蒙,温秀军,李奕霞,徐正春,2015.柑橘长卷蛾蛹和成虫鉴别.中国植保导刊,35(2):82-85.]
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Lin WP,Peng L,Xiao TY,Cai KZ,2015.A simple method for identifying sexuality of Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)pupae and adult.Journal of Environmental Entomology,37(3):685-687.[林威鹏,彭莉,肖桃艳,蔡昆争,2015.一种鉴别斜纹夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法.环境昆虫学报,37(3):685-687.]
Liu Y,Li LL,Lu J,Zhang M,Wen XJ,Li YZ,2015.Distinguishing the pupae and adults sexuality of Plecoptera oculata Moore.Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,43(3):318-319,328.[刘怡,李莉玲,卢进,张蒙,温秀军,李奕震,2015.黑肾卷裙夜蛾雌雄蛹和成虫的鉴别.山西农业科学,43(3):318-319,328.]
Ma PS,1987.Distinguishing the larvae sexuality and age of Pieris rapae(L.).Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,(5):27.[马平顺,1987.菜粉蝶幼虫雌雄鉴别与龄期观察.山西农业科学,(5):27.]
Niu XJ,2010.Identification and control techniques of Cydia pomonella.Agricultural Technology and Information,17:21-22.[牛向军,2010.苹果蠹蛾的识别与防治技术.农业科技与信息,17:21-22.]
Peter W,Mark EW,1987.Head capsule widths as an indicator of the larval instar of codling moth(Lepidoptera:Olethreutidae).The Great Lakes Entomologist,20(3):147-150.
Shen JR,Wan FH,Liu WX,Zhou ZS,Guo JY,2015.Artificial feed and preparation method for mass-rearing codling moth.Chinese patent:CN104273383A,01-14.[申建茹,万方浩,刘万学,周忠实,郭建英,2015.饲养苹果蠹蛾的人工饲料及其制备方法.中国专利:CN104273383A,01-14.]
Suo XM,Wang XG,Hao J,Liu TZ,Bai RX,Li XY,Feng JZ,Yan XM,2015.Biological characteristics and control measures of Cydia pomonella(Linnaeus).Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,19(4):52-55.[索相敏,王献革,郝婕,刘铁挣,白瑞霞,李学营,冯建忠,鄢新民,2015.苹果蠹蛾生物学特征与防治对策.河北农业科学,19(4):52-55.]
Tian H,Liu YH,2012.A method for identifying sexuality of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee pupae.Plant Doctor,25(5):10-11.[田卉,刘映红,2012.稻纵卷叶螟雌雄蛹的鉴别方法.植物医生,25(5):10-11.]
Zhou ZY,Zhang ZZ,Zhu YH,2013.Identification and control of Cydia pomonella.Northern Horticulture,(21):143-146.[周彦珍,张志转,朱永和,2013.苹果蠹蛾的识别与防治.北方园艺,(21):143-146.]
Zhang J,Du Q,Wang ZY,Li QY,Wang YZ,2013.A method for the rapid sex-determination of pupae of the Asian corn borer,Ostrinia furnacalis.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,50(5):1484-1488.[张军,杜茜,王振营,李启云,汪洋洲,2013.一种快速鉴别亚洲玉米螟蛹雌雄的方法.应用昆虫学报,50(5):1484-1488].
Zhang M,Ma T,Zhu XJ,Yang XC,Li YZ,Wen XJ,2014.Sex identification of pupa and adult in Euzophera pyriella Yang.Plant Protection,40(1):119-121.[张蒙,马涛,朱雪姣,杨兴翠,李奕震,温秀军,2014.香梨优斑螟蛹和成虫的性别鉴定.植物保护,40(1):119-121.]
Zhang RZ,Wang FX,Zhang YL,Chen HJ,Luo JC,Wang QY,Liu WX,AiniwaerI·MS,Pu CJ,Yan YG,Guo JM,Liu XY,Chen JG,Zhang ZF,Yang S,Xu JJ,Cui GZ,Xu J,2012.Progress on monitoring and control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella(L.).Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,49(1):37-42.[张润志,王福林,张雅林,陈汉杰,罗进仓,王勤英,刘万学,艾尼瓦尔·木沙,浦崇建,严勇敢,郭静梅,刘星月,陈继光,张增福,杨森,许建军,崔艮中,徐婧,2012.入侵生物苹果蠹蛾监测与防空技术研究.应用昆虫学报,49(1):37-42.]
Zhang XZ,1957.Taxonomic notes on the codling moth,Carpocapsa pomonella L.in Sinkiang.Acta Entomologica Sinica,7(4):467-472.[张学祖,1957.苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonella L.)在我国的新发现.昆虫学报,7(4):467-472.]
Zhao Q,Zhang YH,Liu H,Cheng DF,2011.A method used for distinguishing between the sexes of Scotogramma trifolii.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,48(6):1879-1881.[赵琦,张云慧,刘怀,程登发,2011.鉴别旋幽夜蛾雌雄蛹的方法.应用昆虫学报,48(6):1879-1881.]
Zhao XF,Yang AD,Zhang MX,2016.A method for the rapid sex-determination of Spodoptera exigua(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)pupae and adults.Journal of Environmental Entomology,38(5):1066-1070.[赵晓峰,杨安頔,张茂新,2016.一种快速鉴别甜菜夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法.环境昆虫学报,38(5):1066-1070.]
Chen YX,Tian HJ,Wei H,Zhan ZX,Huang YQ,2011.A simple method for identifying sex of Plutella xylosetella(Linnaeus)larva,pupa and adult.Fujian Journal of Agricultural Science,26(4):611-614.[陈艺欣,田厚军,魏辉,占志雄,黄玉清,2011.小菜蛾幼虫、蛹和成虫的形态识别.福建农业学报,26(4):611-614.]
Li DW,Wu YJ,Jiang XJ,Qin YL,Zhao CJ,2008.A method for identifying the sex of Lasiognatha cellifera larva,pupa and adult.Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,45(3):489-491.[李德伟,吴耀军,蒋学建,秦元丽,赵程劼,2008.鉴别桐花树毛颚小卷蛾幼虫、蛹及成虫雌雄的方法.昆虫知识,45(3):489-491.]
Li LL,Lu J,Liu Y,Zhang M,Wen XJ,Li YZ,Xu ZC,2015.Distinguishing the pupae and adults of Homona coffearia Meyrick.China Plant Protection,35(2):82-85.[李莉玲,卢进,刘怡,张蒙,温秀军,李奕霞,徐正春,2015.柑橘长卷蛾蛹和成虫鉴别.中国植保导刊,35(2):82-85.]
Li T,Cai B,Song W,Xu W,Zhao Q,Long QH,Bu WJ,Liu FX,Han YC,Li WD,Lin MG,2013.Morphological and molecular identi?cation of larvae of Cydia pomonella(Lepidoptera,Tortricidae).Plant Quarantine,27(4):58-61.[李腾,蔡波,宋文,徐卫,赵清,龙琼华,卜文俊,刘福秀,韩玉春,李伟东,林明光,2013.苹果蠹蛾幼虫的形态与分子鉴定.植物检疫,27(4):58-61.]
Lin WP,Peng L,Xiao TY,Cai KZ,2015.A simple method for identifying sexuality of Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)pupae and adult.Journal of Environmental Entomology,37(3):685-687.[林威鹏,彭莉,肖桃艳,蔡昆争,2015.一种鉴别斜纹夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法.环境昆虫学报,37(3):685-687.]
Liu Y,Li LL,Lu J,Zhang M,Wen XJ,Li YZ,2015.Distinguishing the pupae and adults sexuality of Plecoptera oculata Moore.Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,43(3):318-319,328.[刘怡,李莉玲,卢进,张蒙,温秀军,李奕震,2015.黑肾卷裙夜蛾雌雄蛹和成虫的鉴别.山西农业科学,43(3):318-319,328.]
Ma PS,1987.Distinguishing the larvae sexuality and age of Pieris rapae(L.).Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,(5):27.[马平顺,1987.菜粉蝶幼虫雌雄鉴别与龄期观察.山西农业科学,(5):27.]
Niu XJ,2010.Identification and control techniques of Cydia pomonella.Agricultural Technology and Information,17:21-22.[牛向军,2010.苹果蠹蛾的识别与防治技术.农业科技与信息,17:21-22.]
Peter W,Mark EW,1987.Head capsule widths as an indicator of the larval instar of codling moth(Lepidoptera:Olethreutidae).The Great Lakes Entomologist,20(3):147-150.
Shen JR,Wan FH,Liu WX,Zhou ZS,Guo JY,2015.Artificial feed and preparation method for mass-rearing codling moth.Chinese patent:CN104273383A,01-14.[申建茹,万方浩,刘万学,周忠实,郭建英,2015.饲养苹果蠹蛾的人工饲料及其制备方法.中国专利:CN104273383A,01-14.]
Suo XM,Wang XG,Hao J,Liu TZ,Bai RX,Li XY,Feng JZ,Yan XM,2015.Biological characteristics and control measures of Cydia pomonella(Linnaeus).Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,19(4):52-55.[索相敏,王献革,郝婕,刘铁挣,白瑞霞,李学营,冯建忠,鄢新民,2015.苹果蠹蛾生物学特征与防治对策.河北农业科学,19(4):52-55.]
Tian H,Liu YH,2012.A method for identifying sexuality of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee pupae.Plant Doctor,25(5):10-11.[田卉,刘映红,2012.稻纵卷叶螟雌雄蛹的鉴别方法.植物医生,25(5):10-11.]
Zhou ZY,Zhang ZZ,Zhu YH,2013.Identification and control of Cydia pomonella.Northern Horticulture,(21):143-146.[周彦珍,张志转,朱永和,2013.苹果蠹蛾的识别与防治.北方园艺,(21):143-146.]
Zhang J,Du Q,Wang ZY,Li QY,Wang YZ,2013.A method for the rapid sex-determination of pupae of the Asian corn borer,Ostrinia furnacalis.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,50(5):1484-1488.[张军,杜茜,王振营,李启云,汪洋洲,2013.一种快速鉴别亚洲玉米螟蛹雌雄的方法.应用昆虫学报,50(5):1484-1488].
Zhang M,Ma T,Zhu XJ,Yang XC,Li YZ,Wen XJ,2014.Sex identification of pupa and adult in Euzophera pyriella Yang.Plant Protection,40(1):119-121.[张蒙,马涛,朱雪姣,杨兴翠,李奕震,温秀军,2014.香梨优斑螟蛹和成虫的性别鉴定.植物保护,40(1):119-121.]
Zhang RZ,Wang FX,Zhang YL,Chen HJ,Luo JC,Wang QY,Liu WX,AiniwaerI·MS,Pu CJ,Yan YG,Guo JM,Liu XY,Chen JG,Zhang ZF,Yang S,Xu JJ,Cui GZ,Xu J,2012.Progress on monitoring and control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella(L.).Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,49(1):37-42.[张润志,王福林,张雅林,陈汉杰,罗进仓,王勤英,刘万学,艾尼瓦尔·木沙,浦崇建,严勇敢,郭静梅,刘星月,陈继光,张增福,杨森,许建军,崔艮中,徐婧,2012.入侵生物苹果蠹蛾监测与防空技术研究.应用昆虫学报,49(1):37-42.]
Zhang XZ,1957.Taxonomic notes on the codling moth,Carpocapsa pomonella L.in Sinkiang.Acta Entomologica Sinica,7(4):467-472.[张学祖,1957.苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonella L.)在我国的新发现.昆虫学报,7(4):467-472.]
Zhao Q,Zhang YH,Liu H,Cheng DF,2011.A method used for distinguishing between the sexes of Scotogramma trifolii.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,48(6):1879-1881.[赵琦,张云慧,刘怀,程登发,2011.鉴别旋幽夜蛾雌雄蛹的方法.应用昆虫学报,48(6):1879-1881.]
Zhao XF,Yang AD,Zhang MX,2016.A method for the rapid sex-determination of Spodoptera exigua(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)pupae and adults.Journal of Environmental Entomology,38(5):1066-1070.[赵晓峰,杨安頔,张茂新,2016.一种快速鉴别甜菜夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法.环境昆虫学报,38(5):1066-1070.]