孝义铝矿复垦土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价
|
摘要
为了解和评估复垦区土壤重金属污染风险,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数(The Potential Ecological Risk Index)法,对孝义铝矿复垦3年后的土壤中7种(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Ni和Zn)重金属质量分数和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:复垦土壤中,主要超标重金属元素是Cd,7种元素均存在累积效应。污染源主要有复垦用土、农业生产和粉尘等外来影响;其中,Cd、Cr和As 3种元素具有伴随复合污染现象。Cd的污染指数最高,均值为11.54,处于很高的污染等级,污染指数均值顺序为Cd>Pb>As>Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu;重金属潜在生态风险指数RI为238.39,属于中等生态风险水平。表明孝义铝矿复垦土壤存在中等程度的污染风险,需要减少和控制复垦用土以外的其他染物源进入,降低土壤污染的风险。该研究为复垦土地的利用方式具有重要的现实指导价值,为矿区复垦和治理的措施体系提供科学依据。
[Background] Mineral is a key resource for social and economic development.However,environment issues from mining are more and more serious.Shanxi is a resource province,a lot of land were destructed during the mining,and should be reclaimed after mining.In order to understand the potential pollution characteristics and the pollution risk of heavy metals in reclaimed soil,the heavy metal elements Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,As,Ni and Zn of reclaimed soils at Xiaoyi Bauxite Mine were analyzed.[Methods]On April in 2016,6 groups and 18 soil samples were collected from reclaimed land of in Xihedi village where corn was planted.Soil samples were passed 100 mesh sieves after natural air-drying.Then seven heavy mental elements were measured using inductively-coupled plasma spectrometer after digestion and decomposition by nitric acid-perchloric acid-hydrofluoric acid.Based on the heavy mental contents,pollution degree and potential ecological risk of heavy mental were evaluated using Hakanson ecological risk index.[Results] The mean content values of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn were respectively 5.19,40.47,2.65,65.13,8.64,13.05 and 28.98 mg/kg.The Cd was higher than 0.45 mg/kg that is the national second standard,while others were lesser.Mainly pollution element was Cd,and all 7 element contents exceeded the background values,and exited accumulated effects.The main pollution resource was from reclaimed soil,agricultural actions,dust precipitation and otheranthropogenic activities in the mine area.The contents of Cu,Pb,and Ni had higher difference than that of As,Cr,Zn and Cd at different sampling places.The contents of Cd,Cr,and As have significant correlations,and presented combined pollution.The mean pollution index of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn were respectively 11.54,0.20,0.02,0.82,0.28,0.15 and 0.11,and as Cd > Pb > As > Cr >Ni > Zn > Cu.The Cd was at the highest pollution level,while other elements were in the lower.The comprehensive pollution index was 1.88,and at middle comprehensive pollution degree.The mean potential ecological risk index(RI) of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn were respectively 230.87,0.40,0.13,4.07,1.44,1.45 and 0.03,and as Cd > Pb > Ni > As > Cr > Cu > Zn.The ecological risk index was 238.39,and at the medium ecological risk level.[Conclusions] The reclaimed soil in Xiaoyi Bauxite Mine is in medium grade pollution risk,and mainly pollution element was Cd.Element Cd,Cs and As have higher homology than other elements.We should pay enough attentions to control and cut down the input of pollution sources,reduce the risk of pollution,especially the input of Cd.Hakanson ecological risk index method could magnify the evaluation result,but it could increase the attention about pollution risk.
[Background] Mineral is a key resource for social and economic development.However,environment issues from mining are more and more serious.Shanxi is a resource province,a lot of land were destructed during the mining,and should be reclaimed after mining.In order to understand the potential pollution characteristics and the pollution risk of heavy metals in reclaimed soil,the heavy metal elements Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,As,Ni and Zn of reclaimed soils at Xiaoyi Bauxite Mine were analyzed.[Methods]On April in 2016,6 groups and 18 soil samples were collected from reclaimed land of in Xihedi village where corn was planted.Soil samples were passed 100 mesh sieves after natural air-drying.Then seven heavy mental elements were measured using inductively-coupled plasma spectrometer after digestion and decomposition by nitric acid-perchloric acid-hydrofluoric acid.Based on the heavy mental contents,pollution degree and potential ecological risk of heavy mental were evaluated using Hakanson ecological risk index.[Results] The mean content values of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn were respectively 5.19,40.47,2.65,65.13,8.64,13.05 and 28.98 mg/kg.The Cd was higher than 0.45 mg/kg that is the national second standard,while others were lesser.Mainly pollution element was Cd,and all 7 element contents exceeded the background values,and exited accumulated effects.The main pollution resource was from reclaimed soil,agricultural actions,dust precipitation and otheranthropogenic activities in the mine area.The contents of Cu,Pb,and Ni had higher difference than that of As,Cr,Zn and Cd at different sampling places.The contents of Cd,Cr,and As have significant correlations,and presented combined pollution.The mean pollution index of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn were respectively 11.54,0.20,0.02,0.82,0.28,0.15 and 0.11,and as Cd > Pb > As > Cr >Ni > Zn > Cu.The Cd was at the highest pollution level,while other elements were in the lower.The comprehensive pollution index was 1.88,and at middle comprehensive pollution degree.The mean potential ecological risk index(RI) of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn were respectively 230.87,0.40,0.13,4.07,1.44,1.45 and 0.03,and as Cd > Pb > Ni > As > Cr > Cu > Zn.The ecological risk index was 238.39,and at the medium ecological risk level.[Conclusions] The reclaimed soil in Xiaoyi Bauxite Mine is in medium grade pollution risk,and mainly pollution element was Cd.Element Cd,Cs and As have higher homology than other elements.We should pay enough attentions to control and cut down the input of pollution sources,reduce the risk of pollution,especially the input of Cd.Hakanson ecological risk index method could magnify the evaluation result,but it could increase the attention about pollution risk.
引文
[1]郭伟,赵仁鑫,张君,等.内蒙古包头铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及其评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(10):3099.GUO Wei,ZHAO Renxin,ZHANG Jun,et al.Distribution characteristic and assessment of soil heavy metal pollution in the iron mining of Baotou in Inner Mongolia[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(10):3099.
[2]石平,王恩德,魏忠义,等.辽宁矿区尾矿废弃地及土壤重金属污染评价研究[J].金属矿山,2008,2:118.SHI Ping,WANG Ende,WEI Zhongyi,et al.Research on disused tailing land in Liaoning mine area and assessment of tts soil pollution by heavy metal[J].Metal Mine,2008,2:118.
[3]MACHENDER G,DHAKATE R,PRASANNA L,et al.Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around Balanagar industrial area,Hyderabad,India[J].Environment Earth Sciences,2010(10):325.
[4]秦文展,陈建宏.平果铝矿高效复垦示范区土壤质量评价[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2010,26(3),304.QIN Wenzhan,CHEN Jianhong.Soil quality evaluation of reclamation demonstration area in Pingguo Bauxite Mine[J].System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,2010,26(3),304.
[5]张瑞娟,李华,王爱英,等.不同复垦方式对铝矿废弃地土壤微生物多样性的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报.2013,32(10):2012.ZHANG Ruijuan,LI Hua,WANG Aiying,et al.Effects of different reclamation patterns on soil microbial diversity in abandoned aluminum mining land[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2013,32(10):2012.
[6]原芩,孙崇凤,李华,等.微生物肥料对铝矿废弃地复垦区土壤有机碳的影响[J].土壤,2013.45(3):419.YUAN Qin,SUN Chongfeng,LI Hua,et al.Effects of microbial fertilizers on soil organic carbon of reclaimed mine soils in aluminum mining wasteland[J].Soil,2013,45(3):419.
[7]ZHUANG P,ZOU B,LI N Y,et al.Heavy metal contamination in soils and food crops around Dabaoshan mine in Guangdong,China:implication for human health[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2009(31):707.
[8]SORIANO D J M,SPEIR T W,GOMEZ I,et al.Evaluation of different extraction methods for the assessment of heavy metal bioavailability in various soils[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2010(213):471.
[9]王瑞霖,程先,孙然好.海河流域中南部河流沉积物的重金属生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(10):3740.WANG Ruilin,CHENG Xian,SUN Ranhao.Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments in the Southern and Central Haihe River Basin[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(10):3740.
[10]钟雪梅,于洋,陆素芬,等.金属矿业密集区广西南丹土壤重金属含量特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(9):1694.ZHONG Xuemei,YU Yang,LU Sufen,et al.Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in soils in mining-intensive areas of Nandan,Guangxi[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2016,35(9):16942.
[11]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:75.LU Rukun.Analytical methods of soil agricultural chemistry[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:75.
[12]陆泗进,王业耀,何立环.会泽某铅锌矿周边农田土壤重金属生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1832.LU Sijin,WANG Yeyao,HE Lihuan.Heavy metal pollution and ecological risk assessment of the paddy soils around a Pb-Zn mine in Huize County[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(11):1832.
[13]HAKANSON L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sediment of logical approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975.
[14]樊文华,白中科,李慧峰,等.复垦土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):348.FAN Wenhua,BAI Zhongke,LI Huifeng,et al.Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in reclaimed soils[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(1):348.
[15]贾振邦,梁涛.香港河流重金属污染及潜在生态危害研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1997,33(4):485.JIA Zhengbang,LIANG Tao.Study on heavy metal contamination and potential ecological risk in Hong Kong Rivers[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,1997,33(4):485.
[16]毛志刚,谷孝鸿,陆小明,等.太湖东部不同类型区疏浚后沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):186.MAO Zhigang,GU Xiaohong,LU Xiaoming,et al.Pollution distribution and ptential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments from the different eastern dredging regions of Lake Taihu[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(1):186.
[17]方明,吴友军,贾英,等.长江口沉积物重金属的分布、来源及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):563.FANG Ming,WU Youjun,LIU Hong,et al.Distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of the Yangtze River estuary[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(2):563.
[18]何绪文,王宇翔,房增强,等.铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染特征及污染风险评价[J].环境工程技术学报,2016,6(5):476.HE Xuwen,WANG Yuxiang,FANG Zengqiang,et al.Pollution characteristics and pollution risk evaluation of heavy metals in soil of lead-zinc mining area[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2016,6(5):476.
[19]贾琳,杨林生,欧阳竹,等.典型农业区农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(11):2270.JIA Lin,YANG Linsheng,OUYANG Zhu,et al.Assessment of the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the farmland soils in Yucheng City,Shandong Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(11):2270.
[20]解文艳,樊贵盛,周怀平,等.太原市污灌区土壤重金属污染现状评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(8):1553.XIE Wenyan,FAN Guisheng,ZHOU Huaiping,et al.Access of heavy metals pollution of the sewage irrigation region in Taiyuan,China[J].Journal of Agricultural Environment Science,2011,30(8):1553.
[21]秦鱼生,喻华,冯文强,等.成都平原北部水稻土重金属含量状况及其潜在生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6335.QIN Yusheng,YU Hua,FENG Wenqiang,et al.Assessment on heavy metal pollution status in paddy soils in the northern Chengdu Plain and their potential ecological risk[J].ACTA Ecological Sinica,2013,33(19):6335.
[22]肖思思,黄贤金,彭补拙,等.经济发达县域耕地土壤重金属污染评价及其影响因素分析:以江苏昆山市为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(5):674.XIAO Sisi,HUANG Xianjin,PENG Buzhuo,et al.Analysis of Heavy metal pollution and assessment of its environmental effect in developed areas:a case study in Kunshan of Suzhou city,Jiangsu Province[J].Resources and Environment in the Yantze Basin,2017,16(5):674.
[23]FENG Yongliang,CHEN Yanzhen,WANG Jing,et al.Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface seawater and sediment near the outlet of a zinc factory in Huludao City,Liaoning Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,206,34(6):1320.
[24]NEMR A E,EI Said,GHADA F,et al.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of some heavy metals in coastal surface sediments along the Red Sea,Egypt[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2016(34):164.
[2]石平,王恩德,魏忠义,等.辽宁矿区尾矿废弃地及土壤重金属污染评价研究[J].金属矿山,2008,2:118.SHI Ping,WANG Ende,WEI Zhongyi,et al.Research on disused tailing land in Liaoning mine area and assessment of tts soil pollution by heavy metal[J].Metal Mine,2008,2:118.
[3]MACHENDER G,DHAKATE R,PRASANNA L,et al.Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around Balanagar industrial area,Hyderabad,India[J].Environment Earth Sciences,2010(10):325.
[4]秦文展,陈建宏.平果铝矿高效复垦示范区土壤质量评价[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2010,26(3),304.QIN Wenzhan,CHEN Jianhong.Soil quality evaluation of reclamation demonstration area in Pingguo Bauxite Mine[J].System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,2010,26(3),304.
[5]张瑞娟,李华,王爱英,等.不同复垦方式对铝矿废弃地土壤微生物多样性的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报.2013,32(10):2012.ZHANG Ruijuan,LI Hua,WANG Aiying,et al.Effects of different reclamation patterns on soil microbial diversity in abandoned aluminum mining land[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2013,32(10):2012.
[6]原芩,孙崇凤,李华,等.微生物肥料对铝矿废弃地复垦区土壤有机碳的影响[J].土壤,2013.45(3):419.YUAN Qin,SUN Chongfeng,LI Hua,et al.Effects of microbial fertilizers on soil organic carbon of reclaimed mine soils in aluminum mining wasteland[J].Soil,2013,45(3):419.
[7]ZHUANG P,ZOU B,LI N Y,et al.Heavy metal contamination in soils and food crops around Dabaoshan mine in Guangdong,China:implication for human health[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2009(31):707.
[8]SORIANO D J M,SPEIR T W,GOMEZ I,et al.Evaluation of different extraction methods for the assessment of heavy metal bioavailability in various soils[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2010(213):471.
[9]王瑞霖,程先,孙然好.海河流域中南部河流沉积物的重金属生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(10):3740.WANG Ruilin,CHENG Xian,SUN Ranhao.Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments in the Southern and Central Haihe River Basin[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(10):3740.
[10]钟雪梅,于洋,陆素芬,等.金属矿业密集区广西南丹土壤重金属含量特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(9):1694.ZHONG Xuemei,YU Yang,LU Sufen,et al.Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in soils in mining-intensive areas of Nandan,Guangxi[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2016,35(9):16942.
[11]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:75.LU Rukun.Analytical methods of soil agricultural chemistry[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:75.
[12]陆泗进,王业耀,何立环.会泽某铅锌矿周边农田土壤重金属生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1832.LU Sijin,WANG Yeyao,HE Lihuan.Heavy metal pollution and ecological risk assessment of the paddy soils around a Pb-Zn mine in Huize County[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(11):1832.
[13]HAKANSON L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sediment of logical approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975.
[14]樊文华,白中科,李慧峰,等.复垦土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):348.FAN Wenhua,BAI Zhongke,LI Huifeng,et al.Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in reclaimed soils[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(1):348.
[15]贾振邦,梁涛.香港河流重金属污染及潜在生态危害研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1997,33(4):485.JIA Zhengbang,LIANG Tao.Study on heavy metal contamination and potential ecological risk in Hong Kong Rivers[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,1997,33(4):485.
[16]毛志刚,谷孝鸿,陆小明,等.太湖东部不同类型区疏浚后沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):186.MAO Zhigang,GU Xiaohong,LU Xiaoming,et al.Pollution distribution and ptential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments from the different eastern dredging regions of Lake Taihu[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(1):186.
[17]方明,吴友军,贾英,等.长江口沉积物重金属的分布、来源及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):563.FANG Ming,WU Youjun,LIU Hong,et al.Distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of the Yangtze River estuary[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(2):563.
[18]何绪文,王宇翔,房增强,等.铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染特征及污染风险评价[J].环境工程技术学报,2016,6(5):476.HE Xuwen,WANG Yuxiang,FANG Zengqiang,et al.Pollution characteristics and pollution risk evaluation of heavy metals in soil of lead-zinc mining area[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2016,6(5):476.
[19]贾琳,杨林生,欧阳竹,等.典型农业区农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(11):2270.JIA Lin,YANG Linsheng,OUYANG Zhu,et al.Assessment of the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the farmland soils in Yucheng City,Shandong Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(11):2270.
[20]解文艳,樊贵盛,周怀平,等.太原市污灌区土壤重金属污染现状评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(8):1553.XIE Wenyan,FAN Guisheng,ZHOU Huaiping,et al.Access of heavy metals pollution of the sewage irrigation region in Taiyuan,China[J].Journal of Agricultural Environment Science,2011,30(8):1553.
[21]秦鱼生,喻华,冯文强,等.成都平原北部水稻土重金属含量状况及其潜在生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6335.QIN Yusheng,YU Hua,FENG Wenqiang,et al.Assessment on heavy metal pollution status in paddy soils in the northern Chengdu Plain and their potential ecological risk[J].ACTA Ecological Sinica,2013,33(19):6335.
[22]肖思思,黄贤金,彭补拙,等.经济发达县域耕地土壤重金属污染评价及其影响因素分析:以江苏昆山市为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(5):674.XIAO Sisi,HUANG Xianjin,PENG Buzhuo,et al.Analysis of Heavy metal pollution and assessment of its environmental effect in developed areas:a case study in Kunshan of Suzhou city,Jiangsu Province[J].Resources and Environment in the Yantze Basin,2017,16(5):674.
[23]FENG Yongliang,CHEN Yanzhen,WANG Jing,et al.Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface seawater and sediment near the outlet of a zinc factory in Huludao City,Liaoning Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,206,34(6):1320.
[24]NEMR A E,EI Said,GHADA F,et al.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of some heavy metals in coastal surface sediments along the Red Sea,Egypt[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2016(34):164.