始花前气温波动对苹果花期的影响
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摘要
为了提升苹果花期气象预报水平,利用延安市洛川县、安塞区多年苹果物候和气象数据,分析气温对苹果开花时间的影响。结果表明,延安苹果初花日出现在4月中下旬,南北差异10 d左右。同一地区年际间苹果初花日相差15 d。洛川县、安塞区稳定通过3、10℃日期和积温比较接近,用以分析预报苹果花期比较适合。48 h内最低气温下降8℃以上,最低气温≤4℃的天气确定为剧烈降温过程,一次降温天气可延迟花期3～6 d。在持续10 d以上的时间段,平均气温达到15℃以上,且高出同时期历年平均气温4℃或以上的天气过程,确定为催花高温过程。高温可促使苹果提早5 d开花。利用积温预报苹果花期,要重点关注稳定通过3、10℃日期和积温的累积过程、出现剧烈降温和高温天气,这些指标对花期有明显影响。
Analysis the effects of temperature on apple flowering time by using apple phenology and meteorological data of Luochuan county and Ansai district of Yan'an city for many years to improve the level of weather forecast of apple flowering period.The results show that the apple initial flowering day in Yan'an is in mid-to-late April,and the difference between North and South is about 10 days.The initial flowering day of apple can vary by 15 days between years in the same area.The date and the accumulated temperature to steadily passed 3 ℃,10 ℃ are similar in Luochuan county and Ansai district,which are suitable for analyzing apple flowering period.Within 48 hours,the minimum temperature decrease by more than 8℃,and the weather with minimum temperature ≤4 ℃ is determined to be a severe cooling process.A cooling weather could delay the flowering period by 3～6 d.The weather process is identified as flower forcing high temperature process,when the temperatures averaging above 15 ℃ for more than 10 days,higher than the average annual temperature of 4 ℃ or above.High temperatures can prompt apples to bloom 5 days earlier.In order to predict the flowering period of apple by accumulated temperature,we should pay attention to the accumulation process of stable passage through 3 ℃,10 ℃ date and accumulated temperature,and severe cooling and high temperature weather,which have obvious influence on flowering period.
Analysis the effects of temperature on apple flowering time by using apple phenology and meteorological data of Luochuan county and Ansai district of Yan'an city for many years to improve the level of weather forecast of apple flowering period.The results show that the apple initial flowering day in Yan'an is in mid-to-late April,and the difference between North and South is about 10 days.The initial flowering day of apple can vary by 15 days between years in the same area.The date and the accumulated temperature to steadily passed 3 ℃,10 ℃ are similar in Luochuan county and Ansai district,which are suitable for analyzing apple flowering period.Within 48 hours,the minimum temperature decrease by more than 8℃,and the weather with minimum temperature ≤4 ℃ is determined to be a severe cooling process.A cooling weather could delay the flowering period by 3～6 d.The weather process is identified as flower forcing high temperature process,when the temperatures averaging above 15 ℃ for more than 10 days,higher than the average annual temperature of 4 ℃ or above.High temperatures can prompt apples to bloom 5 days earlier.In order to predict the flowering period of apple by accumulated temperature,we should pay attention to the accumulation process of stable passage through 3 ℃,10 ℃ date and accumulated temperature,and severe cooling and high temperature weather,which have obvious influence on flowering period.
引文
[1]延安市统计局,国家统计局延安调查队.2017年延安市国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].http://www.yanan.gov.cn/gk/tjxx/ndtj/325575.htm.
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[4]王静,张晓煜,杨洋,等.宁夏主要果树花器官及幼果霜冻临界温度比较研究[J].北方园艺,2015(7):9-13.
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[9]李倩,王莹,林毅,等.基于GIS辽宁省‘红富士’苹果农业气候区划[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(28):173-178.
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[13]曹雪梅,雷延鹏,王鹏,等.洛川近地层夜间气温逆温特征及空气扰动防霜可行性分析[J].农学学报,2016,6(5):82-86.
[14]李美荣,杜继稳,李星敏,等.陕西果区苹果始花期预测模型[J].中国农业气象,2009,30(3):417-420.
[15]柏秦凤,王景红,屈振江,等.陕西苹果花期预测模型研究[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(19):164-169.
[16]刘红,党晓东,都全胜,等.安塞山地苹果初花期预报研究[J].中国农业通报,2019,35(10):99-103.
[17]郭睿.杨凌地区桃树花期预测模型研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[18]鲜小林,陈睿.温度与光强对高山杜鹃催花期间花芽营养物质积累的影响[J].西北植物学报,2015,35(5):991-997.
[19]欧静,雷德宇,杨颖.忽地笑鳞茎(开花种球)高温催花过程中养分代谢和酶活性变化研究[J].种子,2011,30(9):36-39.
[20]李化龙,赵西社.陕西黄土高原果业气候生态条件研究及应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2010.
[21]区文智.异常气候标准值的计算[J].人民珠江,1987(5):12-13.
[2]雷延鹏,孙智辉,曹雪梅,等.延安5次苹果花期冻害影响分析[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(32):102-107.
[3]王景红,刘璐,高峰,等.陕西富士系苹果花期霜冻灾害气象指标的修订[J].中国农业气象,2015,36(1):50-56.
[4]王静,张晓煜,杨洋,等.宁夏主要果树花器官及幼果霜冻临界温度比较研究[J].北方园艺,2015(7):9-13.
[5]刘映宁,贺文丽,李艳莉,等.陕西果区苹果花期冻害农业保险风险指数的设计[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(1):125-129.
[6]殷淑燕,张钰敏,李美荣,等.气候变化对洛川苹果物候期的影响[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(6):86-90.
[7]柴芊,栗珂,刘璐.陕西果业基地苹果花期冻害指数及预报方法[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(4):621-626.
[8]屈振江,刘瑞芳,郭兆夏,等.陕西省苹果花期冻害风险评估及预测技术研究[J].自然灾害学报,2013,22(1):219-225.
[9]李倩,王莹,林毅,等.基于GIS辽宁省‘红富士’苹果农业气候区划[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(28):173-178.
[10]屈振江,周广胜.中国富士苹果种植的气候适宜性研究[J].气象学报,2016,74(3):479-490.
[11]柏秦凤,王景红,梁轶,等.基于县域单元的降尺度苹果花期冻害风险区划[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(16):153-158.
[12]孙智辉,马远飞,高志斌,等.洛川苹果花期冻害气候特征及人工防霜可行性探讨[J].农学学报,2015,5(11):109-112.
[13]曹雪梅,雷延鹏,王鹏,等.洛川近地层夜间气温逆温特征及空气扰动防霜可行性分析[J].农学学报,2016,6(5):82-86.
[14]李美荣,杜继稳,李星敏,等.陕西果区苹果始花期预测模型[J].中国农业气象,2009,30(3):417-420.
[15]柏秦凤,王景红,屈振江,等.陕西苹果花期预测模型研究[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(19):164-169.
[16]刘红,党晓东,都全胜,等.安塞山地苹果初花期预报研究[J].中国农业通报,2019,35(10):99-103.
[17]郭睿.杨凌地区桃树花期预测模型研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[18]鲜小林,陈睿.温度与光强对高山杜鹃催花期间花芽营养物质积累的影响[J].西北植物学报,2015,35(5):991-997.
[19]欧静,雷德宇,杨颖.忽地笑鳞茎(开花种球)高温催花过程中养分代谢和酶活性变化研究[J].种子,2011,30(9):36-39.
[20]李化龙,赵西社.陕西黄土高原果业气候生态条件研究及应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2010.
[21]区文智.异常气候标准值的计算[J].人民珠江,1987(5):12-13.