小兴安岭凉水自然保护区蝶类多样性
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摘要
2012—2013年选取原始阔叶红松林、人工林、天然次生林和灌丛草甸4种典型植被生境,对小兴安岭凉水自然保护区的蝶类进行了系统研究。共捕获蝶类1438头,分属7科47属76种,4种植被生境中蝶类群落优势类群均为蛱蝶科,不同生境蝶类群落相似性与生境植被类型密切相关。计算分析了4种植被生境中蝶类多样性指数、物种丰富度、优势度指数、均匀度指数和种-多度关系,结果表明:3种森林生境蝶类多样性大于灌丛草甸,原始阔叶红松林蝶类具有最高的多样性指数、较高的物种丰富度、均匀度指数以及最低的优势度指数,种-多度分布为对数正态分布,说明环境质量优越,最适合蝶类生存和繁衍;灌丛草甸蝶类的多样性指数、物种丰富度和均匀度指数均为最低,而优势度指数最高,种-多度分布为对数级数分布,反映植物群落结构较单一,适合各种蝶类生存和繁衍的资源不足;天然次生林蝶类多样性指数、物种丰富度高于人工林,均匀度小于人工林,但前者种-多度分布为对数级数模型,后者为对数正态模型,说明在封山育林状态下,对森林植被组成进行适当合理的干扰,有利于森林的健康发展
Liangshui Nature Reserve lies in the eastern part of Dalidailing Mountain,a branch of the Xiao Xing' an Mountains in Heilongjiang province in the eastern part of northeast China. Characterized by low mountains and hills,the reserve is situated at the eastern edge of Eurasia. The typical temperate continental monsoon climate is characterized by long,cold,snowy winters and short,cool,rainy summers. The original broad-leaved Korean pine forest,the main forest type in the reserve,is well preserved here,with paleo-floristic and faunal elements and typical community phytogenesis.The reserve has a diversity of forest types. The butterfly species in Liangshui Nature Reserve were studied based on samples collected in four forest types: original broad-leaved Korean pine forest,plantation forest,natural secondary forest,and shrub meadow. In the survey,the net catching method was the main method to collect samples of insects,and samples were then identified in the laboratory. Seven butterfly families,47 genera,and 76 species were identified from a total of 1438 specimens. The Nymphalidae was the dominant family in all four habitats. Analysis of similarity showed that the types of butterfly communities observed were closely related to the vegetation types. The diversity,specific richness,dominance,evenness indices,and species-abundance relationship within the four kinds of habitats were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that changes in environmental quality influenced the diversity of the butterfly communities,and butterflycommunity diversity indices were lowest in the shrub meadow habitat. The butterfly community of the original broad-leaved Korean pine forest had the highest diversity index; the species richness and evenness indices were relatively high in this community,while the dominance index was the lowest among the four kinds of habitats. Additionally,the species rank abundance fits a lognormal distribution; this type of model shows the environment in this area is of superior quality for the survival of butterflies; the most suitable for butterflies to survive and thrive. In the shrub meadow habitat,the diversity and the species richness and evenness indices of the butterfly community were the lowest among the four kinds of habitats,while the dominance index was the highest. The species rank abundance fits a logarithmic series distribution. This type of model reflects the plant community structure of a single species. The shrub meadow habitat lacks the resources that provide suitable habitat for all kinds of butterflies to survive and thrive; the simple plant community here resulted in relatively poor habitat quality for many species. The species richness and diversity indices of the butterfly community in the natural secondary forest were higher than those in the plantation forest. Additionally,the evenness index of the butterfly community in natural secondary forest was lower than that in the plantation forest. Nevertheless,the species rank abundance of the butterfly community fits a logarithmic series distribution in the natural secondary forest while the butterfly community of the plantation forest is lognormal; that is,during afforestation,the composition of tree species in the forest changed in a way that is conducive to the healthy development of the forest.
Liangshui Nature Reserve lies in the eastern part of Dalidailing Mountain,a branch of the Xiao Xing' an Mountains in Heilongjiang province in the eastern part of northeast China. Characterized by low mountains and hills,the reserve is situated at the eastern edge of Eurasia. The typical temperate continental monsoon climate is characterized by long,cold,snowy winters and short,cool,rainy summers. The original broad-leaved Korean pine forest,the main forest type in the reserve,is well preserved here,with paleo-floristic and faunal elements and typical community phytogenesis.The reserve has a diversity of forest types. The butterfly species in Liangshui Nature Reserve were studied based on samples collected in four forest types: original broad-leaved Korean pine forest,plantation forest,natural secondary forest,and shrub meadow. In the survey,the net catching method was the main method to collect samples of insects,and samples were then identified in the laboratory. Seven butterfly families,47 genera,and 76 species were identified from a total of 1438 specimens. The Nymphalidae was the dominant family in all four habitats. Analysis of similarity showed that the types of butterfly communities observed were closely related to the vegetation types. The diversity,specific richness,dominance,evenness indices,and species-abundance relationship within the four kinds of habitats were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that changes in environmental quality influenced the diversity of the butterfly communities,and butterflycommunity diversity indices were lowest in the shrub meadow habitat. The butterfly community of the original broad-leaved Korean pine forest had the highest diversity index; the species richness and evenness indices were relatively high in this community,while the dominance index was the lowest among the four kinds of habitats. Additionally,the species rank abundance fits a lognormal distribution; this type of model shows the environment in this area is of superior quality for the survival of butterflies; the most suitable for butterflies to survive and thrive. In the shrub meadow habitat,the diversity and the species richness and evenness indices of the butterfly community were the lowest among the four kinds of habitats,while the dominance index was the highest. The species rank abundance fits a logarithmic series distribution. This type of model reflects the plant community structure of a single species. The shrub meadow habitat lacks the resources that provide suitable habitat for all kinds of butterflies to survive and thrive; the simple plant community here resulted in relatively poor habitat quality for many species. The species richness and diversity indices of the butterfly community in the natural secondary forest were higher than those in the plantation forest. Additionally,the evenness index of the butterfly community in natural secondary forest was lower than that in the plantation forest. Nevertheless,the species rank abundance of the butterfly community fits a logarithmic series distribution in the natural secondary forest while the butterfly community of the plantation forest is lognormal; that is,during afforestation,the composition of tree species in the forest changed in a way that is conducive to the healthy development of the forest.
引文
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[16]赵志模,郭依泉.群落生态学原理与方法.重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990:1-46.
[17]张鑫,胡红英,吕昭智.新疆东部天山蝶类多样性及其垂直分布.生态学报,2013,33(17):5329-5338.
[18]张荣祖.中国动物地理.北京:科学出版社,1999:1-502.
[19]贺答汉,田畴,任国栋,郝峰茂,马世渝.荒漠草原昆虫的群落结构及其演替规律初探.中国草地,1988,(6):24-28.
[20]万方浩,陈常铭.综防区和化防区稻田害虫-天敌群落组成及多样性的研究.生态学报,1986,6(2):159-170.
[21]刘文萍,邓合黎.木里蝶类多样性的研究.生态学报,1997,17(3):266-271.
[22]尤平,李后魂,王淑霞,徐家生.天津七里海湿地蛾类多样性.昆虫学报,2003,46(5):617-621.
[2]Kremen C.Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring.Ecological Applications,1992,2(2):203-217.
[3]Kumar S,Simonson S E,Stohlgren T J.Effects of spatial heterogeneity on butterfly species richness in Rocky Mountain National Park,CO,USA.Biodiversity and Conservation,2009,18(3):739-763.
[4]李秀山,张雅林,骆有庆,Settele J.长尾麝凤蝶生活史、生命表、生境及保护.生态学报,2006,26(10):3184-3197.
[5]Saunders D A,Hobbs R J,Margules C R.Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation:a review.Conservation Biology,1991,5(1):18-32.
[6]Steffan D,Tscharntke T.Butterfly community structure in fragmented habitats.Ecology Letters,2000,3(5):449-456.
[7]Grill A,Knoflach B,Cleary D F R,Kati V.Butterfly,spider,and plant communities in different land-use types in Sardinia,Italy.Biodiversity and Conservation,2005,14(5):1281-1300.
[8]Inoue T.Chronosequential change in a butterfly community after clear-cutting of deciduous forests in a cool temperate region of central Japan.Entomological Sciences,2003,6(3):151-163.
[9]黎璇,袁兴中,邓合黎.横断山区蝶类的垂直分布及其多样性.生态学杂志,2009,28(9):1847-1852.
[10]陈振宁,曾阳,鲍敏,马继雄,柯君.青海互助北山国家森林公园不同生境的蝶类多样性研究.生物多样性,2006,14(6):517-524.
[11]李密,周红春,谭济才,王鹏,刘国华.乌云界国家级自然保护区蝴蝶物种多样性及其保护.应用生态学报,2011,22(6):1585-1591.
[12]胡冰冰,李后魂,梁之聘,赵铁建,任秀柏.八仙山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性及区系组成.生态学报,2010,30(12):3226-3238.
[13]马建章,刘传照.凉水自然保护区研究.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1993:18-26.
[14]周尧.中国蝶类志.郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2000:93-745.
[15]周尧.中国蝴蝶分类与鉴定.郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1998:1-313.
[16]赵志模,郭依泉.群落生态学原理与方法.重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990:1-46.
[17]张鑫,胡红英,吕昭智.新疆东部天山蝶类多样性及其垂直分布.生态学报,2013,33(17):5329-5338.
[18]张荣祖.中国动物地理.北京:科学出版社,1999:1-502.
[19]贺答汉,田畴,任国栋,郝峰茂,马世渝.荒漠草原昆虫的群落结构及其演替规律初探.中国草地,1988,(6):24-28.
[20]万方浩,陈常铭.综防区和化防区稻田害虫-天敌群落组成及多样性的研究.生态学报,1986,6(2):159-170.
[21]刘文萍,邓合黎.木里蝶类多样性的研究.生态学报,1997,17(3):266-271.
[22]尤平,李后魂,王淑霞,徐家生.天津七里海湿地蛾类多样性.昆虫学报,2003,46(5):617-621.