北半球夏季对流性降水特征及其与厄尔尼诺的关系
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摘要
利用2003—2014年6—8月CMORPH 3 h卫星降水资料,统计分析北半球夏季对流性降水的空间分布,发生的概率,日变化以及其对厄尔尼诺事件的响应等特征。结果表明,对流性降水在6—8月除了发生于热带辐合带等海域外,北美中部,东南亚和热带非洲等陆地区域更为突出。其降水强度发生在10~11 mm·h-1之间的概率最大,极端强对流性降水发生在陆地上的概率大于海洋。对流性降水的日变化表现为,陆地上于傍晚(18—20时)和夜间(22—01时)有两个峰值;海洋上对流性降水多出现于夜间到早晨这段时间,而下午出现的概率最低。厄尔尼诺发展年,海洋上对流性降水增强,而陆地上发生的概率总体偏小,衰减年则相反;中国东部,尤其是长江以南地区的非对流性降水在厄尔尼诺发展年,多于正常年,与对流性降水的响应不一致。
Based on 3-hour CMORPH satellite precipitation data during 2003—2014,the convective precipitation characteristics of spatial distribution,occurrence probability,diurnal variation and its response to the El Ni1 o were analysed. Results show that the convective precipitation is mainly distributed on the ocean near ITCZ,central North America,Southeast Asia and tropical Africa,etc. The convective precipitation occurrence probability is the largest between the intensity of 10—11 mm·h-1,and the probability of extreme strong convective precipitation of land is greater than that of ocean. The diurnal variation of convective precipitation is presented with two peaks on land,in the evening(18—20 LST) and midnight(22—01 LST). And its occurrence probability is lager between midnight and morning on ocean. The convective precipitation increases on ocean and decreases on land in developing years of El Ni1 o,while the weakening years are opposite. Nonconvective precipitation on the eastern part of China is more during the El Ni1 o years than that during normal years,and the results are different form the response of the convective precipitation.
Based on 3-hour CMORPH satellite precipitation data during 2003—2014,the convective precipitation characteristics of spatial distribution,occurrence probability,diurnal variation and its response to the El Ni1 o were analysed. Results show that the convective precipitation is mainly distributed on the ocean near ITCZ,central North America,Southeast Asia and tropical Africa,etc. The convective precipitation occurrence probability is the largest between the intensity of 10—11 mm·h-1,and the probability of extreme strong convective precipitation of land is greater than that of ocean. The diurnal variation of convective precipitation is presented with two peaks on land,in the evening(18—20 LST) and midnight(22—01 LST). And its occurrence probability is lager between midnight and morning on ocean. The convective precipitation increases on ocean and decreases on land in developing years of El Ni1 o,while the weakening years are opposite. Nonconvective precipitation on the eastern part of China is more during the El Ni1 o years than that during normal years,and the results are different form the response of the convective precipitation.
引文
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[3]刘鹏,李崇银,王雨,等.基于TRMM PR探测的热带及副热带对流和层云降水气候特征分析.中国科学:地球科学,2012,42(9):1358-1369.LIU Peng,LI Chongyin,WANG Yu,et al.Climatic characteristics of convective and stratiform precipitation over the tropical and subtropical areas as derived from TRMM PR.Science China Earth Sciences in Chinses,2013,56(3):375-385.
[4]傅云飞,曹爱琴,李天奕,等.星载测雨雷达探测的夏季亚洲对流与层云降水雨顶高度气候特征.气象学报,2012,70(3):436-451.FU Yunfei,CAO Aiqing,LI Tianyi,et al.Climatic characteristics of the storm top altitude for the convective and stratiform precipitation in summer Asia based on measurements of the TRMM Precipitation Radar.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),2012,70(3):436-451.
[5]胡亮,李耀东,杨松,等.东亚热带与副热带季风区对流降水和层云降水季节变化特征对比分析研究.中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(8):1182-1191.HU Liang,LI Yaodong,YANG Song,et al.Seasonal variability in tropical and subtropical convective and stratiform precipitation of the East Asian monsoon.Science China Earth Sciences,2011,54(10):1595-1603.
[6]Janowiak J E,Kousky V E,Joyce R J.Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the CMORPH high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110(D23):D23105.doi:10.1029/2005JD006165.
[7]SHEN Yan,XIONG Anyuan,WANG Ying,et al.Performance of high-resolution satellite precipitation products over China.J.Geophys.Res.,2010,115(D2):D02114.doi:10.1029/2009JD012097.
[8]Tokay A,Short D A.Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds.J.Appl.Meteor,1996,35(3):355-371.
[9]LU Jian,CHEN Gang,Frierson D W M.Response of the zonal mean atmospheric circulation to El Ni1o versus Global warming.J.Climate,2008,21(22):5835-5851.doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2200.1.
[10]夏冬冬,施能,陈绿文.1948—2000年ENSO事件与全球陆地年降水量的关系.南京气象学院学报,2003,26(3):333-340.XIA Dongdong,SHI Neng,CHEN Lyuwen.Relation between ENSO and global landprecipitation in 1948—2000.Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology(in Chinese),2003,26(3):333-340.
[11]龚道溢,王绍武.ENSO对中国四季降水的影响.自然灾害学报,1998,7(4):44-52.GONG Daoyi,WANG Shaowu.Impact of ENSO on the seasonal rainfall in China.Journal of Natural Disasters(in Chinese),1998,7(4):44-52.
[12]Schumacher C,Houze R A Jr.Stratiform rain in the tropics as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar.J.Climate,2003,16(11):1739-1756.
[13]HUANG Ronghui,WU Yifang.The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,1989,6(1):21-32.
[14]顾飞.ENSO发展的各阶段对中国降水异常的影响研究//创新驱动发展,提高气象灾害防御能力—S8副热带气象发展及生态环境影响.南京:中国气象学会,2013.