雷暴单体的对流强度对电荷结构的影响
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摘要
利用三维雷暴云动力—电耦合数值模式,通过改变中心扰动位温,设置敏感性试验组,分析探讨雷暴单体对流强度对电荷结构的影响。结果表明:雷暴单体对流强度随着扰动位温的增加而增加。对流强度不同,其空间电荷结构也明显不同,但始终存在底部次正电荷区。当对流较弱时,雷暴电荷结构简单,只有主负电荷区和次正电荷区,无主正电荷区。在中等强度的对流雷暴中,雷暴内基本呈正常三极性电荷结构,且主负电荷区有上、下两个明显的电荷中心,上部中心的电荷密度更大。在强雷暴单体中,除了正常的三极性结构以外,次正电荷区以下出现了小范围弱的负电荷区,云顶出现了负屏蔽层,从下到上呈现出正负交替的五层,是电荷结构最复杂的阶段。这主要是由于云上部的正电荷区持续时间较长,电荷密度较大,增强了对周围大气中自由离子的吸引,自由离子被吸引到云边界附着到粒子上,在云顶形成了负屏蔽电荷层。同时,由于对流强,霰粒子可以得到更快的增长,固态降水增强,下沉气流中的霰通过与云滴的感应碰撞形成了云底部短时的弱负电荷区。
A three-dimensional dynamics-electrification coupled cloud model is used to investigate the relationship between the charge structure and convection strength of a thunderstorm cell,by changing the potential temperature in the center of disturbance region and conducting sensitivity tests. Results show that the convection strength of the thunderstorm cell increases with the potential temperature disturbance and affects the spatial charge structure,but there is always a lower positive charge region. When the convection is weak,the charge structure within the thunderstorm is simple,comprising only a main negative charge region and lower positive charge region,without an upper main positive charge region. In the medium-intensity convection thunderstorm,the charge structure basically presents the normal tripole structure,and the main negative area has upper and lower two charge centers,and charge density of the upper center is larger. In addition to the main negative charge,upper main positive charge and lower positive charge regions in the strong thunderstorm cell,there is a small-range weak negative charge region under the lower positive charge region and a negative screening layer on top of the cloud. The charge structure is relatively complex,having five vertically stacked regions of charge with alternating polarity. That is because that the negative ions in the clear air attracted downward to the cloud boundary are attached to particles to form the negative screening charge layer at cloud top. Meanwhile,owing to the strong convection,graupel particles grow more rapidly,solid precipitation increases,and a short-lived weak negative charge region beneath the lower positive charge region is formed by graupel in the downdraft through the inductive collision with cloud droplets.
A three-dimensional dynamics-electrification coupled cloud model is used to investigate the relationship between the charge structure and convection strength of a thunderstorm cell,by changing the potential temperature in the center of disturbance region and conducting sensitivity tests. Results show that the convection strength of the thunderstorm cell increases with the potential temperature disturbance and affects the spatial charge structure,but there is always a lower positive charge region. When the convection is weak,the charge structure within the thunderstorm is simple,comprising only a main negative charge region and lower positive charge region,without an upper main positive charge region. In the medium-intensity convection thunderstorm,the charge structure basically presents the normal tripole structure,and the main negative area has upper and lower two charge centers,and charge density of the upper center is larger. In addition to the main negative charge,upper main positive charge and lower positive charge regions in the strong thunderstorm cell,there is a small-range weak negative charge region under the lower positive charge region and a negative screening layer on top of the cloud. The charge structure is relatively complex,having five vertically stacked regions of charge with alternating polarity. That is because that the negative ions in the clear air attracted downward to the cloud boundary are attached to particles to form the negative screening charge layer at cloud top. Meanwhile,owing to the strong convection,graupel particles grow more rapidly,solid precipitation increases,and a short-lived weak negative charge region beneath the lower positive charge region is formed by graupel in the downdraft through the inductive collision with cloud droplets.
引文
1 Byers H R,Braham R R.The thunderstorm:report of the thunderstorm project.Washington,U S Govt,1949
2 Wilson C T R.On some determinations of the sign and magnitude o electric discharges in lightning flashes.Proceedings of the Roya Society of London.Series A,1916;92(644):555-574
3 Wilson C T R.Investigations on lightning discharges and on the electri field of thunderstorms.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societ of London.Series A,Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physica Character,1920;221(582-593):73-115
4 Simpson G C,Robinson G D.The distribution of electricity in thunderclouds.Proc Roy Soc London,1941;A177,281-328
5 Williams E R.The tripole structure of thunderstorms.Journal o Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),1989;94(D11):13151-13167
6 Vonnegut B,Moore C B,Semonin R G,et al.Effect of atmospheri space charge on initial electrification of cumulus clouds.Journal o Geophysical Research,1962;67(10):3909-3922
7 Marshall T C,Rust W D.Electric field soundings through thunderstorms.Journal of Geophysical Research,1991;96:22297-22306
8 Stolzenburg M,Rust W,Marshall T.Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions:3.Synthesis.Journal of Geophysica Research:Atmospheres,1998;103(D12):14097-14108
9 Stolzenburg M.An observational study of electrical structure in convective regions of mesoscale convective systems.Norman:University of Oklahoma,1996
10 Stolzenburg M,Rust W D,Smull B F,et al.Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions:1.Mesoscale convective systems.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1998;103(D12):14059-14078
11 Stolzenburg M,Rust W D,Marshall T C,et al.Electrical structur in thunderstorm convective regions:2.Mesoscale convectiv systems.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1998;103(D12):14079-14096
12 Marshall T C,Mc Carthy M P,Rust W D.Electric field magnitude and lightning initiation in thunderstorms.Journal of Geophysica Research:Atmospheres,1995;100(D4):7097-7103
13张义军,Krehbiel P R,刘欣生.雷暴中的反极性放电和电荷结构.科学通报,2002;47(15):1192-1195Zhang Y J,Krehbiel P R,Liu X S.Polarity inverted intracloud discharges and electric charge structure of thunderstorm.Chin Sc Bull,2002;47(20):1725-1729
14张义军,徐良稻,郑栋,等.强风暴中反极性电荷结构研究进展.应用气象学报,2014;25(5):513-526Zhang Y J,Xu L D,Zheng D,et al.Review on inverted charg structure of severe storms.J Appl Meteorol Sci,2014;25(5):513-526
15 Mac Gorman D R,Rust W D,Krehbiel P,et al.The electrica structure of two supercell storms during STEPS.Monthly Weathe Review,2005;133(9):2583-2607
16 Wiens K C,Rutledge S A,Tessendorf S A.The 29 June 2000supercell observed during STEPS.Part II:Lightning and charg structure.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2005;62(12):4127-4150
17郭凤霞,陆干沂,吴鑫,等.强雷暴中正地闪发生的条件.中国科学:地球科学,2016;46:730-742Guo F X,Lu G Y,Wu X,et al.Occurrence conditions of positiv cloud-to-ground flashes in severe thunderstorms.Sciences China:Earth Sciences,2016;46:730-742
18张义军,刘欣生,肖庆复.中国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电特性对比分析.高原气象,1997;16(2):113-121Zhang Y J,Liu X S,Xiao Q F.Ananalysis of characteristics of thunderstorm triggered lightning in the north and south of China.Plateau Meteorol,1997;16(2):113-121
19郄秀书,张义军,张其林.闪电放电特征和雷暴电荷结构研究.气象学报,2005;63(5):646-658Qie X S,Zhang Y J,Zhang T L.Study on the characteristics of lightning discharges and the electrics structure ofthunderstorm.Atca Meteorol Sin,2005;63(5):646-658
20付伟基.一次单体雷暴的地面电场演变特征.贵州气象,2006;30(6):13-16Fu W J.The characteristics of ground electric field evolution of a thunderstorm cell.Guizhou Meteorol,2006;30(6):13-16
21赵中阔,郄秀书,张廷龙,等.一次单体雷暴云的穿云电场探测及云内电荷结构.科学通报,2009;54:3532-3536Zhao Z K,Qie X S,Zhang T L,et al.Electric field soundings and the charge structure within an isolated thunderstorm.Chin Sci Bull,2009;54:3532-3536
22孔凡铀,黄美元,徐华英.对流云中冰相过程的三维数值模拟.Ⅰ:模式建立及冷云参数化.大气科学,1990;14:441-453Kong F Y,Huang M Y,Xu H Y.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of ice phase microphysics in cumulus clouds.PartⅠ:Model establishment and ice cloud parameterization.Chin J Atmos Sci,1990;14:441-453
23孔凡铀,黄美元,徐华英.对流云中冰相过程的三维数值模拟.Ⅱ:繁生过程作用.大气科学,1991;15:78-88Kong F Y,Huang M Y,Xu H Y.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of ice phase microphysics in cumulus clouds.PartⅡ:Effects of multiplication processes.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1991;15:78-88
24洪延超.三维冰雹云催化模式.气象学报,1998;56:641-653Hong Y C.A 3-D cloud numerical seeding model.Atca Meteorol Sin,1998;56:641-653
25 Sun J,Shi Z,Chai J,et al.Effects of mixed phase microphysical process on precipitation in a simulated convective cloud.Atmosphere,2016;7:97
26孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅰ:模式及其电过程参数化方案.气象学报,2002a;60:722-731Sun A P,Yan M H,Zhang Y J,et al.Numerical study of thunderstorm electrification with a three-dimensional dynamics and electrification coupled modelⅠ:Model description and parameterization of electrical processes.Atca Meteorol Sin,2002a;60:722-731
27孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅱ:电结构形成机制.气象学报,2002b;60:732-739Sun A P,Yan M H,Zhang Y J,et al.Numerical Study of thunderstorm electrification with a three-dimensional dynamics and electrification coupled modelⅡ:Mechanism of electrical structure.Atca Meteorol.Sin,2002b;60:732-739
28郭凤霞,张义军,郄秀书,等.雷暴云不同空间电荷结构数值模拟研究.高原气象,2003;22:268-274Guo F X,Zhang Y J,Qie X S,et al.Numerical simulation of different charge structures in thunderstorm.Plateau Meteorol,2003;22:268-274
29郭凤霞,张义军,言穆弘.雷暴云首次放电前两种非感应起电参数化方案的比较.大气科学,2010;34(2):361-373Guo F X,Zhang Y J,Yan M H.Comparison of two parameterization schemes for non-inductive mechanism before the first discharge in a simulated single cell storm.Chin J Atmos Sci,2010;34(2):361-373
30 Ziegler C L,Mac Gorman D R,Dye J E,et al.A model evaluation of non-inductive graupel-ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm.Journal of Geophysical Research,1991;96:12833-12855
31 Saunders C P R,Keith W D,Mitzeva R P.The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging.Journal of Geophysical Research,1991;96:11007-l1017
32 Mansell E R,Mac Gorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.Simulated threedimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model.Journal of Geophysical Research,2002;107(D9):ACL 2-1-ACL2-12
33王昊亮.雷暴云放电特征的三维数值模拟研究.南京:南京信息工程大学,2014Wang H L.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of discharge activity in thunderstorm.Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,2014
34 Marshall T C,Mc Carthy M P,Rust W D.Electric field magnitudes and lightning initiation in thunderstorms.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1995;100(D4):7097-7103
35 Mansell E R,Mac Gorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm.Journal of Geophysical Research,2005;110(D12):ACL2-1-ACL 2-14
36言穆弘,刘欣生,安学敏,等.雷暴非感应起电机制的模拟研究Ⅰ:云内因子影响.高原气象,1996;15(4):425-437Yan M H,Liu X S,An X M,et al.A simulation study of noninductive charging mechanism in thunderstormⅠ:affect of cloud factor.Plateau Meteorol.1996;15(4):425-437
37周志敏,郭学良.强雷暴云中电荷多层分布与形成过程的三维数值模拟研究.大气科学,2009;33(3):600-620Zhou Z M,Guo X L.A three dimensional modeling study of multilayer distribution and formation processes of electric charges in a severe thunderstorm.Chin Atmos Sci,2009;33(3):600-620
38 Takahashi T.Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms.Journal of Atmospheres Science,1978;35:1536-1548
2 Wilson C T R.On some determinations of the sign and magnitude o electric discharges in lightning flashes.Proceedings of the Roya Society of London.Series A,1916;92(644):555-574
3 Wilson C T R.Investigations on lightning discharges and on the electri field of thunderstorms.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societ of London.Series A,Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physica Character,1920;221(582-593):73-115
4 Simpson G C,Robinson G D.The distribution of electricity in thunderclouds.Proc Roy Soc London,1941;A177,281-328
5 Williams E R.The tripole structure of thunderstorms.Journal o Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),1989;94(D11):13151-13167
6 Vonnegut B,Moore C B,Semonin R G,et al.Effect of atmospheri space charge on initial electrification of cumulus clouds.Journal o Geophysical Research,1962;67(10):3909-3922
7 Marshall T C,Rust W D.Electric field soundings through thunderstorms.Journal of Geophysical Research,1991;96:22297-22306
8 Stolzenburg M,Rust W,Marshall T.Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions:3.Synthesis.Journal of Geophysica Research:Atmospheres,1998;103(D12):14097-14108
9 Stolzenburg M.An observational study of electrical structure in convective regions of mesoscale convective systems.Norman:University of Oklahoma,1996
10 Stolzenburg M,Rust W D,Smull B F,et al.Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions:1.Mesoscale convective systems.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1998;103(D12):14059-14078
11 Stolzenburg M,Rust W D,Marshall T C,et al.Electrical structur in thunderstorm convective regions:2.Mesoscale convectiv systems.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1998;103(D12):14079-14096
12 Marshall T C,Mc Carthy M P,Rust W D.Electric field magnitude and lightning initiation in thunderstorms.Journal of Geophysica Research:Atmospheres,1995;100(D4):7097-7103
13张义军,Krehbiel P R,刘欣生.雷暴中的反极性放电和电荷结构.科学通报,2002;47(15):1192-1195Zhang Y J,Krehbiel P R,Liu X S.Polarity inverted intracloud discharges and electric charge structure of thunderstorm.Chin Sc Bull,2002;47(20):1725-1729
14张义军,徐良稻,郑栋,等.强风暴中反极性电荷结构研究进展.应用气象学报,2014;25(5):513-526Zhang Y J,Xu L D,Zheng D,et al.Review on inverted charg structure of severe storms.J Appl Meteorol Sci,2014;25(5):513-526
15 Mac Gorman D R,Rust W D,Krehbiel P,et al.The electrica structure of two supercell storms during STEPS.Monthly Weathe Review,2005;133(9):2583-2607
16 Wiens K C,Rutledge S A,Tessendorf S A.The 29 June 2000supercell observed during STEPS.Part II:Lightning and charg structure.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2005;62(12):4127-4150
17郭凤霞,陆干沂,吴鑫,等.强雷暴中正地闪发生的条件.中国科学:地球科学,2016;46:730-742Guo F X,Lu G Y,Wu X,et al.Occurrence conditions of positiv cloud-to-ground flashes in severe thunderstorms.Sciences China:Earth Sciences,2016;46:730-742
18张义军,刘欣生,肖庆复.中国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电特性对比分析.高原气象,1997;16(2):113-121Zhang Y J,Liu X S,Xiao Q F.Ananalysis of characteristics of thunderstorm triggered lightning in the north and south of China.Plateau Meteorol,1997;16(2):113-121
19郄秀书,张义军,张其林.闪电放电特征和雷暴电荷结构研究.气象学报,2005;63(5):646-658Qie X S,Zhang Y J,Zhang T L.Study on the characteristics of lightning discharges and the electrics structure ofthunderstorm.Atca Meteorol Sin,2005;63(5):646-658
20付伟基.一次单体雷暴的地面电场演变特征.贵州气象,2006;30(6):13-16Fu W J.The characteristics of ground electric field evolution of a thunderstorm cell.Guizhou Meteorol,2006;30(6):13-16
21赵中阔,郄秀书,张廷龙,等.一次单体雷暴云的穿云电场探测及云内电荷结构.科学通报,2009;54:3532-3536Zhao Z K,Qie X S,Zhang T L,et al.Electric field soundings and the charge structure within an isolated thunderstorm.Chin Sci Bull,2009;54:3532-3536
22孔凡铀,黄美元,徐华英.对流云中冰相过程的三维数值模拟.Ⅰ:模式建立及冷云参数化.大气科学,1990;14:441-453Kong F Y,Huang M Y,Xu H Y.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of ice phase microphysics in cumulus clouds.PartⅠ:Model establishment and ice cloud parameterization.Chin J Atmos Sci,1990;14:441-453
23孔凡铀,黄美元,徐华英.对流云中冰相过程的三维数值模拟.Ⅱ:繁生过程作用.大气科学,1991;15:78-88Kong F Y,Huang M Y,Xu H Y.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of ice phase microphysics in cumulus clouds.PartⅡ:Effects of multiplication processes.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1991;15:78-88
24洪延超.三维冰雹云催化模式.气象学报,1998;56:641-653Hong Y C.A 3-D cloud numerical seeding model.Atca Meteorol Sin,1998;56:641-653
25 Sun J,Shi Z,Chai J,et al.Effects of mixed phase microphysical process on precipitation in a simulated convective cloud.Atmosphere,2016;7:97
26孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅰ:模式及其电过程参数化方案.气象学报,2002a;60:722-731Sun A P,Yan M H,Zhang Y J,et al.Numerical study of thunderstorm electrification with a three-dimensional dynamics and electrification coupled modelⅠ:Model description and parameterization of electrical processes.Atca Meteorol Sin,2002a;60:722-731
27孙安平,言穆弘,张义军,等.三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模拟研究Ⅱ:电结构形成机制.气象学报,2002b;60:732-739Sun A P,Yan M H,Zhang Y J,et al.Numerical Study of thunderstorm electrification with a three-dimensional dynamics and electrification coupled modelⅡ:Mechanism of electrical structure.Atca Meteorol.Sin,2002b;60:732-739
28郭凤霞,张义军,郄秀书,等.雷暴云不同空间电荷结构数值模拟研究.高原气象,2003;22:268-274Guo F X,Zhang Y J,Qie X S,et al.Numerical simulation of different charge structures in thunderstorm.Plateau Meteorol,2003;22:268-274
29郭凤霞,张义军,言穆弘.雷暴云首次放电前两种非感应起电参数化方案的比较.大气科学,2010;34(2):361-373Guo F X,Zhang Y J,Yan M H.Comparison of two parameterization schemes for non-inductive mechanism before the first discharge in a simulated single cell storm.Chin J Atmos Sci,2010;34(2):361-373
30 Ziegler C L,Mac Gorman D R,Dye J E,et al.A model evaluation of non-inductive graupel-ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm.Journal of Geophysical Research,1991;96:12833-12855
31 Saunders C P R,Keith W D,Mitzeva R P.The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging.Journal of Geophysical Research,1991;96:11007-l1017
32 Mansell E R,Mac Gorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.Simulated threedimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model.Journal of Geophysical Research,2002;107(D9):ACL 2-1-ACL2-12
33王昊亮.雷暴云放电特征的三维数值模拟研究.南京:南京信息工程大学,2014Wang H L.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of discharge activity in thunderstorm.Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,2014
34 Marshall T C,Mc Carthy M P,Rust W D.Electric field magnitudes and lightning initiation in thunderstorms.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1995;100(D4):7097-7103
35 Mansell E R,Mac Gorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm.Journal of Geophysical Research,2005;110(D12):ACL2-1-ACL 2-14
36言穆弘,刘欣生,安学敏,等.雷暴非感应起电机制的模拟研究Ⅰ:云内因子影响.高原气象,1996;15(4):425-437Yan M H,Liu X S,An X M,et al.A simulation study of noninductive charging mechanism in thunderstormⅠ:affect of cloud factor.Plateau Meteorol.1996;15(4):425-437
37周志敏,郭学良.强雷暴云中电荷多层分布与形成过程的三维数值模拟研究.大气科学,2009;33(3):600-620Zhou Z M,Guo X L.A three dimensional modeling study of multilayer distribution and formation processes of electric charges in a severe thunderstorm.Chin Atmos Sci,2009;33(3):600-620
38 Takahashi T.Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms.Journal of Atmospheres Science,1978;35:1536-1548