青藏高原上空UTLS区域一次地形重力波过程中的物质上传
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摘要
利用美国航空航天局MERRA(Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications)再分析资料和MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)卫星资料以及欧洲气象中心ECMWF-Interim(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)再分析资料,分析了发生于青藏高原北侧上空的一次地形重力波事件,并使用中尺度预报模式WRF-ARW.V3.0(Weather Research and Forecasting model,V3.0)对其进行了数值模拟.在此基础上,诊断分析了此次地形重力波在UTLS(Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere)区域造成的物质和能量垂直传输特征.分析结果表明这一中尺度地形重力波信号的水平波长约为600km,与地形扰动水平尺度接近,重力波在对流层中传播的垂直波长约为3km,在垂直方向上随着高度的增加呈现出由东向西倾斜的结构特征.此次地形重力波上传进入平流层并在150hPa附近破碎,波破碎后动量通量在短时间内发生了强烈的衰减,重力波携带的能量在破碎高度附近释放.重力波破碎的同时垂直方向湍流混合变得异常强烈,湍流交换系数可在短时间内增加到背景值的8倍以上,剧烈湍流混合过程导致了对流层上层的空气进入平流层,使下平流层空气出现了位势涡度和臭氧的低值区,在浮力频率的垂直剖面中也可以看到由于地形重力波过程造成的平流层下层浮力频率异常低值区.
This work examined the characteristics of an orographic gravity wave event during0∶00~6∶00UTC on 1 May 2008 and its impacts on stratosphere and troposphere exchange,using NASA MERRA(Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications)and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Interim reanalysis data and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)data,in combination with the Weather Research and Forecasting model(WRF). The results show that the horizontal wavelength is about 600 km throughout the troposphere and stratosphere,close to the terrain width,and the vertical wavelength is about 3km in the troposphere.The wave structure shows a westward tilt with height.Orographic waves propagate upward into the stratosphere and break up near 150 hPa,leading to a strong attenuation of momentum flux and the release of energy into basic flows.Meanwhile,vertical turbulent mixing is extremely increased and turbulent exchange coefficient enhances more than eight times during a short period(within 1hour).Large turbulent mixing process causes air transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere,corresponding to the low value of ozone,potential vorticity and buoyancy frequency in the lower stratosphere.
This work examined the characteristics of an orographic gravity wave event during0∶00~6∶00UTC on 1 May 2008 and its impacts on stratosphere and troposphere exchange,using NASA MERRA(Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications)and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Interim reanalysis data and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)data,in combination with the Weather Research and Forecasting model(WRF). The results show that the horizontal wavelength is about 600 km throughout the troposphere and stratosphere,close to the terrain width,and the vertical wavelength is about 3km in the troposphere.The wave structure shows a westward tilt with height.Orographic waves propagate upward into the stratosphere and break up near 150 hPa,leading to a strong attenuation of momentum flux and the release of energy into basic flows.Meanwhile,vertical turbulent mixing is extremely increased and turbulent exchange coefficient enhances more than eight times during a short period(within 1hour).Large turbulent mixing process causes air transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere,corresponding to the low value of ozone,potential vorticity and buoyancy frequency in the lower stratosphere.
引文
Bian J C,Chen H B,LüD R.2004.Analysis of the characteristics of gravity waves under stratosphere by using the high-resolution data of radiosonde observation.Science in China Ser.D Earth Sciences(in Chinese),34(8):748-756.
Bian J C.2009.Recent advances in the study of atmospheric vertical structures in Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere.Advances in Earth Science(in Chinese),24(3):262-271.
Chen D,Chen Z Y,LüD R.2012.Simulation of the stratospheric gravity waves generated by the Typhoon Matsa in 2005.Sci.China Earth Sci.,55(4):602-610.
Chen D,Chen Z Y,LüD R.2013.Spatiotemporal spectrum and momentum flux of the stratospheric gravity waves generated by a typhoon.Science China:Earth Sciences,56(1):54-62.
Chen H B,Bian J C,LüD R.2006.Advances and prospects in the study of stratosphere-troposphere exchange.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),30(5):813-820.
Cho J Y N,Newell R E,Bui T P,et al.1999.Observations of convective and dynamical instabilities in tropopause folds and their contribution to stratosphere-troposphere exchange.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),104(D17):21549-21568.
Ding X,Zhang S D,Yi F.2011.A numerical simulation on gravity waves generated by thermal source and their influences on mean flow.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(7):1701-1710,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.002.
Dudhia J.1989.Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model.J.Atmos.Sci.,46(20):3077-3107.
Fritts D C.1984.Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere:Areview of theory and observations.Reviews of Geophysics,22(3):275-308.
Fritts D C,Alexander M J.2003.Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere.Reviews of Geophysics,41(1):1003.
Gao S T,Chen H.2000.The studies of Lee waves over a big topography through the rotating tank experiments.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),58(6):653-665.
Gettelman A,Salby M L,Sassi F.2002.Distribution and influence of convection in the tropical tropopause region.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),107(D10):ACL 6-1-ACL 6-12.
He H Y.1989.Internal inertia gravity waves in a non-uniformly stratified atmosphere and their role in initiating convection.Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),5(1):8-17.
Hoffmann L,Xue X,Alexander M J.2013.A global view of stratospheric gravity wave hotspots located with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations.JournalofGeophysicalResearch:Atmospheres,118(2):416-434.
Holton J R.1982.The role of gravity wave induced drag and diffusion in the momentum budget of the mesosphere.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,39(4):791-799.
Hong S Y,Dudhia J,Chen S H.2004.A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation.Mon.Wea.Rev.,132(1):103-120.
Hong S Y,Noh Y,Dudhia J.2006.A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes.Mon.Wea.Rev.,134(9):2318-2341.
Kain J S,Fritsch J M.1990.A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization.J.Atmos.Sci.,47(23):2784-2802.
Kawatani Y,Tsuji K,Takahashi M.2005.Zonally non-uniform distribution of equatorial gravity waves in an atmospheric general circulation model.Geophysical Research Letters,32(23).
LüM Z,Hou Z M.2004.Dynamic Meteorology(in Chinese).Beijing:China Meteorological Press.
Lamarque J F,Langford A O,Proffitt M H.1996.Cross-tropopause mixing of ozone through gravity wave breaking:Observation and modeling.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),101(D17):22969-22976.
Lu W S,Zhu Q G.1991.Theoretical research on the cold surge of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau as a huge orography.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),49(4):385-393.
Lynch D K,Sassen K,Starr D O C,et al.2002.Cirrus history and definition.∥Cirrus.New York:Oxford University Press.
Miyazaki K,Watanabe S,Kawatani Y,et al.2010.Transport and mixing in the extratropical tropopause region in a high-verticalresolution GCM.Part II:Relative importance of large-scale and small-scale dynamics.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,67(5):1315-1336.
Mlawer E J,Taubman S J,Brown P D,et al.1997.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longwave.J.Geophys.Res.,102(D14):16663-16682.
Nappo C J.2012.An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves.2nd ed.Boston:Academic Press.
Pan L L,Bowman K P,Atlas E L,et al.2010.The stratospheretroposphere analyses of regional transport 2008 experiment.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,91(3):327-342.
Plougonven R,Hertzog A,Guez L.2013.Momentum fluxes and intermittency of gravity waves:balloon observations and mesoscale numerical simulations.∥EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.Vienna,Austria.
Rienecker M M,Suarez M J,Gelaro R,et al.2011.MERRA:NASA″s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications.Journal of Climate,24(14):3624-3648.
Schilling T,Lübken F J,Wienhold F G,et al.1999.TDLAS trace gas measurements within mountain waves over Northern Scandinavia during the POLSTAR campaign in early 1997.Geophysical Research Letters,26(3):303-306.
Shapiro M A.1980.Turbulent mixing within tropopause folds as a mechanism for the exchange of chemical constituents between the stratosphere and troposphere.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,37(5):994-1004.
Sprenger M,Wernli H,Bourqui M.2007.Stratosphere-troposphere exchange and its relation to potential vorticity streamers and cutoffs near the extratropical tropopause.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,64(5):1587-1602.
Wang W,Liu J,Cai X J.2011.Impact of mesoscale gravity waves on a heavy rainfall event in the east side of the Tibetan Plateau.Trans.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),34(6):737-747.
Wu S P,Yi F.2002.A numerical simulation of nonlinear propagation of gravity wave packet in three-dimension compressible atmosphere.Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences,45(3):306-313.
Xu X D,Zhou M Y,Chen J Y,et al.2002.A comprehensive physical pattern of land-air dynamic and thermal structure on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,45(7):577-594.
Yang J,LüD R.2003.Progresses in the study of stratospheretroposphere exchange.Advance in Earth Sciences(in Chinese),18(3):380-385.
Yi M J,Chen Y J,Zhou R J,et al.2013.Relationship between winter surface temperature variation in eastern Asia and stratospheric weak polar vortex.Chinese J.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),37(3):668-678.
Zhang L J,Lin Y H.2012.Observational characteristics of gravity waves in lower stratosphere over a Tibetan Plateau station.Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),39(6):768-771.
Zhang S D,Yi F,Wang J F.1999.The nonlinear propagation of gravity wave packets in the sheared ambient.Chin.J.Space Sci.(in Chinese),19(2):122-127.
卞建春,陈洪滨,吕达仁.2004.用垂直高分辨率探空资料分析北京上空下平流层重力波的统计特性.中国科学D辑:地球科学,34(8):748-756.
卞建春.2009.上对流层/下平流层大气垂直结构研究进展.地球科学进展,24(3):262-271.
陈丹,陈泽宇,吕达仁.2011.台风“麦莎”(Matsa)诱发平流层重力波的数值模拟.中国科学:地球科学,41(12):1786-1794.
陈丹,陈泽宇,吕达仁.2013.台风重力波的谱结构和动量通量特征分析.中国科学:地球科学,43(5):874-882.
陈洪滨,卞建春,吕达仁.2006.上对流层-下平流层交换过程研究的进展与展望.大气科学,30(5):813-820.
丁霞,张绍东,易帆.2011.热源激发重力波特征以及波流作用的数值模拟研究.地球物理学报,54(7):1701-1710,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.002.
高守亭,陈辉.2000.大地形背风波的转槽实验研究.气象学报,58(6):653-665.
贺海晏.1989.非均匀层结大气中的重力惯性波及其激发对流的物理机制.热带气象学报,5(1):8-17.
吕美仲,侯志明.2004.动力气象学.北京:气象出版社.
陆维松,朱乾根.1991.青藏高原大地形对冷涌作用的理论研究.气象学报,49(4):385-393.
王文,刘佳,蔡晓军.2012.重力波对青藏高原东侧一次暴雨过程的影响.大气科学学报,34(6):737-747.
吴少平,易帆.2002.三维可压大气中重力波波包非线性传播的数值模拟.中国科学:E辑,32(2):176-183.
徐祥德,周明煜,陈家宜等.2001.青藏高原地一气过程动力,热力结构综合物理图象.中国科学(D辑),31(5):428-440.
杨健,吕达仁.2003.平流层-对流层交换研究进展.地球科学进展,18(3):380-385.
易明建,陈月娟,周任君等.2013.亚洲东部冬季地面温度变化与平流层弱极涡的关系.大气科学,37(3):668-678.
张灵杰,林永辉.2012.青藏高原红原站平流层下部重力波观测特征分析.气象科技,39(6):768-771.
张绍东,易帆,王敬芳.1999.重力波波包在剪切风场中的非线性传播.空间科学学报,19(2):122-127.
Bian J C.2009.Recent advances in the study of atmospheric vertical structures in Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere.Advances in Earth Science(in Chinese),24(3):262-271.
Chen D,Chen Z Y,LüD R.2012.Simulation of the stratospheric gravity waves generated by the Typhoon Matsa in 2005.Sci.China Earth Sci.,55(4):602-610.
Chen D,Chen Z Y,LüD R.2013.Spatiotemporal spectrum and momentum flux of the stratospheric gravity waves generated by a typhoon.Science China:Earth Sciences,56(1):54-62.
Chen H B,Bian J C,LüD R.2006.Advances and prospects in the study of stratosphere-troposphere exchange.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),30(5):813-820.
Cho J Y N,Newell R E,Bui T P,et al.1999.Observations of convective and dynamical instabilities in tropopause folds and their contribution to stratosphere-troposphere exchange.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),104(D17):21549-21568.
Ding X,Zhang S D,Yi F.2011.A numerical simulation on gravity waves generated by thermal source and their influences on mean flow.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(7):1701-1710,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.002.
Dudhia J.1989.Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model.J.Atmos.Sci.,46(20):3077-3107.
Fritts D C.1984.Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere:Areview of theory and observations.Reviews of Geophysics,22(3):275-308.
Fritts D C,Alexander M J.2003.Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere.Reviews of Geophysics,41(1):1003.
Gao S T,Chen H.2000.The studies of Lee waves over a big topography through the rotating tank experiments.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),58(6):653-665.
Gettelman A,Salby M L,Sassi F.2002.Distribution and influence of convection in the tropical tropopause region.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),107(D10):ACL 6-1-ACL 6-12.
He H Y.1989.Internal inertia gravity waves in a non-uniformly stratified atmosphere and their role in initiating convection.Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),5(1):8-17.
Hoffmann L,Xue X,Alexander M J.2013.A global view of stratospheric gravity wave hotspots located with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations.JournalofGeophysicalResearch:Atmospheres,118(2):416-434.
Holton J R.1982.The role of gravity wave induced drag and diffusion in the momentum budget of the mesosphere.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,39(4):791-799.
Hong S Y,Dudhia J,Chen S H.2004.A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation.Mon.Wea.Rev.,132(1):103-120.
Hong S Y,Noh Y,Dudhia J.2006.A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes.Mon.Wea.Rev.,134(9):2318-2341.
Kain J S,Fritsch J M.1990.A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization.J.Atmos.Sci.,47(23):2784-2802.
Kawatani Y,Tsuji K,Takahashi M.2005.Zonally non-uniform distribution of equatorial gravity waves in an atmospheric general circulation model.Geophysical Research Letters,32(23).
LüM Z,Hou Z M.2004.Dynamic Meteorology(in Chinese).Beijing:China Meteorological Press.
Lamarque J F,Langford A O,Proffitt M H.1996.Cross-tropopause mixing of ozone through gravity wave breaking:Observation and modeling.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),101(D17):22969-22976.
Lu W S,Zhu Q G.1991.Theoretical research on the cold surge of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau as a huge orography.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),49(4):385-393.
Lynch D K,Sassen K,Starr D O C,et al.2002.Cirrus history and definition.∥Cirrus.New York:Oxford University Press.
Miyazaki K,Watanabe S,Kawatani Y,et al.2010.Transport and mixing in the extratropical tropopause region in a high-verticalresolution GCM.Part II:Relative importance of large-scale and small-scale dynamics.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,67(5):1315-1336.
Mlawer E J,Taubman S J,Brown P D,et al.1997.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longwave.J.Geophys.Res.,102(D14):16663-16682.
Nappo C J.2012.An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves.2nd ed.Boston:Academic Press.
Pan L L,Bowman K P,Atlas E L,et al.2010.The stratospheretroposphere analyses of regional transport 2008 experiment.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,91(3):327-342.
Plougonven R,Hertzog A,Guez L.2013.Momentum fluxes and intermittency of gravity waves:balloon observations and mesoscale numerical simulations.∥EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.Vienna,Austria.
Rienecker M M,Suarez M J,Gelaro R,et al.2011.MERRA:NASA″s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications.Journal of Climate,24(14):3624-3648.
Schilling T,Lübken F J,Wienhold F G,et al.1999.TDLAS trace gas measurements within mountain waves over Northern Scandinavia during the POLSTAR campaign in early 1997.Geophysical Research Letters,26(3):303-306.
Shapiro M A.1980.Turbulent mixing within tropopause folds as a mechanism for the exchange of chemical constituents between the stratosphere and troposphere.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,37(5):994-1004.
Sprenger M,Wernli H,Bourqui M.2007.Stratosphere-troposphere exchange and its relation to potential vorticity streamers and cutoffs near the extratropical tropopause.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,64(5):1587-1602.
Wang W,Liu J,Cai X J.2011.Impact of mesoscale gravity waves on a heavy rainfall event in the east side of the Tibetan Plateau.Trans.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),34(6):737-747.
Wu S P,Yi F.2002.A numerical simulation of nonlinear propagation of gravity wave packet in three-dimension compressible atmosphere.Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences,45(3):306-313.
Xu X D,Zhou M Y,Chen J Y,et al.2002.A comprehensive physical pattern of land-air dynamic and thermal structure on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,45(7):577-594.
Yang J,LüD R.2003.Progresses in the study of stratospheretroposphere exchange.Advance in Earth Sciences(in Chinese),18(3):380-385.
Yi M J,Chen Y J,Zhou R J,et al.2013.Relationship between winter surface temperature variation in eastern Asia and stratospheric weak polar vortex.Chinese J.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),37(3):668-678.
Zhang L J,Lin Y H.2012.Observational characteristics of gravity waves in lower stratosphere over a Tibetan Plateau station.Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),39(6):768-771.
Zhang S D,Yi F,Wang J F.1999.The nonlinear propagation of gravity wave packets in the sheared ambient.Chin.J.Space Sci.(in Chinese),19(2):122-127.
卞建春,陈洪滨,吕达仁.2004.用垂直高分辨率探空资料分析北京上空下平流层重力波的统计特性.中国科学D辑:地球科学,34(8):748-756.
卞建春.2009.上对流层/下平流层大气垂直结构研究进展.地球科学进展,24(3):262-271.
陈丹,陈泽宇,吕达仁.2011.台风“麦莎”(Matsa)诱发平流层重力波的数值模拟.中国科学:地球科学,41(12):1786-1794.
陈丹,陈泽宇,吕达仁.2013.台风重力波的谱结构和动量通量特征分析.中国科学:地球科学,43(5):874-882.
陈洪滨,卞建春,吕达仁.2006.上对流层-下平流层交换过程研究的进展与展望.大气科学,30(5):813-820.
丁霞,张绍东,易帆.2011.热源激发重力波特征以及波流作用的数值模拟研究.地球物理学报,54(7):1701-1710,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.002.
高守亭,陈辉.2000.大地形背风波的转槽实验研究.气象学报,58(6):653-665.
贺海晏.1989.非均匀层结大气中的重力惯性波及其激发对流的物理机制.热带气象学报,5(1):8-17.
吕美仲,侯志明.2004.动力气象学.北京:气象出版社.
陆维松,朱乾根.1991.青藏高原大地形对冷涌作用的理论研究.气象学报,49(4):385-393.
王文,刘佳,蔡晓军.2012.重力波对青藏高原东侧一次暴雨过程的影响.大气科学学报,34(6):737-747.
吴少平,易帆.2002.三维可压大气中重力波波包非线性传播的数值模拟.中国科学:E辑,32(2):176-183.
徐祥德,周明煜,陈家宜等.2001.青藏高原地一气过程动力,热力结构综合物理图象.中国科学(D辑),31(5):428-440.
杨健,吕达仁.2003.平流层-对流层交换研究进展.地球科学进展,18(3):380-385.
易明建,陈月娟,周任君等.2013.亚洲东部冬季地面温度变化与平流层弱极涡的关系.大气科学,37(3):668-678.
张灵杰,林永辉.2012.青藏高原红原站平流层下部重力波观测特征分析.气象科技,39(6):768-771.
张绍东,易帆,王敬芳.1999.重力波波包在剪切风场中的非线性传播.空间科学学报,19(2):122-127.