干旱半干旱地区尘卷风研究进展
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摘要
尘卷风是一种发生在对流边界层的垂直涡旋,多发生在干旱半干旱地区,其旋转过程中强上升气流携带大量沙尘粒子,成为沙尘气溶胶排放的一个重要起沙过程。然而,相对于沙尘暴研究,目前对尘卷风及大气边界层的起沙过程的认知相当有限。从尘卷风发生的时空变化、边界层特征、形成原因和输沙量4个方面对尘卷风当前研究状况进行总结,并指出当前尘卷风研究重点及未来研究方向。
Dust devils are vertical vortices in the convective boundary layer. They typically occur over the arid and semi-arid regions. A great quantity of dust particles is lifted by strong updrafts of dust devils, which is an important mechanism for dust aerosol emissions. However, compared to the sandstorm, our understanding of dust devils and their dust emissions in the atmosphere are rather limited. The paper mainly reviews the research progress of dust devils in the respects of temporalspatial variation, atmospheric boundary layer characteristics, formation mechanism and dust emission fluxes, and summarizes the major issues in current study of dust devils.
Dust devils are vertical vortices in the convective boundary layer. They typically occur over the arid and semi-arid regions. A great quantity of dust particles is lifted by strong updrafts of dust devils, which is an important mechanism for dust aerosol emissions. However, compared to the sandstorm, our understanding of dust devils and their dust emissions in the atmosphere are rather limited. The paper mainly reviews the research progress of dust devils in the respects of temporalspatial variation, atmospheric boundary layer characteristics, formation mechanism and dust emission fluxes, and summarizes the major issues in current study of dust devils.
引文
[1]Huneeus N,Schulz M,Balkanski Y,et al.Global dust model intercomparison in Aero Com phase I[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(15):7781-7816.
[2]Jemmett Smith B C,Marsham J H,Knippertz P,et al.Quantifying global dust devil occurrence from meteorological analyses[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2015,42(4):1275-1282.
[3]韩永翔,张强,董光荣,等.沙尘暴的气候环境效应研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(2):307-311.
[4]韩永翔.青藏高原沙尘及气候环境意义研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2005.
[5]Ridgwell A J.Implications of the glacial CO2“iron hypothesis”for Quaternary climate change[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2003,4(9):1076.
[6]Maher B A,Dennis P.Evidence against dust-mediated control of glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2[J].Nature,2001,411(6834):176-180.
[7]段佳鹏,韩永翔,赵天良,等.尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶的贡献及其与太阳辐射的关系[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):43-48.
[8]Malin M C,Edgett K S.Mars global surveyor Mars orbiter camera:interplanetary cruise through primary mission[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2001,106(E10):23429-23570.
[9]Towner M.Characteristics of large Martian dust devils using Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System visual and infrared images[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2009,114(E2):E02010.
[10]Metzger S M,Carr J R,Johnson J R,et al.Dust devil vortices seen by the Mars Pathfinder camera[J].Geophysical research letters,1999,26(18):2781-2784.
[11]Murphy J R,Nelli S.Mars Pathfinder convective vortices:Frequency of occurrence[J].Geophysical research letters,2002,29(23):181-184.
[12]Ryan J,Lucich R.Possible dust devils,vortices on Mars[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans(1978-2012),1983,88(C15):11005-11011.
[13]Ferri F,Smith P H,Lemmon M,et al.Dust devils as observed by Mars Pathfinder[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2003,108(E12).
[14]Gheynani B T,Taylor P A.Large-eddy simulations of vertical vortex formation in the terrestrial and Martian convective boundary layers[J].Boundary-layer meteorology,2010,137(2):223-235.
[15]Balme M,Pathare A,Metzger S,et al.Field measurements of horizontal forward motion velocities of terrestrial dust devils:Towards a proxy for ambient winds on Mars and Earth[J].Icarus,2012,221(2):632-645.
[16]顾兆林,赵永志,郁永章,等.尘卷风的形成,结构和卷起沙尘过程的数值研究[J].气象学报,2003,61(6):751-760.
[17]Gu Z,Qiu J,Zhao Y,et al.Analysis on dust devil containing loess dusts of different sizes[J].Aerosol Air Qual Res,2008,8(1):65-77.
[18]Ives R L.Behavior of dust devils[J].Bull.Am.Meteorol.Soc.,1947,28:168-174.
[19]Lyons T,Nair U,Foster I.Clearing enhances dust devil formation[J].Journal of arid environments,2008,72(10):1918-1928.
[20]Mattsson J O,Nihlén T,Yue W.Observations of dust devils in a semi‐arid district of southern Tunisia[J].Weather,1993,48(11):359-363.
[21]Balme M,Greeley R.Dust devils on Earth and Mars[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2006,44(3):1-22.
[22]Ginoux P,Chin M,Tegen I,et al.Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),2001,106(D17):20255-20273.
[23]Sinclair P C.General characteristics of dust devils[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1969,8(1):32-45.
[24]Sinclair P C.The lower structure of dust devils[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1973,30(8):1599-1619.
[25]Snow J T,Mc Clelland T M.Dust devils at white sands missile range,New Mexico:1.temporal and spatial distributions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),1990,95(D9):13707-13721.
[26]Kurgansky M V,Montecinos A,Villagran V,et al.Micrometeorological conditions for dust-devil occurrence in the Atacama Desert[J].Boundary-layer meteorology,2011,138(2):285-298.
[27]Lorenz R D,Lanagan P D.A barometric survey of dustdevil vortices on a desert playa[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2014,153(3):555-568.
[28]乐之.南疆戈壁滩上的尘卷风[J].气象,1983(4):33.
[29]Sinclair P C.Some preliminary dust devil measurements[J].Monthly Weather Review,1964,92(8):363-367.
[30]Fitzjarrald D.A field investigation of dust devils[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1973,12(5):808-813.
[31]Hess G,Spillane K.Characteristics of dust devils in Australia[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1990,29(6):498-507.
[32]Kaimal J,Businger J.Case studies of a convective plume and a dust devil[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1970,9(4):612-620.
[33]Bluestein H B,Weiss C C,Pazmany A L.Doppler radar observations of dust devils in Texas[J].Monthly weather review,2004,132(1):209-224.
[34]Lorenz R.Observing desert dust devils with a pressure logger[J].Geoscientific Instrumentation,Methods and Data Systems,2012,1(2):209-220.
[35]Lorenz R D.Irregular dust devil pressure drops on Earth and Mars:Effect of cycloidal tracks[J].Planetary and Space Science,2013,76:96-103.
[36]Tratt D M,Hecht M H,Catling D C,et al.In situ measurement of dust devil dynamics:Toward a strategy for Mars[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012)),2003,108(E11):5116.
[37]Oke A,Tapper N,Dunkerley D.Willy-willies in the Australian landscape:The role of key meteorological variables and surface conditions in defining frequency and spatial characteristics[J].Journal of arid environments,2007,71(2):201-215.
[38]Ryan J.Relation of dust devil frequency and diameter to atmospheric temperature[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1972,77(36):7133-7137.
[39]Carroll J,Ryan J.Atmospheric vorticity and dust devil rotation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(27):5179-5184.
[40]Flower W D.Sand Devils[M].HM Stationery Office,1936:1-6.
[41]Ryan J,Carroll J.Dust devil wind velocities:Mature state[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(3):531-541.
[42]Crozier W.Dust devil properties[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(24):4583-4585.
[43]Kanak K M,Lilly D K,Snow J T.The formation of vertical vortices in the convective boundary layer[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2000,126(569):2789-2810.
[44]Kanak K M.Numerical simulation of dust devil-scale vortices[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2005,131(607):1271-1292.
[45]Gu Z,Zhao Y,Li Y,et al.Numerical simulation of dust lifting within dust devils-simulation of an intense vortex[J].Journal of the atmospheric sciences,2006,63(10):2630-2641.
[46]Ohno H,Takemi T.Mechanisms for intensification and maintenance of numerically simulated dust devils[J].Atmospheric Science Letters,2010,11(1):27-32.
[47]Kanak K M.On the numerical simulation of dust devillike vortices in terrestrial and Martian convective boundary layers[J].Geophysical research letters,2006,33(19):1-4.
[48]Ito J,Tanaka R,Niino H,et al.Large eddy simulation of dust devils in a diurnally-evolving convective mixed layer[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,2010,88(1):64-77.
[49]Gu Z-L,Wei W,Zhao Y-Z.An overview of surface conditions in numerical simulations of dust devils and the consequent near-surface air flow fields[J].Aerosol Air Qual Res,2010,10:272-281.
[50]Ansmann A,Tesche M,Knippertz P,et al.Vertical profiling of convective dust plumes in southern Morocco during SAMUM[J].Tellus B,2009,61(1):340-353.
[51]Williams N R.Development of dust whirls and similar small-scale vortices[J].Bull Am Meteorol Soc,1948,29:106-117.
[52]Barcilon A,Drazin P G.Dust devil formation[J].Geophysical&Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics,1972,4(1):147-158.
[53]Maxworthy T.A vorticity source for large-scale dust devils and other comments on naturally occurring columnar vortices[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1973,30(8):1717-1722.
[54]Tanaka R,Niino H,Nakanishi M,et al.Large eddy simulation on dust devils[J].Meteor.Res.Note,2008,219:117-139.(in Japanese)
[55]Toigo A D,Richardson M I,Ewald S P,et al.Numerical simulation of Martian dust devils[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2003,108(E6):5047.
[56]Fiedler B H,Kanak K M.Rayleigh‐Bénard convection as a tool for studying dust devils[J].Atmospheric Science Letters,2001,2(14):104-113.
[57]Neakrase L D,Greeley R.Dust devils in the laboratory:Effect of surface roughness on vortex dynamics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2010,115(E5):003.
[58]Neakrase L D,Greeley R,Iversen J D,et al.Dust flux within dust devils:Preliminary laboratory simulations[J].Geophysical research letters,2006,33(19):09.
[59]Greeley R,Balme M R,Iversen J D,et al.Martian dust devils:Laboratory simulations of particle threshold[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2003,108(E5):5041.
[60]Mason J P,Patel M R,Lewis S R.Radiative transfer modelling of dust devils[J].Icarus,2013,223(1):1-10.
[61]Metzger S,Balme M,Towner M,et al.In situ measurements of particle load and transport in dust devils[J].Icarus,2011,214(2):766-772.
[62]Renno N O,Abreu V J,Koch J,et al.MATADOR 2002:A pilot field experiment on convective plumes and dust devils[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2004,109(E7):001.
[63]Metzger S M.Dust devils as aeolian transport mechanisms in southern Nevada and the Mars Pathfinder landing site[J].1999,26:2781-2784.
[64]Koch J,Renno N O.The role of convective plumes and vortices on the global aerosol budget[J].Geophysical research letters,2005,32(18):1-5.
[2]Jemmett Smith B C,Marsham J H,Knippertz P,et al.Quantifying global dust devil occurrence from meteorological analyses[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2015,42(4):1275-1282.
[3]韩永翔,张强,董光荣,等.沙尘暴的气候环境效应研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(2):307-311.
[4]韩永翔.青藏高原沙尘及气候环境意义研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2005.
[5]Ridgwell A J.Implications of the glacial CO2“iron hypothesis”for Quaternary climate change[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2003,4(9):1076.
[6]Maher B A,Dennis P.Evidence against dust-mediated control of glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2[J].Nature,2001,411(6834):176-180.
[7]段佳鹏,韩永翔,赵天良,等.尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶的贡献及其与太阳辐射的关系[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):43-48.
[8]Malin M C,Edgett K S.Mars global surveyor Mars orbiter camera:interplanetary cruise through primary mission[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2001,106(E10):23429-23570.
[9]Towner M.Characteristics of large Martian dust devils using Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System visual and infrared images[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2009,114(E2):E02010.
[10]Metzger S M,Carr J R,Johnson J R,et al.Dust devil vortices seen by the Mars Pathfinder camera[J].Geophysical research letters,1999,26(18):2781-2784.
[11]Murphy J R,Nelli S.Mars Pathfinder convective vortices:Frequency of occurrence[J].Geophysical research letters,2002,29(23):181-184.
[12]Ryan J,Lucich R.Possible dust devils,vortices on Mars[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans(1978-2012),1983,88(C15):11005-11011.
[13]Ferri F,Smith P H,Lemmon M,et al.Dust devils as observed by Mars Pathfinder[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2003,108(E12).
[14]Gheynani B T,Taylor P A.Large-eddy simulations of vertical vortex formation in the terrestrial and Martian convective boundary layers[J].Boundary-layer meteorology,2010,137(2):223-235.
[15]Balme M,Pathare A,Metzger S,et al.Field measurements of horizontal forward motion velocities of terrestrial dust devils:Towards a proxy for ambient winds on Mars and Earth[J].Icarus,2012,221(2):632-645.
[16]顾兆林,赵永志,郁永章,等.尘卷风的形成,结构和卷起沙尘过程的数值研究[J].气象学报,2003,61(6):751-760.
[17]Gu Z,Qiu J,Zhao Y,et al.Analysis on dust devil containing loess dusts of different sizes[J].Aerosol Air Qual Res,2008,8(1):65-77.
[18]Ives R L.Behavior of dust devils[J].Bull.Am.Meteorol.Soc.,1947,28:168-174.
[19]Lyons T,Nair U,Foster I.Clearing enhances dust devil formation[J].Journal of arid environments,2008,72(10):1918-1928.
[20]Mattsson J O,Nihlén T,Yue W.Observations of dust devils in a semi‐arid district of southern Tunisia[J].Weather,1993,48(11):359-363.
[21]Balme M,Greeley R.Dust devils on Earth and Mars[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2006,44(3):1-22.
[22]Ginoux P,Chin M,Tegen I,et al.Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),2001,106(D17):20255-20273.
[23]Sinclair P C.General characteristics of dust devils[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1969,8(1):32-45.
[24]Sinclair P C.The lower structure of dust devils[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1973,30(8):1599-1619.
[25]Snow J T,Mc Clelland T M.Dust devils at white sands missile range,New Mexico:1.temporal and spatial distributions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),1990,95(D9):13707-13721.
[26]Kurgansky M V,Montecinos A,Villagran V,et al.Micrometeorological conditions for dust-devil occurrence in the Atacama Desert[J].Boundary-layer meteorology,2011,138(2):285-298.
[27]Lorenz R D,Lanagan P D.A barometric survey of dustdevil vortices on a desert playa[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2014,153(3):555-568.
[28]乐之.南疆戈壁滩上的尘卷风[J].气象,1983(4):33.
[29]Sinclair P C.Some preliminary dust devil measurements[J].Monthly Weather Review,1964,92(8):363-367.
[30]Fitzjarrald D.A field investigation of dust devils[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1973,12(5):808-813.
[31]Hess G,Spillane K.Characteristics of dust devils in Australia[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1990,29(6):498-507.
[32]Kaimal J,Businger J.Case studies of a convective plume and a dust devil[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1970,9(4):612-620.
[33]Bluestein H B,Weiss C C,Pazmany A L.Doppler radar observations of dust devils in Texas[J].Monthly weather review,2004,132(1):209-224.
[34]Lorenz R.Observing desert dust devils with a pressure logger[J].Geoscientific Instrumentation,Methods and Data Systems,2012,1(2):209-220.
[35]Lorenz R D.Irregular dust devil pressure drops on Earth and Mars:Effect of cycloidal tracks[J].Planetary and Space Science,2013,76:96-103.
[36]Tratt D M,Hecht M H,Catling D C,et al.In situ measurement of dust devil dynamics:Toward a strategy for Mars[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012)),2003,108(E11):5116.
[37]Oke A,Tapper N,Dunkerley D.Willy-willies in the Australian landscape:The role of key meteorological variables and surface conditions in defining frequency and spatial characteristics[J].Journal of arid environments,2007,71(2):201-215.
[38]Ryan J.Relation of dust devil frequency and diameter to atmospheric temperature[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1972,77(36):7133-7137.
[39]Carroll J,Ryan J.Atmospheric vorticity and dust devil rotation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(27):5179-5184.
[40]Flower W D.Sand Devils[M].HM Stationery Office,1936:1-6.
[41]Ryan J,Carroll J.Dust devil wind velocities:Mature state[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(3):531-541.
[42]Crozier W.Dust devil properties[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(24):4583-4585.
[43]Kanak K M,Lilly D K,Snow J T.The formation of vertical vortices in the convective boundary layer[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2000,126(569):2789-2810.
[44]Kanak K M.Numerical simulation of dust devil-scale vortices[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2005,131(607):1271-1292.
[45]Gu Z,Zhao Y,Li Y,et al.Numerical simulation of dust lifting within dust devils-simulation of an intense vortex[J].Journal of the atmospheric sciences,2006,63(10):2630-2641.
[46]Ohno H,Takemi T.Mechanisms for intensification and maintenance of numerically simulated dust devils[J].Atmospheric Science Letters,2010,11(1):27-32.
[47]Kanak K M.On the numerical simulation of dust devillike vortices in terrestrial and Martian convective boundary layers[J].Geophysical research letters,2006,33(19):1-4.
[48]Ito J,Tanaka R,Niino H,et al.Large eddy simulation of dust devils in a diurnally-evolving convective mixed layer[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,2010,88(1):64-77.
[49]Gu Z-L,Wei W,Zhao Y-Z.An overview of surface conditions in numerical simulations of dust devils and the consequent near-surface air flow fields[J].Aerosol Air Qual Res,2010,10:272-281.
[50]Ansmann A,Tesche M,Knippertz P,et al.Vertical profiling of convective dust plumes in southern Morocco during SAMUM[J].Tellus B,2009,61(1):340-353.
[51]Williams N R.Development of dust whirls and similar small-scale vortices[J].Bull Am Meteorol Soc,1948,29:106-117.
[52]Barcilon A,Drazin P G.Dust devil formation[J].Geophysical&Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics,1972,4(1):147-158.
[53]Maxworthy T.A vorticity source for large-scale dust devils and other comments on naturally occurring columnar vortices[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1973,30(8):1717-1722.
[54]Tanaka R,Niino H,Nakanishi M,et al.Large eddy simulation on dust devils[J].Meteor.Res.Note,2008,219:117-139.(in Japanese)
[55]Toigo A D,Richardson M I,Ewald S P,et al.Numerical simulation of Martian dust devils[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2003,108(E6):5047.
[56]Fiedler B H,Kanak K M.Rayleigh‐Bénard convection as a tool for studying dust devils[J].Atmospheric Science Letters,2001,2(14):104-113.
[57]Neakrase L D,Greeley R.Dust devils in the laboratory:Effect of surface roughness on vortex dynamics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2010,115(E5):003.
[58]Neakrase L D,Greeley R,Iversen J D,et al.Dust flux within dust devils:Preliminary laboratory simulations[J].Geophysical research letters,2006,33(19):09.
[59]Greeley R,Balme M R,Iversen J D,et al.Martian dust devils:Laboratory simulations of particle threshold[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2003,108(E5):5041.
[60]Mason J P,Patel M R,Lewis S R.Radiative transfer modelling of dust devils[J].Icarus,2013,223(1):1-10.
[61]Metzger S,Balme M,Towner M,et al.In situ measurements of particle load and transport in dust devils[J].Icarus,2011,214(2):766-772.
[62]Renno N O,Abreu V J,Koch J,et al.MATADOR 2002:A pilot field experiment on convective plumes and dust devils[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets(1991-2012),2004,109(E7):001.
[63]Metzger S M.Dust devils as aeolian transport mechanisms in southern Nevada and the Mars Pathfinder landing site[J].1999,26:2781-2784.
[64]Koch J,Renno N O.The role of convective plumes and vortices on the global aerosol budget[J].Geophysical research letters,2005,32(18):1-5.