摘要
为研究间伐改形对红富士成龄乔化密植果园树体冠层特征、生育后期叶片生理特性、养分积累分配规律、光合生产力和土壤水分时空分布动态的影响,以18年生‘红富士’苹果密闭园为试材,对苹果树单株结构参数、枝量、枝类组成、覆盖率、叶片光合速率等参数进行测定.结果表明:密闭果园叶片光合作用受非气孔因素限制,导致PSII最大光化学效率、PSII光合潜能、光合性能指数下降了1.2%、11.5%、13.9%.间伐改形后,叶面积指数、树冠覆盖率有所降低,使得冠层直射光透过系数增加了79.0%,树形结构有所改善.苹果园总枝数降低到约1100400条·hm-2,单株枝量增加了5.0%,短枝比例提高至73.0%.由于冠层光照条件的改善,叶面积、比叶质量、百叶重、叶绿素含量有不同程度的提高.叶片光合速率的提高促进了光合产物的积累,淀粉、蛋白质含量为密闭果园的143.5%、107.8%.叶片的发育质量与其所处的光照辐射环境有着密切联系,密闭果园经间伐、改形后,果园群体结构和冠层光照得以改善,促进了叶片生长发育,提高了叶片光合效能,降低了果园土壤水分的无效消耗,是陇东旱塬苹果产区密闭果园适宜的调整、优化方案.
In order to examine the effects of thinning and reshaping on canopy structure, leaf physio-logical property at late growth stage, characteristic of nutrient accumulation and distribution inleaf, and the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture, 18 year-old ‘Fuji' apple trees indense apple orchards were used to measure the canopy size, types and numbers of branches, leafarea index before and after the thinning and reshaping practices. The results showed that beforepruning, the photosynthesis was limited by non-stomatal factors, with a reduction inFv/Fm,Fv/FoPIabs by 1. 2%, 11. 5%, 13. 9%, respectively. However, the thinning and reshaping practicesreduced leaf area index and canopy coverage, increased light interception up to 79% and improvedtree construction. The total number of shoots decreased to 1100400 per hectare, while the individualshoot numbers were increased by 5. 0% and the ratio of spur increased up to 73%. Due to theimprovement of canopy lighting distribution, the average leaf area, specific leaf quality, hundredleaf mass and chlorophyll content were increased. With the increases of photosynthesis, theaccumulation of photosynthate such as starch was increased by 143.5%. There was a close correla-tion between leaf development and light interception. Our results indicated that tree structure and canopy light interception could be improved by thinning and reshaping the dense trees, which resul-ted in higher leaf growth, development and photosynthetic capability but less water loss. Thinningand reshaping should be recommended to the renewal of the dense apple orchards in Loess Plateauof eastern Gansu.
引文
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