煤层气成藏机理及气藏类型划分——以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘为例
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摘要
随着我国煤层气勘探开发工作的不断深入,定义和归纳赋存状态多样化的煤层气藏,并据此指导煤层气有利勘探目标优选就显得愈发重要。为此,在系统梳理国内外煤层气富集成藏理论的基础上,结合鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气勘探开发的地质规律,借鉴常规油气藏按照圈闭成因进行分类的方法,提出了煤层气圈闭的概念和煤层气藏类型的划分方案。研究成果包括:①结合煤层、砂岩、泥岩和石灰岩在垂向上的组合关系,刻画了"泥裹藏、砂通煤、水包气"的气体封闭样式,"泥裹藏"即以泥岩等致密岩层封闭煤储层而成藏,"砂通煤"即上覆砂岩与煤层连通而与煤层统一形成气藏,"水包气"即在水力封闭和水力封堵作用下,气体在煤层中富集而成藏;②阐释了物性封闭、气压封闭、水压封闭和吸附封闭在煤层气藏形成过程中的作用,指出气藏开发的上、下限分别为风氧化带和地应力转折带;③提出了以构造、岩性、水动力和复合型圈闭为主导的气藏类型划分方案,并分别解剖了背斜、断层、向斜、地层—岩性、水力封堵和水力辅助型煤层气藏。
With the continuous deepening of coalbed methane(CBM) exploration and development in China,it is becoming more and more important to define and summarize CBM reservoirs with diverse occurrence states and accordingly to guide the optimization of favorable CBM exploration targets.In this paper,domestic and foreign CBM enrichment and accumulation theories were systematically analyzed.Then,based on geological laws of CBM exploration in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin,the concept of CBM traps and the classification scheme of CMB reservoirs were put forward in reference to the classification method of conventional oil and gas reservoirs based upon the genesis of traps.And the research results are as follows.First,the gas sealing pattern of "mudstone-surrounding reservoir,sandstone-connecting coal and water-enclosing gas" is depicted based on the vertical combination relationship of coal beds,sandstones,mudstones and limestones.The pattern of "mudstone-surrounding reservoir" refers to the hydrocarbon accumulation with tight rock beds(e.g.mudstones) to seal coal reservoirs.In the pattern of "sandstone-connecting coal",a gas reservoir is formed jointly by the coalbeds and its overlying sandstones when they are connected.In the pattern of "water-enclosing gas",gas is enriched and accumulated in coal beds under the effect of hydraulic sealing and plugging.Second,the effects of physical sealing,gas pressure sealing,water pressure sealing and adsorption sealing during the formation of CBM reservoirs are illustrated.And it is pointed out that the upper and lower limits of gas reservoir development are the efflorescent oxygenized zone and th e in-situ stress transition zone,respectively.And third,the gas reservoir classification scheme with structural,lithologic,hydrodynamic and compound traps as the leading factors is developed,and various CBM reservoirs are dissected,including anticline,fault,syncline,stratigraphy–lithology,hydraulic sealing and hydraulic assistance CBM gas reservoirs.
With the continuous deepening of coalbed methane(CBM) exploration and development in China,it is becoming more and more important to define and summarize CBM reservoirs with diverse occurrence states and accordingly to guide the optimization of favorable CBM exploration targets.In this paper,domestic and foreign CBM enrichment and accumulation theories were systematically analyzed.Then,based on geological laws of CBM exploration in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin,the concept of CBM traps and the classification scheme of CMB reservoirs were put forward in reference to the classification method of conventional oil and gas reservoirs based upon the genesis of traps.And the research results are as follows.First,the gas sealing pattern of "mudstone-surrounding reservoir,sandstone-connecting coal and water-enclosing gas" is depicted based on the vertical combination relationship of coal beds,sandstones,mudstones and limestones.The pattern of "mudstone-surrounding reservoir" refers to the hydrocarbon accumulation with tight rock beds(e.g.mudstones) to seal coal reservoirs.In the pattern of "sandstone-connecting coal",a gas reservoir is formed jointly by the coalbeds and its overlying sandstones when they are connected.In the pattern of "water-enclosing gas",gas is enriched and accumulated in coal beds under the effect of hydraulic sealing and plugging.Second,the effects of physical sealing,gas pressure sealing,water pressure sealing and adsorption sealing during the formation of CBM reservoirs are illustrated.And it is pointed out that the upper and lower limits of gas reservoir development are the efflorescent oxygenized zone and th e in-situ stress transition zone,respectively.And third,the gas reservoir classification scheme with structural,lithologic,hydrodynamic and compound traps as the leading factors is developed,and various CBM reservoirs are dissected,including anticline,fault,syncline,stratigraphy–lithology,hydraulic sealing and hydraulic assistance CBM gas reservoirs.
引文
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[2]邹才能,朱如凯,吴松涛,杨智,陶士振,袁选俊,等.常规与非常规油气聚集类型、特征、机理及展望——以中国致密油和致密气为例[J].石油学报,2012,33(2):173-187.Zou Caineng,Zhu Rukai,Wu Songtao,Yang Zhi,Tao Shizhen,Yuan Xuanjun,et al.Types,characteristics,genesis and prospects of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations:Taking tight oil and tight gas in China as an instance[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(2):173-187.
[3]Flores RM.Coal and coalbed gas:Fueling the future[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier Science,2013.
[4]赵庆波,孙粉锦,李五忠.煤层气勘探开发地质理论与实践[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2011.Zhao Qingbo,Sun Fenjin&Li Wuzhong.Theory and practise on coalbed methane exploration and development[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2011.
[5]Flores RM.Coalbed methane:From hazard to resource[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,1998,35(1/4):3-26.
[6]Scott AR,Kaiser WR&Ayers Jr WB.Thermogenic and secondary biogenic gases,San Juan Basin,Colorado and New Mexico—Implications for coalbed gas producibility[J].AAPG Bulletin,1994,78(8):1186-1209.
[7]Scott AR.Hydrogeologic factors affecting gas content distribution in coal beds[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2002,50(1/4):363-387.
[8]Su Xianbo,Zhang Liping&Zhang Ruilin.The abnormal pressure regime of the Pennsylvanian No.8 coalbed methane reservoir in Liulin–Wupu District,eastern Ordos Basin,China[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2003,53(4):227-239.
[9]钱凯,赵庆波,汪泽成.煤层甲烷气勘探开发理论与实验测试技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1996.Qian Kai,Zhao Qingbo&Wang Zecheng.Coalbed methane development and laboratory experiment technologies[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1996.
[10]袁政文.煤层气藏类型及富集高产因素[J].断块油气田,1997,4(2):9-12.Yuan Zhengwen.On types of coalbed methane reservoirs and the factors of rich and high output[J].Fault-Block Oil&Gas Field,1997,4(2):9-12.
[11]王生维,段连秀,陈钟惠,张明,张素新.煤层气藏的封闭及其研究意义——华北石炭—二叠系煤层气藏封闭特征浅析[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,1999,24(1):49-53.Wang Shengwei,Duan Lianxiu,Chen Zhonghui,Zhang Ming&Zhang Suxin.Research into coalbed methane pool trap and its significance:An example of Carboniferous-Permian coalbed methane pool trap in North China[J].Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences,1999,24(1):49-53.
[12]宋岩,赵孟军,柳少波,王红岩,陈振宏.构造演化对煤层气富集程度的影响[J].科学通报,2005,50(增刊1):1-5.Song Yan,Zhao Mengjun,Liu Shaobo,Wang Hongyan&Chen Zhenhong.The influence of tectonic evolution on the accumulation and enrichment of coalbed methane(CBM)[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(S1):1-5.
[13]宋岩,柳少波,赵孟军,苏现波,李贵中,洪峰,等.煤层气藏边界类型、成藏主控因素及富集区预测[J].天然气工业,2009,29(10):5-9.Song Yan,Liu Shaobo,Zhao Mengjun,Su Xianbo,Li Guizhong,Hong Feng,et al.Coalbed gas reservoirs:Boundary types,main controlling factors of gas pooling,and forecast of gas-rich areas[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(10):5-9.
[14]秦勇.中国煤层气地质研究进展与述评[J].高校地质学报,2003,9(3):339-358.Qin Yong.Advances and reviews on research of coalbed gas geology in China[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2003,9(3):339-358.
[15]秦勇.中国煤层气成藏作用研究进展与述评[J].高校地质学报,2012,18(3):405-418.Qin Yong.Advances and reviews on coalbed methane reservoir formation in China[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2012,18(3):405-418.
[16]刘洪林,李景明,王红岩,赵庆波.内蒙古东部低煤阶含煤盆地群的煤层气勘探前景[J].天然气地球科学,2005,16(6):771-775.Liu Honglin,Li Jingming,Wang Hongyan&Zhao Qingbo.Exploring foreground of low rank coal basins in eastern Inner Mongolia of China[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2005,16(6):771-775.
[17]孙平.煤层气成藏条件与成藏过程分析[D].成都:成都理工大学,2007.Sun Ping.Analysis on formation conditions and process of coal bed methane reservoirs[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2007.
[18]赵庆波,孔祥文,赵奇.煤层气成藏条件及开采特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2012,33(4):552-560.Zhao Qingbo,Kong Xiangwen&Zhao Qi.Coalbed methane accumulation conditions and production characteristics[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2012,33(4):552-560.
[19]申建.论深部煤层气成藏效应[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(9):1599-1600.Shen Jian.CBM-reservoiring effect in deep strata[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(9):1599-1600.
[20]吴财芳,秦勇,傅雪海,曾勇.山西沁水盆地煤层气成藏的微观动力能条件研究[J].现代地质,2005,19(3):449-457.Wu Caifang,Qin Yong,Fu Xuehai&Zeng Yong.Microcosmic dynamical energies of coalbed gas reservoir formation of Qinshui Basin,Shanxi Province[J].Geoscience,2005,19(3):449-457.
[21]吴财芳,秦勇,周龙刚.沁水盆地南部煤层气藏的有效运移系统[J].中国科学(地球科学),2014,44(12):2645-2651.Wu Caifang,Qin Yong&Zhou Longgang.Effective migration system of coalbed methane reservoirs in the southern Qinshui Basin[J].Scientia Sinica Terrae,2014,44(12):2645-2651.
[22]Li Yong,Tang Dazhen,Xu Hao,Elsworth D&Meng Yanjun.Geological and hydrological controls on water coproduced with coalbed methane in Liulin,eastern Ordos Basin,China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2015,99(2):207-229.
[23]吴鲜,廖冲,叶玉娟,窦莲.水文地质条件对煤层气富集的影响[J].重庆科技学院学报(自然科学版),2011,13(5):78-81.Wu Xian,Liao Chong,Ye Yujuan&Dou Lian.The influence of hydrogeological conditions on the enrichment of coalbed methane[J].Journal of Chongqing University of Science and Technology(Natural Sciences Edition),2011,13(5):78-81.
[24]李贵中,王红岩,吴立新,刘洪林.煤层气向斜控气论[J].天然气工业,2005,25(1):26-28.Li Guizhong,Wang Hongyan,Wu Lixin&Liu Honglin.Theory of syncline-controlled coalbed methane[J].Natural Gas Industry,2005,25(1):26-28.
[25]赵庆波,陈刚,李贵中.中国煤层气富集高产规律、开采特点及勘探开发适用技术[J].天然气工业,2009,29(9):13-19.Zhao Qingbo,Chen Gang&Li Guizhong.The regular patterns of highly-produced CBM,its production performance and the progress of prospecting technologies in China[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(9):13-19.
[26]林晓英.煤层气藏成藏机理[D].郑州:河南理工大学,2005.Lin Xiaoying.The formation mechanism of coalbed methane reservoirs[D].Zhengzhou:Henan Polytechnic University,2005.
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