摘要
为探讨非生物因子和生物因子对水体叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度变动的相对重要性,对芜湖市内的汀棠湖(每半月1次)和镜湖(每4天或7天1次)进行高频采样,分析理化因子及浮游动物密度与Chl.a浓度间的关系.结果表明,从全年来看,2个湖泊的Chl.a浓度均与水温和透明度间分别呈现显著的正相关性和负相关性,与浮游动物密度均无显著相关性;镜湖Chl.a浓度随着总磷浓度和氮磷比的增加分别呈上升和降低趋势.从季节来看,冬季两湖中的Chl.a浓度最低,轮虫密度与此阶段镜湖中藻类Chl.a总浓度和小型藻类的Chl.a浓度间均呈显著负相关,且其对上述两类Chl.a浓度变动的影响程度最大,表明轮虫对藻类的牧食效应降低了冬季镜湖中的Chl.a浓度.从各环境因子对Chl.a浓度变动影响的相对权重来看,除了冬季的镜湖外,2个湖泊中的两类Chl.a浓度均与透明度的关系最密切,且均随着透明度的上升而降低,暗示了透明度可作为预测小型封闭性浅水湖泊中Chl.a浓度的简便指标.
Identifying the factors affecting the variations of chlorophyll-a concentration is very important in assessment and management of water quality in lakes. Most of previous studies focused on the relationships between chlorophyll-a concentration and abiotic factors,while paid little attention on the effects of biotic ones. To examine the relative importance of the abiotic and biotic factors on seasonal variation of chlorophyll-a in shallow lakes,water samples were collected semimonthly from February 2009 to January 2010 in Lake Tingtang,and four-day or one-week intervals from May 2008 to April 2009 in Lake Jinghu,respectively. Simultaneously,the abiotic factors including water temperature,pH,dissoloved oxygen,Secchi depth,total nitrogen( TN) and total phosphorus( TP) as well as the densities of rotifers and cladocerans were analyzed. The chlorophyll-a concentration in each water body was measured in two fractions: one filtered through a 25 μm plankton net( Chl.a<25 μm) and another unfiltered( Chl.a). During the monitoring period,the two fractions of chlorophyll-a in two lakes were both positively correlated with water temperature and negatively associated with secchi depth,and they did not show reverse relationship with the densities of rotifers and cladocerans in bothlakes. Chl.a and Chl.a<25 μm increased significantly with TP but decreased with TN/TP ratio in Lake Jinghu,while they showed reducing trends with TN and TN/TP ratio in Lake Tingtang. During winter,the rotifer density was negatively associated with Chl.a and Chl.a<25 μm in Lake Jinghu,and the similar relationships between them were found in Lake Tingtang,indicating that the low chlorophyll-a concentration in winter might be partly due to the prey effect of rotifers on phytoplankton. Based on the relative weight of the effect intensity of each correlated factor on the variation of chlorophyll-a concentration,Chl.a and Chl.a<25 μm were both affected mostly by secchi depth. Additionally,the two fractions of chlorophyll-a decreased with an increase in secchi depth. Taken together,the results in this paper implied that Secchi depth might be a simple and convenient index for predicting chlorophyll-a concentration in the small enclosed lakes.
引文
[1]Reynolds CS ed.The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton.London:Cambridge University Press,1984.
[2]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Eutrophication of waters:Monitoring,assessment and control.Paris:OECD,1982.
[3]Xun Shangpei,Yang Yuanjian,He Binfang et al.Analysis of relationship between spring water temperature and chlorophyll-a in Lake Chaohu.J Lake Sci,2011,23(5):767-772.DOI:10.18307/2011.0515.[荀尚培,杨元建,何彬方等.春季巢湖水温和水体叶绿素a浓度的变化关系.湖泊科学,2011,23(5):767-772.]
[4]Zhang Guanggui.Spatial-temporal distribution of chlorophyll-a and its correlation with environment factors in DongtingLake.Environmental Monitoring in China,2016,32(4):84-90.[张光贵.洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性.中国环境监测,2016,32(4):84-90.]
[5]Han Xinqin,Ye Lin,Xu Yaoyang et al.Analysis of the spatial and temporal changes of chlorophyll-a concentration in Xiangxi Bay in spring and its impact factors.Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2006,30(1):89-94.[韩新芹,叶麟,徐耀阳等.香溪河库湾春季Chl.a浓度动态及其影响因子分析.水生生物学报,2006,30(1):89-94.]
[6]Lu Huanchun,Wang Feier,Chen Yingxu et al.Multianalysis between chlorophyll-a and environmental factors in Qiandao Lake water.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(8):1347-1350.[吕唤春,王飞儿,陈英旭等.千岛湖水体叶绿素a浓度与相关环境因子的多元分析.应用生态学报,2003,14(8):1347-1350.]
[7]Liang Shuxuan,Wang Yunxiao,Qin Zhe.Chlorophyll-a and analysis of water quality of Lake Baiyangdian.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2012,3:66-73.[梁淑轩,王云晓,秦哲.白洋淀叶绿素a及其水质因子分析.海洋湖沼通报,2012,3:66-73.]
[8]Wang Zhen,Zou Hua,Yang Guijun et al.Spatial-temporal characteristics of chlorophyll-a and its relationship with environmental factors in Lake Taihu.J Lake Sci,2014,26(4):567-575.DOI:10.18307/2014.0411.[王震,邹华,杨桂军等.太湖叶绿素a的时空分布特征及其与环境因子的相关关系.湖泊科学,2014,26(4):567-575.]
[9]Wu Zhaoshi,Zhang Lu,Liu Baogui et al.Spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a in Poyang Lake during wet season and its relationship with environmental factors.Wetland Science,2014,12(3):286-292.[吴召仕,张路,刘宝贵等.鄱阳湖丰水期水体中叶绿素a浓度空间分布及其与环境因子的关系.湿地科学,2014,12(3):286-292.]
[10]Thomas JR,Havens K,Zhu GW et al.Comparative analysis of nutrients,chlorophyll and transparency in two large shallow lakes(Lake Taihu,P.R.China and Lake Okeechobee,USA).Hydrobiologia,2009,627:211-231.
[11]Zhou Hong.Quantity of chlorophyll-a and water quality in the West Lake,Hangzhou.Journal of Zhejiang University:Science Edition,2001,28(4):439-442.[周宏.杭州西湖水体中叶绿素a含量与水质的关系.浙江大学学报:理学版,2001,28(4):439-442.]
[12]Hu Yufei,Yu Dezhao,Guo Longgen et al.Relationships of water taste and odor compounds and their related environmental factors in Lake Donghu,Wuhan.J Lake Sci,2017,29(1):87-94.DOI:10.18307/2014.0411.[胡宇飞,余得昭,过龙根等.武汉东湖水体异味物质及其与水环境因子相互关系.湖泊科学,2017,29(1):87-94.]
[13]Yao Yuan,He Feng,Hu Shenghua et al.Effects of allelopathy of submerged macrophytes on the phytoplankton community collected from the west part of the West Lake wetland in Hangzhou,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(4):971-978.[姚远,贺锋,胡胜华等.沉水植物化感作用对西湖湿地浮游植物群落的影响.生态学报,2016,36(4):971-978.]
[14]Zhang Zongshe,Huang Xiangfei eds.Research methods of freshwater plankton.Beijing:Science Press,1991.[章宗涉,黄祥飞.淡水浮游生物研究方法.北京:科学出版社,1991.]
[15]Pourriot R.Food and feeding habits of Rotifera.Archiv für Hydrobiologie Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie,1977,8:243-260.
[16]De Bernardi R,Giussani G,Manca M.Cladocera:predators and prey.Hydrobiologia,1987,145:225-243.
[17]Yang Yufeng,Huang Xiangfei.Advances in ecological studies on zooplankton.J Lake Sci,2000,12(1):82-89.DOI:10.18307/2000.0113.[杨宇峰,黄祥飞.浮游动物生态学研究进展.湖泊科学,2000,12(1):82-89.]
[18]Orcutt JD,Pace ML.Seasonal dynamics of rotifer and crustacean zooplankton populations in a eutrophic,monomictic lake with a note on rotifer sampling techniques.Hydrobiologia,1984,119:73-80.
[19]Zhang Zhen,Chen Feizhou,Zhou Wanping et al.Effects of Daphnia carinata grazing on the phytoplankton of Lake Xuanwu,Nanjing.J Lake Sci,2009,21(3):415-419.DOI:10.18307/2009.0316.[张镇,陈非洲,周万平等.南京玄武湖隆腺溞(Daphnia carinata)牧食对浮游植物的影响.湖泊科学,2009,21(3):415-419.]
[20]Zhou Kunpeng,Liu Yangchun,Wang Chongchen.Analysis on temporal-spatial variation of eutrophication in Shichahai area,Beijing.Environmental Chemistry,35(4):703-712.[周坤朋,刘阳春,王崇臣.北京什刹海区域水体富营养化时空演变特征分析.环境化学,2016,35(4):703-712.]
[21]Wen XL,Xi YL,Qian FP et al.Comparative analysis of rotifer community structure in five subtropical shallow lakes in East China:role of physical and chemical conditions.Hydrobiologia,2011,661:303-316.
[22]Qian Fangping,Xi Yilong,Wen Xinli et al.Eutrophication impact on community structure and species diversity of rotifers in five lakes of Anhui.Biodiversity Science,2007,15(4):344-355.[钱方平,席贻龙,温新利等.湖泊富营养化对轮虫群落结构及物种多样性的影响.生物多样性,2007,15(4):344-355.]
[23]Wen Xinli,Xi Yilong,Zhang Lei et al.Analysis of community structure of rotifera and ecological assessment of water quality in Lake Jinghu,Wuhu city.Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2006,30(2):152-158.[温新利,席贻龙,张雷等.芜湖市镜湖轮虫群落结构分析及水质生态学评价.水生生物学报,2006,30(2):152-158.]
[24]Huang Xiangfei ed.Survey,observation and analysis of Lake Ecology.Beijing:Chinese Standard Press,1999.[黄祥飞.湖泊生态调查观测与分析.北京:科学出版社,1999.]
[25]Koste W ed.Rotatoria:Die Radertiere Mitteleuropas.Berlin:Gebrüder Borntraeger,1978.
[26]Jiang Xiezhi,Du Nanshan eds.Fauna of China animals—Freshwater Cladocer.Beijing:Science Press,1979.[蒋燮治,堵南山.中国动物志——淡水枝角类.北京:科学出版社,1979.]
[27]Spoljar M,Habdija I,Primc-Habdija B et al.Impact of environmental variables and food availability on rotifer assemblage in the Karstic Barrage Lake Visovac(Krka River,Croatia).International Review of Hydrobiology,2005,90:555-579.
[28]Obertegger U,Smith HA,Flaim G et al.Using the guild ratio to characterize pelagic rotifer communities.Hydrobiologia,2011,662:157-162.
[29]R Development Core Team.R:A language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria:ISBN 3-900051-07-0.Available at:http://www.R-project.org.,2011.
[30]Ge Dabing,Wu Xiaoling,Zhu Weilin et al.Chlorophyll-a and its relationship with water quality in Southlake,Yueyang city.Environmental Monitoring in China,2005,21(4):69-71.[葛大兵,吴小玲,朱伟林等.岳阳南湖Chl.a浓度及其水质关系分析.中国环境监测,21(4):69-71.]
[31]LüH,Yang J,Liu LMet al.Temperature and nutrients are significant drivers of seasonal shift in phytoplankton community from a drinking water reservoir,subtropical China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21:5917-5928.
[32]Ruan Xiaohong,Shi Xiaodan,Zhao Zhenhua et al.Correlation between chlorophyll-a concentration and environmental factors in shallow lakes in plain river network areas of Suzhou.J Lake Sci,2008,20(5):556-562.DOI:10.18307/2008.0502.[阮晓红,石晓丹,赵振华等.苏州平原河网区浅水湖泊叶绿素a浓度与环境因子的相关关系.湖泊科学,2008,20(5):556-562.]
[33]Fan Tingyu,Cheng Fangkui,Yan Jiaping et al.Distribution and correlation factors of chlorophyll-a in Linhuan coal mining subsidence water in Huaibei.Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(6):1168-1176.[范廷玉,程方奎,严家平等.淮北临涣煤矿塌陷水域叶绿素a浓度与相关因子分析.环境化学,2015,34(6):1168-1176.]
[34]Liu Jiankang ed.Advanced aquatic biology.Beijing:Science Press,1999.[刘建康.高级水生生物学.北京:科学出版社,1999.]
[35]Hu Ren,Lin Qiuqi,Duan Shunshan et al.Distribution of chlorophyll-a and phosphorus in subtropical reservoirs,South China.Ecological Science,2002,21(4):310-315.[胡韧,林秋奇,段舜山等.热带亚热带水库浮游植物Chl.a浓度与磷分布的特征.生态科学,2002,21(4):310-315.]
[36]Tian Shimi,Yang Yang,Qiao Yongmin et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll-a and its relationships with environmental factors in Dongjiang River,Pearl River basin.J Lake Sci,2015,27(1):31-37.DOI:10.18307/2015.0104.[田时弥,杨扬,乔永民等.珠江流域东江干流浮游植物叶绿素a浓度时空分布及与环境因子的关系.湖泊科学,2015,27(1):31-37.]
[37]Liu X,Lu XH,Chen YW.The effects of temperature and nutrient ratios on Microcystis blooms in Lake Taihu,China:An11-year investigation.Harmful Algae,2011,10(3):337-343.
[38]Li Peipei,Shi Wen,Liu Qigen et al.Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of chlorophyll-a and the correlation analysis with environmental factors in Lake Qiandao.J Lake Sci,2011,23(4):568-574.DOI:10.18307/2011.0412.[李培培,史文,刘其根等.千岛湖叶绿素a的时空分布及其与影响因子的相关分析.湖泊科学,2011,23(4):568-574.]
[39]Wang Wei,Gu Jiguang,Han Boping.Analysis of factors affecting chlorophyll-a concentration in small reservoirs in South China.Chinese Journal of Applied Environmental Biology,2009,15(1):64-71.[王伟,顾继光,韩博平.华南沿海地区小型水库叶绿素a浓度的影响因子分析.应用与环境生物学报,2009,15(1):64-71.]
[40]Zhou Beibei,Wang Guoxiang,Xu Yao et al.Spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a and its relationships with environmental factors in Qin-huai River,Nanjing.J Lake Sci,2012,24(2):267-272.DOI:10.18307/2012.0215.[周贝贝,王国祥,徐瑶等.南京秦淮河叶绿素a浓度空间分布及其与环境因子的关系.湖泊科学,2012,24(2):267-272.]
[41]Li Feipeng,Zhang Haiping,Chen Ling.Temporal and spatial distribution of environmental factors and chlorophyll-a and their correlation analysis in a small enclosed lake.Environmental Science,2013,34(10):3854-3861.[李飞鹏,张海平,陈玲.小型封闭水体环境因子与叶绿素的时空分布及相关性研究.环境科学,2013,34(10):3854-3861.]
[42]Chen Y,Qin B,Teubner K.Long-term dynamics of phytoplankton assemblages:Miyrocystis-domination in Lake Taihu,a large shallow lake in China.Journal of Plankton Research,2003,25:445-453.