控源及改良措施对稻田土壤和水稻镉累积的影响
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摘要
为研究稻草移除/还田、截断大气沉降、清洁水灌溉和石灰调控等途径对土壤和水稻镉(Cd)累积的影响,于2016年4~10月在湘潭、醴陵和株洲选择典型Cd污染稻田开展田间小区综合试验.结果表明,各处理对土壤Cd总量无显著影响.石灰调控下土壤pH平均提高了0.87个单位,土壤中有效态Cd含量平均降低了33.7%,水稻根、茎叶和糙米Cd积累量分别降低了47.9%、46.7%和54.8%,水稻根、茎叶和糙米Cd富集系数均显著低于对照;清洁水灌溉和截断大气沉降对土壤pH的影响整体略呈上升趋势,分别上升了0.44和0.49个单位,土壤有效Cd含量分别降低了18.2%和14.5%,水稻根、茎叶和糙米Cd积累量比对照分别降低了32.6%、24.2%、18.0%和17.6%、11.3%、25.4%.然而,稻草还田对晚稻土壤pH影响情况不明显,但土壤中有效态Cd含量上升了6.1%,水稻植株Cd积累量也整体呈上升趋势.上述研究结果表明,通过施用灌溉清洁水和截断大气沉降源、稻草移除、石灰等措施可以确保中轻度Cd污染稻田水稻安全利用.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of five scenarios on the accumulation of Cd in the soil-rice system,including the return of straw to the field and the lack of the return,atmospheric deposition control,use of clean water for irrigation,and the use of lime.For the field experiments,three typical paddies were selected and divided into five plots(5 m×6 m) in Xiangtan,Zhuzhou,and Liling in the Hunan province from April to October 2016.The results showed that the application of lime can increase pH by 0.87,while the available Cd concentration in the soil was decreased by 33.7%.The accumulations of Cd in roots,stems,and brown rice were decreased by 47.9%,46.7%,and 54.8%,respectively,with a decrease in the corresponding bioconcentration factors.Irrigating with clean water and liming tended to increase the soil pH by 0.44 and 0.49,respectively,while the available Cd concentration in the soil was decreased by 18.2% and 14.5%,respectively.The Cd concentrations in roots,stems,and brown rice were decreased by 32.6%,24.2%,and 18.0%,and 17.6%,11.3%,and 25.4% with decreased bioconcentration factors under both treatments(irrigating with clean water and liming).The available Cd concentration in the soil was increased by 6.1% and the Cd accumulation in the rice plants also increased with the return of straw to the soil.The bioconcentration factors of the rice plants were also increased when the paddy straw was returned to the fields.The results showed that the measures,such as the use of lime,atmospheric deposition control,use of clean water for irrigation,and lack of the return of straw to the paddy soil,should be helpful for the safe production of brown rice.The possible long-term risks associated with returning straw to the paddy field should be evaluated scientifically.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of five scenarios on the accumulation of Cd in the soil-rice system,including the return of straw to the field and the lack of the return,atmospheric deposition control,use of clean water for irrigation,and the use of lime.For the field experiments,three typical paddies were selected and divided into five plots(5 m×6 m) in Xiangtan,Zhuzhou,and Liling in the Hunan province from April to October 2016.The results showed that the application of lime can increase pH by 0.87,while the available Cd concentration in the soil was decreased by 33.7%.The accumulations of Cd in roots,stems,and brown rice were decreased by 47.9%,46.7%,and 54.8%,respectively,with a decrease in the corresponding bioconcentration factors.Irrigating with clean water and liming tended to increase the soil pH by 0.44 and 0.49,respectively,while the available Cd concentration in the soil was decreased by 18.2% and 14.5%,respectively.The Cd concentrations in roots,stems,and brown rice were decreased by 32.6%,24.2%,and 18.0%,and 17.6%,11.3%,and 25.4% with decreased bioconcentration factors under both treatments(irrigating with clean water and liming).The available Cd concentration in the soil was increased by 6.1% and the Cd accumulation in the rice plants also increased with the return of straw to the soil.The bioconcentration factors of the rice plants were also increased when the paddy straw was returned to the fields.The results showed that the measures,such as the use of lime,atmospheric deposition control,use of clean water for irrigation,and lack of the return of straw to the paddy soil,should be helpful for the safe production of brown rice.The possible long-term risks associated with returning straw to the paddy field should be evaluated scientifically.
引文
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[2]Wang M,Chen W,Peng C.Risk assessment of Cd polluted paddy soils in the industrial and township areas in Hunan,Southern China[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:346-351.
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[4]王成,袁旭音,陈旸,等.苏州地区水稻土重金属污染源解析及端元影响量化研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(10):3269-3275.Wang C,Yuan X Y,Chen Y,et al.Quantification of contributions from different sources on heavy metals accumulation in the paddy soil from Suzhou area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(10):3269-3275.
[5]Hou Q Y,Yang Z F,Ji J F,et al.Annual net input fluxes of heavy metals of the agro-ecosystem in the Yangtze River delta,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,139:68-84.
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[8]Luo L,Ma Y B,Zhang S Z,et al.An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(8):2524-2530.
[9]郑顺安,唐杰伟,郑宏艳,等.污灌区稻田汞污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(9):2729-2736.Zheng S A,Tang J W,Zheng H Y,et al.Pollution characteristics and risk assessments of mercury in wastewaterirrigated paddy fields[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(9):2729-2736.
[10]Jang T I,Kim H K,Seong C H,et al.Assessing nutrient losses of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in paddy fields for sustainable agriculture[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104:235-243.
[11]Yang Q W,Lan C Y,Shu W S.Copper and Zinc in a paddy field and their potential ecological impacts affected by wastewater from a lead/zinc mine,P.R.China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2008,147(1-3):65-73.
[12]Hu X F,Jiang Y,Shu Y,et al.Effects of mining wastewater discharges on heavy metal pollution and soil enzyme activity of the paddy fields[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,147:139-150.
[13]张敏,王美娥,陈卫平,等.湖南攸县典型煤矿和工厂区水稻田土壤镉污染特征及污染途径分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1425-1430.Zhang M,Wang M E,Chen W P,et al.Characteristics and inputs of Cd contamination in paddy soils in typical mining and industrial areas in Youxian county,Hunan Province[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1425-1430.
[14]Cui Y S,Du X,Weng L P,et al.Effects of rice straw on the speciation of cadmium(Cd)and copper(Cu)in soils[J].Geoderma,2008,146(1-2):370-377.
[15]Wang S,Huang D Y,Zhu Q H,et al.Speciation and phytoavailability of cadmium in soil treated with cadmiumcontaminated rice straw[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(4):2679-2686.
[16]Li W C,Law F Y,Chan Y H M.Biosorption studies on copper(II)and cadmium(II)using pretreated rice straw and rice husk[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(10):8903-8915.
[17]潘逸,周立祥.施用有机物料对土壤中Cu、Cd形态及小麦吸收的影响:田间微区试验[J].南京农业大学学报,2007,30(2):142-146.Pan Y,Zhou L X.Influence of applying organic manures on the chemical form of Cu and Cd in the contaminated soil and on wheat uptake:field micro-plot trials[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2007,30(2):142-146.
[18]Xu P,Sun C X,Ye X Z,et al.The effect of biochar and crop straws on heavy metal bioavailability and plant accumulation in a Cd and Pb polluted soil[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,132:94-100.
[19]王美娥,彭驰,陈卫平.水稻品种及典型土壤改良措施对稻米吸收镉的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(11):4283-4290.Wang M E,Peng C,Chen W P.Effects of rice cultivar and typical soil improvement measures on the uptake of Cd in rice grains[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(11):4283-4290.
[20]Zhu H H,Chen C,Xu C,et al.Effects of soil acidification and liming on the phytoavailability of cadmium in paddy soils of central subtropical China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,219:99-106.
[21]龙永珍,邹海洋,戴塔根.长株潭市区近地表灰尘中重金属分布污染研究[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,41(4):1633-1638.Long Y Z,Zou H Y,Dai T G.Heavy metal pollution in dust of Chang-Zhu-Tan city region[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2010,41(4):1633-1638.
[22]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.1-638.
[23]Lindsay W L,Norvell W A.Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc,iron,manganese,and copper[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1978,42(3):421-428.
[24]刘昭兵,纪雄辉,田发祥,等.碱性废弃物及添加锌肥对污染土壤镉生物有效性的影响及机制[J].环境科学,2011,32(4):1164-1170.Liu Z B,Ji X H,Tian F X,et al.Effects and mechanism of alkaline wastes application and zinc fertilizer addition on Cd bioavailability in contaminated soil[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(4):1164-1170.
[25]Naidu R,Bolan N S,Kookana R S,et al.Ionic-strength and p H effects on the sorption of cadmium and the surface charge of soils[J].European Journal of Soil Science,1994,45(4):419-429.
[26]GB 5084-2005,农田灌溉水质标准[S].
[27]Wang S,Huang D Y,Zhu Q H,et al.Speciation and phytoavailability of cadmium in soil treated with cadmiumcontaminated rice straw[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(4):2679-2686.
[28]Wang D Z,Jiang X,Rao W,et al.Kinetics of soil cadmium desorption under simulated acid rain[J].Ecological Complexity,2009,6(4):432-437.
[29]彭世彰,乔振芳,徐俊增.控制灌溉模式对稻田土壤-植物系统镉和铬累积的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(6):94-99.Peng SZ,Qiao ZF,Xu JZ.Effect of controlled irrigation on accumulation of heavy metal Cd,Cr in soil-plant system in rice paddy[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(6):94-99.
[30]吴启堂,陈卢,王广寿.水稻不同品种对Cd吸收累积的差异和机理研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(1):104-107.Wu Q T,Chen L,Wang G S.Differences on Cd uptake and accumulation among rice cultivars and its mechanism[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(1):104-107.
[31]Wu L H,Li Z,Akahane I,et al.Effects of organic amendments on Cd,Zn and Cu bioavailability in soil with repeated phytoremediation by Sedum plumbizincicola[J].International Journal of Phytoremediation,2012,14(10):1024-1038.
[32]夏汉平.土壤-植物系统中的镉研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,1997,3(3):289-298.Xia H P.Studies on cadmium in soil-plant system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,1997,3(3):289-298.
[2]Wang M,Chen W,Peng C.Risk assessment of Cd polluted paddy soils in the industrial and township areas in Hunan,Southern China[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:346-351.
[3]Nicholson F A,Smith S R,Alloway B J,et al.An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,311(1-3):205-219.
[4]王成,袁旭音,陈旸,等.苏州地区水稻土重金属污染源解析及端元影响量化研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(10):3269-3275.Wang C,Yuan X Y,Chen Y,et al.Quantification of contributions from different sources on heavy metals accumulation in the paddy soil from Suzhou area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(10):3269-3275.
[5]Hou Q Y,Yang Z F,Ji J F,et al.Annual net input fluxes of heavy metals of the agro-ecosystem in the Yangtze River delta,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,139:68-84.
[6]Hu Y A,Cheng H F.A method for apportionment of natural and anthropogenic contributions to heavy metal loadings in the surface soils across large-scale regions[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,214:400-409.
[7]Chen R S,De Sherbinin A,Ye C,et al.China's soil pollution:farms on the frontline[J].Science,2014,344(6185):691.
[8]Luo L,Ma Y B,Zhang S Z,et al.An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(8):2524-2530.
[9]郑顺安,唐杰伟,郑宏艳,等.污灌区稻田汞污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(9):2729-2736.Zheng S A,Tang J W,Zheng H Y,et al.Pollution characteristics and risk assessments of mercury in wastewaterirrigated paddy fields[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(9):2729-2736.
[10]Jang T I,Kim H K,Seong C H,et al.Assessing nutrient losses of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in paddy fields for sustainable agriculture[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104:235-243.
[11]Yang Q W,Lan C Y,Shu W S.Copper and Zinc in a paddy field and their potential ecological impacts affected by wastewater from a lead/zinc mine,P.R.China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2008,147(1-3):65-73.
[12]Hu X F,Jiang Y,Shu Y,et al.Effects of mining wastewater discharges on heavy metal pollution and soil enzyme activity of the paddy fields[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,147:139-150.
[13]张敏,王美娥,陈卫平,等.湖南攸县典型煤矿和工厂区水稻田土壤镉污染特征及污染途径分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1425-1430.Zhang M,Wang M E,Chen W P,et al.Characteristics and inputs of Cd contamination in paddy soils in typical mining and industrial areas in Youxian county,Hunan Province[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1425-1430.
[14]Cui Y S,Du X,Weng L P,et al.Effects of rice straw on the speciation of cadmium(Cd)and copper(Cu)in soils[J].Geoderma,2008,146(1-2):370-377.
[15]Wang S,Huang D Y,Zhu Q H,et al.Speciation and phytoavailability of cadmium in soil treated with cadmiumcontaminated rice straw[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(4):2679-2686.
[16]Li W C,Law F Y,Chan Y H M.Biosorption studies on copper(II)and cadmium(II)using pretreated rice straw and rice husk[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(10):8903-8915.
[17]潘逸,周立祥.施用有机物料对土壤中Cu、Cd形态及小麦吸收的影响:田间微区试验[J].南京农业大学学报,2007,30(2):142-146.Pan Y,Zhou L X.Influence of applying organic manures on the chemical form of Cu and Cd in the contaminated soil and on wheat uptake:field micro-plot trials[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2007,30(2):142-146.
[18]Xu P,Sun C X,Ye X Z,et al.The effect of biochar and crop straws on heavy metal bioavailability and plant accumulation in a Cd and Pb polluted soil[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,132:94-100.
[19]王美娥,彭驰,陈卫平.水稻品种及典型土壤改良措施对稻米吸收镉的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(11):4283-4290.Wang M E,Peng C,Chen W P.Effects of rice cultivar and typical soil improvement measures on the uptake of Cd in rice grains[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(11):4283-4290.
[20]Zhu H H,Chen C,Xu C,et al.Effects of soil acidification and liming on the phytoavailability of cadmium in paddy soils of central subtropical China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,219:99-106.
[21]龙永珍,邹海洋,戴塔根.长株潭市区近地表灰尘中重金属分布污染研究[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,41(4):1633-1638.Long Y Z,Zou H Y,Dai T G.Heavy metal pollution in dust of Chang-Zhu-Tan city region[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2010,41(4):1633-1638.
[22]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.1-638.
[23]Lindsay W L,Norvell W A.Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc,iron,manganese,and copper[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1978,42(3):421-428.
[24]刘昭兵,纪雄辉,田发祥,等.碱性废弃物及添加锌肥对污染土壤镉生物有效性的影响及机制[J].环境科学,2011,32(4):1164-1170.Liu Z B,Ji X H,Tian F X,et al.Effects and mechanism of alkaline wastes application and zinc fertilizer addition on Cd bioavailability in contaminated soil[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(4):1164-1170.
[25]Naidu R,Bolan N S,Kookana R S,et al.Ionic-strength and p H effects on the sorption of cadmium and the surface charge of soils[J].European Journal of Soil Science,1994,45(4):419-429.
[26]GB 5084-2005,农田灌溉水质标准[S].
[27]Wang S,Huang D Y,Zhu Q H,et al.Speciation and phytoavailability of cadmium in soil treated with cadmiumcontaminated rice straw[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(4):2679-2686.
[28]Wang D Z,Jiang X,Rao W,et al.Kinetics of soil cadmium desorption under simulated acid rain[J].Ecological Complexity,2009,6(4):432-437.
[29]彭世彰,乔振芳,徐俊增.控制灌溉模式对稻田土壤-植物系统镉和铬累积的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(6):94-99.Peng SZ,Qiao ZF,Xu JZ.Effect of controlled irrigation on accumulation of heavy metal Cd,Cr in soil-plant system in rice paddy[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(6):94-99.
[30]吴启堂,陈卢,王广寿.水稻不同品种对Cd吸收累积的差异和机理研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(1):104-107.Wu Q T,Chen L,Wang G S.Differences on Cd uptake and accumulation among rice cultivars and its mechanism[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(1):104-107.
[31]Wu L H,Li Z,Akahane I,et al.Effects of organic amendments on Cd,Zn and Cu bioavailability in soil with repeated phytoremediation by Sedum plumbizincicola[J].International Journal of Phytoremediation,2012,14(10):1024-1038.
[32]夏汉平.土壤-植物系统中的镉研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,1997,3(3):289-298.Xia H P.Studies on cadmium in soil-plant system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,1997,3(3):289-298.