间伐改形对陇东旱塬密闭苹果园树体冠层结构和发育后期叶片质量的影响
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摘要
为研究间伐改形对红富士成龄乔化密植果园树体冠层特征、生育后期叶片生理特性、养分积累分配规律、光合生产力和土壤水分时空分布动态的影响,以18年生‘红富士’苹果密闭园为试材,对苹果树单株结构参数、枝量、枝类组成、覆盖率、叶片光合速率等参数进行测定.结果表明:密闭果园叶片光合作用受非气孔因素限制,导致PSII最大光化学效率、PSII光合潜能、光合性能指数下降了1.2%、11.5%、13.9%.间伐改形后,叶面积指数、树冠覆盖率有所降低,使得冠层直射光透过系数增加了79.0%,树形结构有所改善.苹果园总枝数降低到约1100400条·hm-2,单株枝量增加了5.0%,短枝比例提高至73.0%.由于冠层光照条件的改善,叶面积、比叶质量、百叶重、叶绿素含量有不同程度的提高.叶片光合速率的提高促进了光合产物的积累,淀粉、蛋白质含量为密闭果园的143.5%、107.8%.叶片的发育质量与其所处的光照辐射环境有着密切联系,密闭果园经间伐、改形后,果园群体结构和冠层光照得以改善,促进了叶片生长发育,提高了叶片光合效能,降低了果园土壤水分的无效消耗,是陇东旱塬苹果产区密闭果园适宜的调整、优化方案.
In order to examine the effects of thinning and reshaping on canopy structure, leaf physio-logical property at late growth stage, characteristic of nutrient accumulation and distribution inleaf, and the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture, 18 year-old ‘Fuji' apple trees indense apple orchards were used to measure the canopy size, types and numbers of branches, leafarea index before and after the thinning and reshaping practices. The results showed that beforepruning, the photosynthesis was limited by non-stomatal factors, with a reduction inFv/Fm,Fv/FoPIabs by 1. 2%, 11. 5%, 13. 9%, respectively. However, the thinning and reshaping practicesreduced leaf area index and canopy coverage, increased light interception up to 79% and improvedtree construction. The total number of shoots decreased to 1100400 per hectare, while the individualshoot numbers were increased by 5. 0% and the ratio of spur increased up to 73%. Due to theimprovement of canopy lighting distribution, the average leaf area, specific leaf quality, hundredleaf mass and chlorophyll content were increased. With the increases of photosynthesis, theaccumulation of photosynthate such as starch was increased by 143.5%. There was a close correla-tion between leaf development and light interception. Our results indicated that tree structure and canopy light interception could be improved by thinning and reshaping the dense trees, which resul-ted in higher leaf growth, development and photosynthetic capability but less water loss. Thinningand reshaping should be recommended to the renewal of the dense apple orchards in Loess Plateauof eastern Gansu.
In order to examine the effects of thinning and reshaping on canopy structure, leaf physio-logical property at late growth stage, characteristic of nutrient accumulation and distribution inleaf, and the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture, 18 year-old ‘Fuji' apple trees indense apple orchards were used to measure the canopy size, types and numbers of branches, leafarea index before and after the thinning and reshaping practices. The results showed that beforepruning, the photosynthesis was limited by non-stomatal factors, with a reduction inFv/Fm,Fv/FoPIabs by 1. 2%, 11. 5%, 13. 9%, respectively. However, the thinning and reshaping practicesreduced leaf area index and canopy coverage, increased light interception up to 79% and improvedtree construction. The total number of shoots decreased to 1100400 per hectare, while the individualshoot numbers were increased by 5. 0% and the ratio of spur increased up to 73%. Due to theimprovement of canopy lighting distribution, the average leaf area, specific leaf quality, hundredleaf mass and chlorophyll content were increased. With the increases of photosynthesis, theaccumulation of photosynthate such as starch was increased by 143.5%. There was a close correla-tion between leaf development and light interception. Our results indicated that tree structure and canopy light interception could be improved by thinning and reshaping the dense trees, which resul-ted in higher leaf growth, development and photosynthetic capability but less water loss. Thinningand reshaping should be recommended to the renewal of the dense apple orchards in Loess Plateauof eastern Gansu.
引文
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[3]Li P-H(李培环),Wu J-S(吴军帅),Dong X-Y(董晓颖),et al.Effects of different thinning methods onillumination,photosynthetic,growth and fruiting inairtight apple orchard.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2012,45(11):2217-2223(in Chinese)
[4]Zhang L-H(张露荷),Chen B-H(陈佰鸿),Wang Y-X(王延秀),et al.Effect of thinning methods on the composition and inclusion of‘Red Fuji’apple bran-ches.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University(甘肃农业大学学报),2016,51(2):73-78(in Chinese)
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[6]Sun Z-H(孙志鸿),Wei Q-P(魏钦平),Yang Z-X(杨朝选),et al.Relationships between distribution ofrelative light intensity and shoots and foliage in differenttier of canopy of Red Fuji apple trees with modified opencentre tree shape.Journal of Fruit Science(果树学报),2008,25(2):145-150(in Chinese)
[7]Li H-S(李合生).Experimental Principle and Tech-nique for Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000(in Chinese)
[8]Li L(李玲).Plant Physiology Experiment.Beijing:Science Press,2009(in Chinese)
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[10]Zhao Z-Z(赵智中),Zhang S-L(张上隆),Xu C-J(徐昌杰),et al.Effect of sucrose-metabolizingenzymes on sugar accumulation of Citrus.Acta Horticulturae Sinica(园艺学报),2001,28(2):112-118(inChinese)
[11]Li W(李雯),Shao Y-Z(邵远志),Chen W-X(陈维信).Improvement of determination method on amy-lase activity.Plant Physiology Communications(植物生理学通讯),2005,41(5):655-656(in Chinese)
[12]Song X-H(宋晓晖),Xie K(谢凯),Li Y-L(李艳丽),et al.Determination of contents and components ofwater-soluble sugar in pear fruit by HPLC-ELSD.Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(南京农业大学学报),2012,35(2):87-91(in Chinese)
[13]Rhodes D,Rendo GA,Stewart GR.The control of gluta-mine synthetase level inLemna minorL.Planta,1975,125:201-211
[14]Yang W-W(杨伟伟),Chen X-L(陈锡龙),Liu H-K(刘航空),et al.Three-dimensional simulation of canopystructure and light interception for tall spindle shape ofspur‘Fuji’apple with dwarf inter stock.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2014,47(23):4680-4694(in Chinese)
[15]Garriz PJ,Colavita GM,Alvarez HL.Fruit and spur leafgrowth and quality as influenced by low irradiance levelsin pear.Scientia Horticulturae,1998,77:195-205
[16]Wunsche J,Lakso AN.The relationship between leafarea and light interception by spur and extension shootleaves and apple orchard productivity.HortScience,2000,35:1202-1206
[17]Dong R-R(董然然),An G-Y(安贵阳),Zhao Z-Y(赵政阳),et al.Comparison of light interception abilityand growth and yield of different apple tree shapes ondwarf root stock.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2013,46(9):1867-1873(in Chinese)
[18]Meir P,Kruijt M,Broadmeadow M.Acclimation of pho-tosynthetic capacity to irradiance in tree canopies inrelation to leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf mass perunit area.Plant,Cell and Environment,2010,25:343-357
[19]Zhang L-H(张露荷),Chen B-H(陈佰鸿),Wang Y-X(王延秀),et al.Effects of different thinning methodson ecophysiology of dense apple orchard.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2015,23(11):1394-1403(in Chinese)
[20]Buler Z,Mika A.The influence of canopy architectureon light interception and distribution in‘Sampion’appletrees.Journal of Gerontological Nursing,2009,31:25-33
[21]Restrepo-Díaz H,Melgar JC,Lombardini L.Ecophysio-logy of horticultural crops:An overview.Agronomía Colombiana,2010,28:71-79
[22]Chen X-L(陈锡龙).An Experimental Study of LightInterception and Photosynthesis Product for 3D VirtualTall-spindle Apple Canopy in Loess Plateau Region ofChina.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F Universi-ty,2013(in Chinese)
[23]Yang T-F(杨停斐).Effect of Different Shoot AmountAfter Pruning on Growth and Fruiting on Fuji AppleTrees at Full Bearing Stage in Shaanxi Weibei LoessPlateau.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F Univer-sity,2014(in Chinese)
[24]Gao D-T(高登涛),Han M-Y(韩明玉),Li B-Z(李丙智),et al.Canopy characteristics and light distribu-tion in three types of apple orchards in Weibei area,Shaanxi Province.Journal of Fruit Science(果树学报),2007,24(3):259-262(in Chinese)
[25]He T-T(何婷婷),Wang Y-K(汪有科),Zhang L-J(张陆军),et al.Effects of different ages and slopes onleaf area index of Chinese jujube grown on slope-land ofLoess Plateau.Journal of Fruit Science(果树学报),2010,27(2):293-298(in Chinese)
[26]Zhang W(张文),Zhu X-R(朱雪荣),Li W(李卫),et al.Effect of system pruning on root activity andcanopy characteristics of apple tree.Northern Horticulture(北方园艺),2013(20):10-13(in Chinese)
[27]Zhang D-S(张东升).Effect of Cotton Plant Densitieson Light Distribution and LUE of Jujube-Cotton InterCropped Systems.PhD Thesis.Shihezi:Shihezi Univer-sity,2014(in Chinese)
[28]Schultz HR.Extension of a Farquhar model for limita-tions of leaf photosynthesis induced by light environ-ment,phenology and leaf age in grapevines.Functional Plant Biology,2003,30:673-687
[29]Liu Y-J(刘颖娇).Effect of Shade on Photosynthesisand PSⅡReaction Center in Apple Leaves.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014(in Chi-nese)
[30]Chang HG,Suk MK,Seokchan K.Photosynthesis andenvironments:Photoinhibition and repair mechanisms inplants.Plant Biology,2012,55:93-101
[31]Stewart R,Raymond SJ,Michael M.Chlorophyll a+bcontent and chlorophyll fluorescence in avocado.Journal of Agricultural Science,2012,4:29-36
[32]Jiang Y,Duncan RR,Carrow RN.Assessment of lowlight tolerance of seashore paspalum and bermuda grass.Crop Science,2004,44:587-594
[33]Murata N,Takahashi S,Nishiyama Y.Photoinhibitionof photosystem II under environmental stress.Biochimica et Biophysica,2007,1767:414-421
[34]Wu H(武辉),Zhou Y-F(周艳飞),Hou L-L(候丽丽),et al.Effects of temperature and weak light stress on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics andenergy allocation in cotton seedlings.Xinjiang Agricultural Science(新疆农业科学),2012,49(3):393-399(in Chinese)
[2]Chen X-L(陈锡龙),Luo W-W(罗文文),Yang W-W(杨伟伟).Spatial distribution of dry leaf weight perarea,leaf nitrogen and non structural carbohydrate con-centration in relation to local radiation regime within atall spindle apple tree crown.Journal of Fruit Science(果树学报),2013,30(6):952-957(in Chinese)
[3]Li P-H(李培环),Wu J-S(吴军帅),Dong X-Y(董晓颖),et al.Effects of different thinning methods onillumination,photosynthetic,growth and fruiting inairtight apple orchard.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2012,45(11):2217-2223(in Chinese)
[4]Zhang L-H(张露荷),Chen B-H(陈佰鸿),Wang Y-X(王延秀),et al.Effect of thinning methods on the composition and inclusion of‘Red Fuji’apple bran-ches.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University(甘肃农业大学学报),2016,51(2):73-78(in Chinese)
[5]Zhang J-X(张继祥),Wei Q-P(魏钦平),Zhang J(张静),et al.Leaf photosynthetic potential in canopylayers of un-thinned and thinned apple orchards.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2009,20(12):2898-2904(in Chinese)
[6]Sun Z-H(孙志鸿),Wei Q-P(魏钦平),Yang Z-X(杨朝选),et al.Relationships between distribution ofrelative light intensity and shoots and foliage in differenttier of canopy of Red Fuji apple trees with modified opencentre tree shape.Journal of Fruit Science(果树学报),2008,25(2):145-150(in Chinese)
[7]Li H-S(李合生).Experimental Principle and Tech-nique for Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000(in Chinese)
[8]Li L(李玲).Plant Physiology Experiment.Beijing:Science Press,2009(in Chinese)
[9]Lowell CA,Tomlinson PT,Koch KE.Sucrose-metabo-lizing enzymes in transport tissue and adjacent sinkstructures in developing citrus fruit.Plant Physiology,1989,90:1394-1402
[10]Zhao Z-Z(赵智中),Zhang S-L(张上隆),Xu C-J(徐昌杰),et al.Effect of sucrose-metabolizingenzymes on sugar accumulation of Citrus.Acta Horticulturae Sinica(园艺学报),2001,28(2):112-118(inChinese)
[11]Li W(李雯),Shao Y-Z(邵远志),Chen W-X(陈维信).Improvement of determination method on amy-lase activity.Plant Physiology Communications(植物生理学通讯),2005,41(5):655-656(in Chinese)
[12]Song X-H(宋晓晖),Xie K(谢凯),Li Y-L(李艳丽),et al.Determination of contents and components ofwater-soluble sugar in pear fruit by HPLC-ELSD.Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(南京农业大学学报),2012,35(2):87-91(in Chinese)
[13]Rhodes D,Rendo GA,Stewart GR.The control of gluta-mine synthetase level inLemna minorL.Planta,1975,125:201-211
[14]Yang W-W(杨伟伟),Chen X-L(陈锡龙),Liu H-K(刘航空),et al.Three-dimensional simulation of canopystructure and light interception for tall spindle shape ofspur‘Fuji’apple with dwarf inter stock.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2014,47(23):4680-4694(in Chinese)
[15]Garriz PJ,Colavita GM,Alvarez HL.Fruit and spur leafgrowth and quality as influenced by low irradiance levelsin pear.Scientia Horticulturae,1998,77:195-205
[16]Wunsche J,Lakso AN.The relationship between leafarea and light interception by spur and extension shootleaves and apple orchard productivity.HortScience,2000,35:1202-1206
[17]Dong R-R(董然然),An G-Y(安贵阳),Zhao Z-Y(赵政阳),et al.Comparison of light interception abilityand growth and yield of different apple tree shapes ondwarf root stock.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2013,46(9):1867-1873(in Chinese)
[18]Meir P,Kruijt M,Broadmeadow M.Acclimation of pho-tosynthetic capacity to irradiance in tree canopies inrelation to leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf mass perunit area.Plant,Cell and Environment,2010,25:343-357
[19]Zhang L-H(张露荷),Chen B-H(陈佰鸿),Wang Y-X(王延秀),et al.Effects of different thinning methodson ecophysiology of dense apple orchard.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2015,23(11):1394-1403(in Chinese)
[20]Buler Z,Mika A.The influence of canopy architectureon light interception and distribution in‘Sampion’appletrees.Journal of Gerontological Nursing,2009,31:25-33
[21]Restrepo-Díaz H,Melgar JC,Lombardini L.Ecophysio-logy of horticultural crops:An overview.Agronomía Colombiana,2010,28:71-79
[22]Chen X-L(陈锡龙).An Experimental Study of LightInterception and Photosynthesis Product for 3D VirtualTall-spindle Apple Canopy in Loess Plateau Region ofChina.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F Universi-ty,2013(in Chinese)
[23]Yang T-F(杨停斐).Effect of Different Shoot AmountAfter Pruning on Growth and Fruiting on Fuji AppleTrees at Full Bearing Stage in Shaanxi Weibei LoessPlateau.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F Univer-sity,2014(in Chinese)
[24]Gao D-T(高登涛),Han M-Y(韩明玉),Li B-Z(李丙智),et al.Canopy characteristics and light distribu-tion in three types of apple orchards in Weibei area,Shaanxi Province.Journal of Fruit Science(果树学报),2007,24(3):259-262(in Chinese)
[25]He T-T(何婷婷),Wang Y-K(汪有科),Zhang L-J(张陆军),et al.Effects of different ages and slopes onleaf area index of Chinese jujube grown on slope-land ofLoess Plateau.Journal of Fruit Science(果树学报),2010,27(2):293-298(in Chinese)
[26]Zhang W(张文),Zhu X-R(朱雪荣),Li W(李卫),et al.Effect of system pruning on root activity andcanopy characteristics of apple tree.Northern Horticulture(北方园艺),2013(20):10-13(in Chinese)
[27]Zhang D-S(张东升).Effect of Cotton Plant Densitieson Light Distribution and LUE of Jujube-Cotton InterCropped Systems.PhD Thesis.Shihezi:Shihezi Univer-sity,2014(in Chinese)
[28]Schultz HR.Extension of a Farquhar model for limita-tions of leaf photosynthesis induced by light environ-ment,phenology and leaf age in grapevines.Functional Plant Biology,2003,30:673-687
[29]Liu Y-J(刘颖娇).Effect of Shade on Photosynthesisand PSⅡReaction Center in Apple Leaves.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014(in Chi-nese)
[30]Chang HG,Suk MK,Seokchan K.Photosynthesis andenvironments:Photoinhibition and repair mechanisms inplants.Plant Biology,2012,55:93-101
[31]Stewart R,Raymond SJ,Michael M.Chlorophyll a+bcontent and chlorophyll fluorescence in avocado.Journal of Agricultural Science,2012,4:29-36
[32]Jiang Y,Duncan RR,Carrow RN.Assessment of lowlight tolerance of seashore paspalum and bermuda grass.Crop Science,2004,44:587-594
[33]Murata N,Takahashi S,Nishiyama Y.Photoinhibitionof photosystem II under environmental stress.Biochimica et Biophysica,2007,1767:414-421
[34]Wu H(武辉),Zhou Y-F(周艳飞),Hou L-L(候丽丽),et al.Effects of temperature and weak light stress on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics andenergy allocation in cotton seedlings.Xinjiang Agricultural Science(新疆农业科学),2012,49(3):393-399(in Chinese)