夏季亚洲大地形双加热及近对流层顶位涡强迫的激发Ⅱ:伊朗高原-青藏高原感热加热
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摘要
基于诊断和数值模拟,研究了夏季青藏高原和伊朗高原热力强迫的相互作用,其对亚洲副热带季风区水汽通量辐合的贡献及对欧亚大陆上空高对流层顶和平流层低层冷中心形成的影响.结果表明两大高原感热加热存在相互影响和反馈,伊朗高原感热加热减少青藏高原的表面加热,而青藏高原的感热加热则增加伊朗高原的表面加热;形成了观测到的伊朗高原感热加热-青藏高原感热加热和凝结潜热释放-大气垂直环流之间的准平衡耦合系统(TIPS),影响大气环流.青藏高原上的感热-潜热相互反馈在这个TIPS耦合系统中起主要作用.两大高原感热加热对其他地区的影响有相互加强也有相互抵消;青藏高原感热加热引发的对亚洲副热带季风区水汽通量辐合贡献率为伊朗高原感热影响的2倍以上;伊朗高原和青藏高原的感热加热共同作用对亚洲副热带季风区的水汽辐合作出最主要的贡献.TIPS的加热作用使对流层温度升高,并抬升了其上空的对流层顶,造成了那里平流层下层温度偏低;与欧亚大陆大尺度热力强迫共同作用,形成了对流层上层的暖性但在平流层下层为冷性的强大的反气旋环流南亚高压,从而影响区域和全球的天气气候.
引文
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Grell G A,Freitas S R.2014.A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling.Atmos Chem Phys,14:5233-5250
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Saha S,Moorthi S,Pan H L,Wu X,Wang J,Nadiga S,Tripp P,Kistler R,Woollen J,Behringer D,Liu H,Stokes D,Grumbine R,Gayno G,Wang J,Hou Y T,Chuang H Y,Juang H M H,Sela J,Iredell M,Treadon R,Kleist D,van Deist P,Keyser D,Derber J,Ek M,Meng J,Wei H,Yang R,Lord S,van den Dool H,Kumar A,Wang W,Long C,Chelliah M,Xue Y,Huang B,Schemm J K,Ebisuzaki W,Lin R,Xie P,Chen M,Zhou S,Higgins W,Zou C Z,Liu Q,Chen Y,Han Y,Cucurull L,Reynolds R W,Rutledge G,Goldberg M.2010.The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis.Bull Amer Meteorol Soc,91:1015-1057
Solomon S,Daniel J S,Vernier J P,Dutton E G,Thomason L W.2011.The persistently variable background stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change.Science,333:866-870
Wan Z.2008.New refinements and validation of the MODIS Land-Surface Temperature/Emissivity products.Remote Sens Environ,112:59-74
Wu G X,He B,Liu Y M,Bao Q,Ren R C.2015.Location and variation of the summertime upper-troposphere temperature maximum over South Asia.Clim Dyn,45:2757-2774
Wu G X,Liu Y M.2003.Summertime quadruplet heating pattern in the subtropics and the associated atmospheric circulation.Geophys Res Lett,30:1201
Wu G X,Liu Y M,Dong B W,Liang X Y,Duan A M,Bao Q,Yu J J.2012a.Revisiting Asian monsoon formation and change associated with Tibetan Plateau forcing:I.Formation.Clim Dyn,39:1169-1181
Wu G X,Liu Y M,He B,Bao Q,Duan A M,Jin F F.2012b.Thermal controls on the Asian summer monsoon.Sci Rep,2:404
Wu G X,Liu Y M,Wang T M,Wan R J,Liu X,Li W P,Wang Z Z,Zhang Q,Duan A M,Liang X Y.2007.The influence of mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian climate.J Hydrometeorol,8:770-789
Wu G X,Liu Y M,Zhu X Y,Li W P,Ren R C,Duan A M,Liang X Y.2009.Multi-scale forcing and the formation of subtropical desert and monsoon.Ann Geophys,27:3631-3644
Yanai M,Wu G X.2006.Effects of Tibetan Plateau.The Asian Monsoon.New York:Springer/Praxis Publishing.787
Yanai M,Li C,Song Z.1992.Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian monsoon.J Meteorol Soc Jpn,70:319-351
Zhang Q,Wu G X,Qian Y F.2002.The bimodality of the 100 hPa South Asia high and its relationship to the climate anomaly over East Asia in summer.J Meteorol Soc Jpn,80:733-744
刘超,刘屹岷,刘伯奇.2015.6种地表热通量资料在伊朗-青藏高原地区的对比分析.气象科学,35:398-404
吴国雄,刘平,刘屹岷,李伟平.2000.印度洋海温异常对西太副高的影响-大气中的两极热力适应.气象学报,58:513-522
吴国雄,刘屹岷.2000.热力适应、过流、频散和副高.I.热力适应和过流和“过流”现象.大气科学,24:433-446
吴国雄,卓海峰,王子谦,刘屹岷.2016.夏季亚洲大地形双加热及近对流层顶位涡强迫的激发Ⅰ:青藏高原主体加热.中国科学:地球科学,46:1209-1222
叶笃正,罗四维,朱抱真.1957.西藏高原及其附近的流场结构和对流层大气的热量平衡.气象学报,28:108-121
周秀骥,赵平,陈军明,陈隆勋,李维亮.2009.青藏高原热力作用对北半球气候影响的研究.中国科学D辑:地球科学,39:1473-1486
竺夏英,刘屹岷,吴国雄.2012.夏季青藏高原多种地表感热通量资料的评估.中国科学:地球科学,42:1104-1112
Chen P.2001.Thermally forced stationary waves in a quasigeostrophic system.J Atmos Sci,58:1585-1594
Chou M D,Suarez M J.1994.An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models.NASA Tech Memo,104606:85
Chou M D,Suarez M J,Ho C H,Yan M M H,Lee K T.1998.Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single-scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models.J Clim,11:202-214
Grell G A,Freitas S R.2014.A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling.Atmos Chem Phys,14:5233-5250
Held I M.1983.Stationary and quasi-stationary eddies in the extratropical troposphere:Theory.In:Hoskins B J,Pearce R P,eds.Large-Scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere.London:Academic Press.127-168
Holton J R,Gettelman A.2001.Horizontal transport and the dehydration of the stratosphere.Geophys Res Lett,28:2799-2802
Holton J R,Haynes P H,McIntyre M E,Douglass A R,Rood R B,Pfister L.1995.Stratosphere-troposphere exchange.Rev Geophys,33:403-439
Hong S Y,Lim J.2006.The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme(WSM6).J Korean Meteorol,42:129-151
Hoskins B J,McIntyre M E,Robertson A W.1985.On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps.Q J R Meteorol Soc,111:877-946
Huffman G J,Adler R F,Bolvin D T,Gu G,Nelkin E J,Bowman K P,Hong Y,Stocker E F,Wolff D B.2007.The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis(TMPA):Quasi-global,multiyear,combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales.J Hydrometeorol,8:38-55
Janjic Z I.1994.The Step-Mountain Eta coordinate model:Further developments of the convection,viscous sublayer,and turbulence closure schemes.Mon Weather Rev,122:927-945
Liu Y M,Bao Q,Duan Z A,Qian Z A,Wu G X.2007a.Recent progress in the impact of the Tibetan Plateau on climate in China.Adv Atmos Sci,24:1060-1076
Liu Y M,Hoskins B J,Blackburn M.2007b.Impact of Tibetan orography and heating on the summer flow over Asia.J Met Soc Jpn,85B:1-19
Liu Y M,Wu G X,Liu H,Liu P.2001.Condensation heating of the Asian summer monsoon and the subtropical anticyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere.Clim Dyn,17:327-338
Liu Y M,Wu G X,Ren R C.2004.Relationship between the subtropical anticyclone and diabatic heating.J Clim,17:682-698
Liu Y M,Wu G X,Hong J L,Dong B W,Duan A M,Bao Q,Zhou L J.2012.Revisiting Asian monsoon formation and change associated with Tibetan Plateau forcing:Ⅱ.Change.Clim Dyn,39:1183-1195
Luo H B,Yanai M.1984.The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979.PartⅡ:Heat and moisture budgets.Mon Weather Rev,112:966-989
Mlawer E J,Taubman S J,Brown P D,Iacono M J,Clough S A.1997.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longwave.J Geophys Res,102:16663-16682
Oleson K W,Dai Y J,Bonan G B,Bosilovich M,Dickinson R E.2013.Technical description of the community land model(CLM),NCAR Technical Note,NCAR/TN-503+STR.Boulder:National Center for Atmospheric Research
Saha S,Moorthi S,Pan H L,Wu X,Wang J,Nadiga S,Tripp P,Kistler R,Woollen J,Behringer D,Liu H,Stokes D,Grumbine R,Gayno G,Wang J,Hou Y T,Chuang H Y,Juang H M H,Sela J,Iredell M,Treadon R,Kleist D,van Deist P,Keyser D,Derber J,Ek M,Meng J,Wei H,Yang R,Lord S,van den Dool H,Kumar A,Wang W,Long C,Chelliah M,Xue Y,Huang B,Schemm J K,Ebisuzaki W,Lin R,Xie P,Chen M,Zhou S,Higgins W,Zou C Z,Liu Q,Chen Y,Han Y,Cucurull L,Reynolds R W,Rutledge G,Goldberg M.2010.The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis.Bull Amer Meteorol Soc,91:1015-1057
Solomon S,Daniel J S,Vernier J P,Dutton E G,Thomason L W.2011.The persistently variable background stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change.Science,333:866-870
Wan Z.2008.New refinements and validation of the MODIS Land-Surface Temperature/Emissivity products.Remote Sens Environ,112:59-74
Wu G X,He B,Liu Y M,Bao Q,Ren R C.2015.Location and variation of the summertime upper-troposphere temperature maximum over South Asia.Clim Dyn,45:2757-2774
Wu G X,Liu Y M.2003.Summertime quadruplet heating pattern in the subtropics and the associated atmospheric circulation.Geophys Res Lett,30:1201
Wu G X,Liu Y M,Dong B W,Liang X Y,Duan A M,Bao Q,Yu J J.2012a.Revisiting Asian monsoon formation and change associated with Tibetan Plateau forcing:I.Formation.Clim Dyn,39:1169-1181
Wu G X,Liu Y M,He B,Bao Q,Duan A M,Jin F F.2012b.Thermal controls on the Asian summer monsoon.Sci Rep,2:404
Wu G X,Liu Y M,Wang T M,Wan R J,Liu X,Li W P,Wang Z Z,Zhang Q,Duan A M,Liang X Y.2007.The influence of mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian climate.J Hydrometeorol,8:770-789
Wu G X,Liu Y M,Zhu X Y,Li W P,Ren R C,Duan A M,Liang X Y.2009.Multi-scale forcing and the formation of subtropical desert and monsoon.Ann Geophys,27:3631-3644
Yanai M,Wu G X.2006.Effects of Tibetan Plateau.The Asian Monsoon.New York:Springer/Praxis Publishing.787
Yanai M,Li C,Song Z.1992.Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian monsoon.J Meteorol Soc Jpn,70:319-351
Zhang Q,Wu G X,Qian Y F.2002.The bimodality of the 100 hPa South Asia high and its relationship to the climate anomaly over East Asia in summer.J Meteorol Soc Jpn,80:733-744