石灰组配土壤改良剂抑制污染农田水稻镉吸收
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摘要
为达有效地调控污染稻田水稻糙米对Cd吸收,该研究选取湖南省长株潭地区的湘潭、醴陵和株洲3处不同Cd污染程度田块,研究石灰配施海泡石、钙镁磷肥、有机肥对水稻Cd吸收和累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰及其组配改良剂均可明显提高土壤pH值,有效降低土壤中酸提取态Cd含量和水稻中Cd含量。与不施用改良剂相比,石灰配施海泡石或有机肥、配施海泡石和有机肥,Cd污染稻田土壤pH值平均升高1.08,0.96和0.93个单位,酸提取态Cd质量分数分别平均降低20.6%,15.6%和21.2%。石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥处理下在轻度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了48.3%,46.7%和34.2%,石灰配施有机肥、钙镁磷肥或钙镁磷肥和有机肥处理下在中度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了52.8%,47.8%和37.5%,石灰配施钙镁磷肥和有机肥、有机肥或海泡石处理下在重度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了51.2%,44.6%和42.5%,均低于食品安全国家标准中糙米限量值0.2 mg/kg(GB2762-2017)。相关分析表明,土壤中酸提取态Cd含量与水稻根、茎叶和糙米中Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),说明土壤酸提取态Cd含量是影响糙米对Cd吸收的关键因素之一。上述结果说明,石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥+有机肥可有效调控污染稻田土壤中Cd进入水稻,实现水稻安全生产。
Contamination of heavy metals in agricultural soil has been a worldwide challenge for the food security and the health. Especially, cadmium contamination in soil, it is a serious problem in south China. Therefore, it is imperative to develop remediation techniques which are able to stabilize contaminants in situ in an efficient and cost effective manner. Lime is widely employed as a heavy metal immobilizing agent in soil, however, using excess amount of lime can lead to alkaline and compacted soil. In this regards, lime based amendments were considered as an effective remediation method of heavy metals in soils. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lime based amendments on cadmium uptake and accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L) in paddy soil under different Cd levels. The treatments were designed as follows: CK, lime(L), lime + sepiolite(LS), lime + organic fertilizer(LO), lime + calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer(LP), lime+ calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer + organic fertilizer(LPO), lime+ sepiolite +organic fertilizer(LSO). The amendments were mixed with the soils by plowing repeatedly, then the soils were equilibrated for 7 days under a maintained soil moisture. The rice cultivar(Oryza sativa L.) was transplanted to soils on April, 2016. Three guard rows were set up around each plot to prevent rice cross-pollination between adjacent treatments. Rice samples from each treatment plot were collected at harvest time(July, 2016). The results showed that the soil p H value were increased significantly after the application of lime based amendments in the field, and the contents of Cd in rice root, stem and brown rice were reduced significantly. Compared with the control plot, the average p H value of soils raised 1.08, 0.96 and 0.93 units respectively under LS, LO and LSO treatments, and the acid extraction Cd contents in soils were reduced by 20.6%, 15.6% and 21.2%, respectively under LS, LO and LSO treatments. The Cd contents in brown rice were lower than the National Standard of Pollutant in Food of China(GB 2762-2012) under L, LS, LO and LPO treatments in paddy soils under all Cd pollution levels. The brown rice Cd content was 0.119, 0.122 and 0.151 mg/kg and reduced significantly by 48.3%, 46.7% and 34.2%, respectively, compared to the control, in mild Cd contaminated soils in LS, LP and LO treatment. With lime mixed with organic fertilizer, calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer application, the brown rice Cd content was 0.113, 0.125 and 0.150 mg/kg and reduced significantly by 52.8%, 47.8% and 37.5%, respectively, compared to the control, in the moderate Cd contaminated soil. Likewise, in heavy contaminated soil, the brown rice Cd content was 0.156, 0.177 and 0.184 mg/kg and reduced significantly by 51.2%, 44.6% and 42.5%, respectively, compared to the control, with lime mixed with calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and sepiolite application. Correlation analysis showed that the total Cd contents and acid extraction Cd contents in the soils were positively correlated with the Cd contents in rice root, stem leaf and brown rice(P<0.05). The results showed that the application of LS, LO and LPO treatments can meet the food safety standards in the Cd pollution paddy soils.
Contamination of heavy metals in agricultural soil has been a worldwide challenge for the food security and the health. Especially, cadmium contamination in soil, it is a serious problem in south China. Therefore, it is imperative to develop remediation techniques which are able to stabilize contaminants in situ in an efficient and cost effective manner. Lime is widely employed as a heavy metal immobilizing agent in soil, however, using excess amount of lime can lead to alkaline and compacted soil. In this regards, lime based amendments were considered as an effective remediation method of heavy metals in soils. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lime based amendments on cadmium uptake and accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L) in paddy soil under different Cd levels. The treatments were designed as follows: CK, lime(L), lime + sepiolite(LS), lime + organic fertilizer(LO), lime + calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer(LP), lime+ calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer + organic fertilizer(LPO), lime+ sepiolite +organic fertilizer(LSO). The amendments were mixed with the soils by plowing repeatedly, then the soils were equilibrated for 7 days under a maintained soil moisture. The rice cultivar(Oryza sativa L.) was transplanted to soils on April, 2016. Three guard rows were set up around each plot to prevent rice cross-pollination between adjacent treatments. Rice samples from each treatment plot were collected at harvest time(July, 2016). The results showed that the soil p H value were increased significantly after the application of lime based amendments in the field, and the contents of Cd in rice root, stem and brown rice were reduced significantly. Compared with the control plot, the average p H value of soils raised 1.08, 0.96 and 0.93 units respectively under LS, LO and LSO treatments, and the acid extraction Cd contents in soils were reduced by 20.6%, 15.6% and 21.2%, respectively under LS, LO and LSO treatments. The Cd contents in brown rice were lower than the National Standard of Pollutant in Food of China(GB 2762-2012) under L, LS, LO and LPO treatments in paddy soils under all Cd pollution levels. The brown rice Cd content was 0.119, 0.122 and 0.151 mg/kg and reduced significantly by 48.3%, 46.7% and 34.2%, respectively, compared to the control, in mild Cd contaminated soils in LS, LP and LO treatment. With lime mixed with organic fertilizer, calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer application, the brown rice Cd content was 0.113, 0.125 and 0.150 mg/kg and reduced significantly by 52.8%, 47.8% and 37.5%, respectively, compared to the control, in the moderate Cd contaminated soil. Likewise, in heavy contaminated soil, the brown rice Cd content was 0.156, 0.177 and 0.184 mg/kg and reduced significantly by 51.2%, 44.6% and 42.5%, respectively, compared to the control, with lime mixed with calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and sepiolite application. Correlation analysis showed that the total Cd contents and acid extraction Cd contents in the soils were positively correlated with the Cd contents in rice root, stem leaf and brown rice(P<0.05). The results showed that the application of LS, LO and LPO treatments can meet the food safety standards in the Cd pollution paddy soils.
引文
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[5]Hseu Z Y,Su S W,Lai H Y,et al.Remediation techniques and heavy metal uptake by different rice varieties in metal-contaminated soils of Taiwan:New aspects for food safety regulation and sustainable agriculture[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2010,56(1):317-452.
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[7]陈少毅,许超,张文静,等.生物质炭与氮肥配施降低水稻重金属含量的盆栽试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(14):1897-4197.Chen Shaoyi,Xu Chao,Zhang Wenjing,et al.Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers reducing heavy metals contents in potted rice planted in contaminated soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(14):189-197.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]And A C,Adriano D C.Mimicked in-situ stabilization of metals in a cropped soil:?Bioavailability and chemical form of zinc[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1996,30(11):3294-3303.
[9]Castaldi P,Santona L,Melis P.Heavy metal immobilization by chemical amendments in a polluted soil and influence on white lupin growth[J].Chemosphere,2005,60(3):365-371.
[10]封文利,郭朝晖,史磊,等.控源及改良措施对稻田土壤和水稻镉累积的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):399-405.Feng Wenli,Guo Zhaohui,Shi Lei,et al.Distribution and accumulation of cadmium in paddy soil and rice affected by pollutant sources control and improvement measures[J].Environmental Science,2018(1):17-49.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]史磊,郭朝晖,梁芳,等.水分管理和施用石灰对水稻镉吸收与运移的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(24):111-117.Shi Lei,Guo Zhaohui,Liang Fang,et al.Effects of lime and water management on uptake and translocation of cadmium in rice[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(24):111-117.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]杨海君,张海涛,刘亚宾,等.不同修复方式下土壤-稻谷中重金属含量特征及其评价[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(23):164-171.Yang Haijun,Zhang Haitao,Liu Yabin,et al.Characteristics and its assessment of heavy metal content in soil and rice with different repair methods[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(23):164-171.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]He Y B,Huang D Y,Zhu Q H,et al.A three-season field study on the in-situ remediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soil using lime,two industrial by-products,and a low-Cd-accumulation rice cultivar[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2017,136:135-141.
[14]Xiao R,Huang Z,Li X,et al.Lime and phosphate amendment can significantly reduce uptake of Cd and Pb by field-grown rice[J].Sustainability,2017,9(3):430.
[15]郭晓方,卫泽斌,谢方文,等.过磷酸钙与石灰混施对污染农田低累积玉米生长和重金属含量的影响[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(4):1374-1380.Guo Xiaofang Wei Zebin,Xie Fangwen,et al.Effect of lime and superphosphate on maize production and heavy metals uptake by low-accumulating maize[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(4):1374-1380.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Sun Y B,Xu Y,Xu Y M,et al.Reliability and stability of immobilization remediation of Cd polluted soils using sepiolite under pot and field trials[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,208(Pt B):739-746.
[17]王林,徐应明,孙国红,等.海泡石和磷酸盐对镉铅污染稻田土壤的钝化修复效应与机理研究[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(2):314-320.Wang Lin,Xu Yingming,Sun Guohong,et al.Effect and mechanism of immobilization of paddy soil contaminated by cadmium and lead using sepiolite and phosphate[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(2):314-320.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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