大涡模式水平分辨率对边界层夹卷过程及示踪物垂直传输的影响
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摘要
利用敦煌干旱区野外加密观测资料,结合大涡模式模拟研究模式水平分辨率对边界层对流、夹卷过程及示踪物垂直传输的影响。结果表明:模式水平分辨率越高,模拟的边界层对流泡个数越多,尺度越小,且对流强度越强;提高模式水平分辨率,夹卷层位温方差增大,水平速度方差减小,垂直速度方差增大,且上升冷气流对夹卷层热通量的贡献最大。模式水平分辨率越高,垂直速度、位温及示踪物绝对质量浓度概率密度函数分布变化范围相对越广,且模拟的细微变化特征越清晰。另外,提高模式水平分辨率,模拟的示踪物空间分布特征更加细致,示踪物传输高度也较高。综合考虑到分辨率越高在模拟过程中产生的噪音越大且计算时间越久等问题,认为采用200 m水平分辨率时,模式既能较好地模拟出边界层对流的平均结构,又能模拟出边界层湍流的较细微分布特征,是较为理想的选择。
The effects of horizontal resolution of the model on convection,entrainment process and vertical transmission of tracers in boundary layer were studied by using the field intensive observation data in Dunhuang arid area and large eddy model( LEM). The results show when the horizontal resolution of the model was improved,the more the number of convection bubbles,the smaller the scale and the stronger the convection intensity in the boundary layer were simulated. And the potential temperature variance increased,the horizontal velocity variance decreased,the vertical velocity variance increased,and the upward cold flow contributed the most to the heat flux in the entrainment layer. The higher the model horizontal resolution was,the wider the distribution range of probability density functions( PDF) of vertical velocity,potential temperature and tracer concentration were,and the more distinct the subtle variation characteristics were. In addition,the spatial distribution of tracer was simulated to be more detailed and the tracer transport was also higher with increasing the horizontal resolution of the model. Considering the greater noise generated in the simulation process and the longer computing time in the high resolution simulations,the use of 200 m grid spacing as LEM horizontal resolution in simulating was an ideal choice,which could not only simulate the average structure of the boundary layer convection,but also the smaller distribution of the boundary layer turbulence could be simulated.
The effects of horizontal resolution of the model on convection,entrainment process and vertical transmission of tracers in boundary layer were studied by using the field intensive observation data in Dunhuang arid area and large eddy model( LEM). The results show when the horizontal resolution of the model was improved,the more the number of convection bubbles,the smaller the scale and the stronger the convection intensity in the boundary layer were simulated. And the potential temperature variance increased,the horizontal velocity variance decreased,the vertical velocity variance increased,and the upward cold flow contributed the most to the heat flux in the entrainment layer. The higher the model horizontal resolution was,the wider the distribution range of probability density functions( PDF) of vertical velocity,potential temperature and tracer concentration were,and the more distinct the subtle variation characteristics were. In addition,the spatial distribution of tracer was simulated to be more detailed and the tracer transport was also higher with increasing the horizontal resolution of the model. Considering the greater noise generated in the simulation process and the longer computing time in the high resolution simulations,the use of 200 m grid spacing as LEM horizontal resolution in simulating was an ideal choice,which could not only simulate the average structure of the boundary layer convection,but also the smaller distribution of the boundary layer turbulence could be simulated.
引文
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[22]ZHANG Q,ZHANG J,QIAO J,et al. Relationship of atmosphericboundary layer depth with thermo dynamic processes at the landsurface in arid regions of China[J]. Science China Earth Sci-ences,2011,54(10):1586-1594.
[23]乔娟,张强,张杰,等.西北干旱区冬、夏季大气边界层结构对比研究[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(2):422-431.
[24]姜学恭,李夏子,王德军.一次典型蒙古气旋沙尘暴的对流层顶演变及沙尘垂直输送特征[J].干旱气象,2018,36(1):1-10.
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[28] KIM S W,PARK S U,MOENG C H. Entrainment processes inthe convective boundary layer with varying wind shear[J]. Bound-ary-Layer Meteorology,2003,108(2):221-245.
[29]张君霞,黄倩,田文寿,等.对流冷池对黑风暴沙尘抬升和传输影响的大涡模拟研究[J].高原气象,2018,3:850-862.
[30]张佃国,王洪,崔雅琴,等.山东济南地区2015年大气边界层逆温特征[J].干旱气象,2017,35(1):43-50.
[2]SHIN H H,HONG S Y. Analysis of resolved and parameterized ver-tical transports in convective boundary layers at gray-zone resolu-tions[J]. J Atmos Sci,2013,70(10):3248-3261.
[3]王蓉,黄倩,田文寿,等.边界层对流对示踪物抬升和传输影响的大涡模拟研究[J].大气科学,2015,39(4):731-746.
[4]黄倩,王蓉,田文寿,等.风切变对边界层对流影响的大涡模拟研究[J].气象学报,2014,2014(1):100-115.
[5] CHOSSON F,BRENGUIER J L,SCHLLER L. Entrainment-mixing and radiative transfer simulation in boundary layer clouds[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2007,64(7):2670.
[6]LEHMANN K,SIEBERT H,SHAW R A. Homogeneous and inho-mogeneous mixing in cumulus clouds:dependence on local turbu-lence structure[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2008,66(12):3641-3659.
[7]XUE H,FEINGOLD G. Large-eddy simulations of trade wind cu-muli:investigation of aerosol indirect effects[J]. Journal of the At-mospheric Sciences,2006,63(6):1605-1622.
[8]LIU Y,DAUM P H,YUM S S,et al. Use of microphysical relation-ships to discern growth/decay mechanisms of cloud droplets with fo-cus on Z-LWC relationships[J]. Office of Scientific&TechnicalInformation Technical Reports,2008,44(s6):59-63.
[9]LILLY D K. Models of cloud-topped mixed-layer under a stronginversion[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1968,94(401):292-309.
[10]BETTS A K. Non-precipitating cumulus convection and its pa-rameterization[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal MeteorologicalSociety,1973,99(419):178-196.
[11]周明煜,陈陟,李诗明,等.云覆盖对流边界层顶部湍流结构参数的研究[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(4):444-451.
[12]孙鉴泞,蒋维楣,李萍阳,等.对流边界层顶部夹卷速度参数化的模拟研究[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2003,33(1):119-124.
[13]袁仁民.白天混合层顶部夹卷层厚度的特征研究[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(1):19-24.
[14]徐强君,孙鉴泞,刘罡,等.夹卷层厚度定义对其参数化的影响[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),2008,44(2):219-226.
[15]林恒,孙鉴泞,袁仁民.对流边界层顶部夹卷层厚度特征及其参数化分析[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2008,38(1):50-56.
[16]代成颖.大气边界层顶部夹卷层特征及边界层高度研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2011.
[17]林恒,孙鉴泞,卢伟.有切变对流边界层夹卷厚度参数化的大涡模拟研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(6):616-624.
[18]万静,孙鉴泞.对流边界层发展受覆盖逆温影响的大涡模拟研究[J].气象科学,2010,30(5):715-723.
[19]蒋维楣,苗世光.大涡模拟与大气边界层研究———30年回顾与展望[J].自然科学进展,2004,14(1):11-19.
[20]任燕,黄倩,张君霞,等.大涡模式分辨率对海洋信风区大气边界层结构和演变模拟的影响[J].热带气象学报,2018,34(1):23-33.
[21]张强,赵映东,王胜,等.极端干旱荒漠区典型晴天大气热力边界层结构分析[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(11):1150-1159.
[22]ZHANG Q,ZHANG J,QIAO J,et al. Relationship of atmosphericboundary layer depth with thermo dynamic processes at the landsurface in arid regions of China[J]. Science China Earth Sci-ences,2011,54(10):1586-1594.
[23]乔娟,张强,张杰,等.西北干旱区冬、夏季大气边界层结构对比研究[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(2):422-431.
[24]姜学恭,李夏子,王德军.一次典型蒙古气旋沙尘暴的对流层顶演变及沙尘垂直输送特征[J].干旱气象,2018,36(1):1-10.
[25]GRAY M E B,PETCH J,DERBYSHIRE S H,et al. Version 2.3 of the Met Office large eddy model[R]. Met Office(APR)Tur-bulence and Diffusion Rep,2001:276.
[26]STULL R B. An introduction to boundary layer meteorology[M].Springer,1988.
[27]SULLIVAN P P,MOENG C H,STEVENS B,et al. Structure ofthe entrainment zone capping the convective atmospheric boundarylayer[J]. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1998,55(19):3042-3064.
[28] KIM S W,PARK S U,MOENG C H. Entrainment processes inthe convective boundary layer with varying wind shear[J]. Bound-ary-Layer Meteorology,2003,108(2):221-245.
[29]张君霞,黄倩,田文寿,等.对流冷池对黑风暴沙尘抬升和传输影响的大涡模拟研究[J].高原气象,2018,3:850-862.
[30]张佃国,王洪,崔雅琴,等.山东济南地区2015年大气边界层逆温特征[J].干旱气象,2017,35(1):43-50.